Overview of Research Progress on Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Host Resistance to Aflatoxin Contamination and Genomics at the Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences

2009 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xuanqiang Liang ◽  
Guiyuan Zhou ◽  
Yanbin Hong ◽  
Xiaopin Chen ◽  
Haiyan Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Resistance ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Membrane Lipid ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Genomic Research ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Plant Host ◽  
Antifungal Proteins ◽  
Agricultural Sciences ◽  
Cultivated Peanut

Abstract Aflatoxin contamination in peanut is a serious and world-wide problem concerning food safety and human health. Plant-host resistance is a highly desirable tactic that can be used to manage this problem. This review summarizes research progress in peanut host resistance mechanisms to aflatoxin contamination at the Crops Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China. Through systematic resistance evaluations, germplasm lines resistant to Aspergillus flavus invasion have been identified and two resistant cultivars were developed and released in South China. The resistance has been associated with testa wax and presence of cutin layer, active oxygen and membrane lipid peroxidation, phytoalexin accumulation, and antifungal proteins in the peanut kernels. Functional genomics will be a valuable tool to understand the comprehensive mechanisms governing the resistance pathways. In this paper we also summarized the advances made by our group in the area of genomic research, especially in mining EST-SSRs, development of a genetic linkage map and QTLs mapping in the cultivated peanut species.

Evaluation of resistance to aflatoxin contamination in kernels of maize genotypes using a GFP-expressing Aspergillus flavus strain

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Rajasekaran ◽  
C.M. Sickler ◽  
R.L. Brown ◽  
J.W. Cary ◽  
D. Bhatnagar
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Infection ◽  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Clear Correlation ◽  
Aleurone Layer ◽  
Screening Assay ◽  
Maize Germplasm ◽  
Antifungal Proteins ◽  
Green Fluorescent

Resistance or susceptibility of maize inbreds to infection by Aspergillus flavus was evaluated by the kernel screening assay. A green fluorescent protein-expressing strain of A. flavus was used to measure fungal spread and aflatoxin levels in real-time following fungal infection of kernels. Among the four inbreds tested, MI82 showed the most resistance and Ga209 the least. TZAR101 was also resistant to fungal infection, whereas Va35 was susceptible to fungal infection. However, Va35 produced lower aflatoxin levels compared to the susceptible line Ga209. Fluorescence microscopy indicated that the site of entry of the fungus into the kernel was consistently through the pedicel. Entry through the pericarp was never observed in undamaged kernels. In view of these results, incorporation or overexpression of antifungal proteins should be targeted to the pedicel and basal endosperm region in developing kernels. Once the fungus has entered through the pedicel, it spreads quickly through the open spaces between the pericarp and the aleurone layer, ultimately colonising the endosperm and scutellum and, finally, the embryo. A clear correlation was established between fungal fluorescence and aflatoxin levels. This method provides a quick, reliable means of evaluating resistance to A. flavus in undamaged kernels and provides breeders with a rapid method to evaluate maize germplasm.

scholarly journals The Report of Marine Life Genomic Research

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guangyi Fan ◽  
Jianwei Chen ◽  
Tao Jin ◽  
Chengcheng Shi ◽  
Xiao Du ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Recent Progress ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Marine Invertebrates ◽  
Marine Species ◽  
White Paper ◽  
Genomic Research ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Biological Research ◽  
Marine Microorganisms ◽  
Genomics Research

With the continuing development of sequencing technology, genomics has been applied in a variety of biological research areas. In particular, the application of genomics to marine species, which boast a high diversity, promises great scientific and industrial potential. Significant progress has been made in marine genomics especially over the past few years. Consequently, BGI, leveraging its prominent contributions in genomics research, established BGI-Qingdao, an institute specifically aimed at exploring marine genomics. In order to accelerate marine genomics research and related applications, BGI-Qingdao initiated the International Conference on Genomics of the Ocean (ICG-Ocean) to develop international collaborations and establish a focused and coherent global research plan. Last year, the first ICG-Ocean conference was held in Qingdao, China, during which 47 scientists in marine genomics from all over the world reported on their research progress to an audience of about 300 attendees. This year, we would like to build on that success, drafting a report on marine genomics to draw global attention to marine genomics. We summarized the recent progress, proposed future directions, and we would like to enable additional profound insights on marine genomics. Similar to the annual report on plant and fungal research by Kew Gardens, and the White Paper of ethical issues on experimental animals, we hope our first report on marine genomics can provide some useful insights for researchers, funding agencies as well as industry, and that future versions will expand upon the foundation established here in both breadth and depth of knowledge.This report summarizes the recent progress in marine genomics in six parts including: marine microorganisms, marine fungi, marine algae and plants, marine invertebrates, marine vertebrates and genomics-based applications.

scholarly journals Wood Tannins - Isolation and Significance in Host Resistance to Verticillium Wilt Disease

1967 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 475 ◽  
Author(s):  
TC Somers ◽  
AF Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Heart Disease ◽  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Verticillium Wilt ◽  
Host Resistance ◽  
Total Phenolics ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Wilt Disease ◽  
Fivefold Increase ◽  
Verticillium Albo Atrum

Apricot trees often recover from the "black heart" disease incited by the fungus Verticillium albo-atrum Reinke & Berthold, and a characteristic of such resistant trees is that the infected wood becomes dark brown to black in colour (Dufrenoy and Dufrenoy 1927). The fungus dies 1-6 months after it has colonized the wood (Taylor 1963). Analysis of total phenolics by the Folin-Denis assay showed an approximate fivefold increase (to about 60 mgjg wood) compared with that of uninfected wood of the same branch, and suggested their involvement in disease resistance mechanisms.

scholarly journals Exposure to Host Resistance Mechanisms Drives Evolution of Bacterial Virulence in Plants

2005 ◽  
Vol 15 (24) ◽  
pp. 2230-2235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew R. Pitman ◽  
Robert W. Jackson ◽  
John W. Mansfield ◽  
Victor Kaitell ◽  
Richard Thwaites ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Resistance ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Bacterial Virulence

scholarly journals Advances in molecular and genomic research to safeguard food and feed supply from aflatoxin contamination

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. Bhatnagar ◽  
K. Rajasekaran ◽  
M. Gilbert ◽  
J.W. Cary ◽  
N. Magan
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Safety Issue ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Genomic Research ◽  
Food And Feed ◽  
Contamination Levels ◽  
Feed Safety ◽  
Food And Feed Safety

Worldwide recognition that aflatoxin contamination of agricultural commodities by the fungus Aspergillus flavus is a global problem has significantly benefitted from global collaboration for understanding the contaminating fungus, as well as for developing and implementing solutions against the contamination. The effort to address this serious food and feed safety issue has led to a detailed understanding of the taxonomy, ecology, physiology, genomics and evolution of A. flavus, as well as strategies to reduce or control pre-harvest aflatoxin contamination, including (1) biological control, using atoxigenic aspergilli, (2) proteomic and genomic analyses for identifying resistance factors in maize as potential breeding markers to enable development of resistant maize lines, and (3) enhancing host-resistance by bioengineering of susceptible crops, such as cotton, maize, peanut and tree nuts. A post-harvest measure to prevent the occurrence of aflatoxin contamination in storage is also an important component for reducing exposure of populations worldwide to aflatoxins in food and feed supplies. The effect of environmental changes on aflatoxin contamination levels has recently become an important aspect for study to anticipate future contamination levels. The ability of A. flavus to produce dozens of secondary metabolites, in addition to aflatoxins, has created a new avenue of research for understanding the role these metabolites play in the survival and biodiversity of this fungus. The understanding of A. flavus, the aflatoxin contamination problem, and control measures to prevent the contamination has become a unique example for an integrated approach to safeguard global food and feed safety.

scholarly journals The Durability of Quantitative Host Resistance and Variability in Pathogen Virulence in the Interaction Between European Grapevine Cultivars and Plasmopara viticola

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lisa Heyman ◽  
Rebecca Höfle ◽  
Anna Kicherer ◽  
Oliver Trapp ◽  
Essaid Ait Barka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Resistance ◽  
Quantitative Resistance ◽  
Plasmopara Viticola ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
Evolutionary Potential ◽  
Basal Resistance ◽  
Hormonal Responses ◽  
Grapevine Downy Mildew ◽  
Pathogen Virulence ◽  
Important Challenge

European grapevine, Vitis vinifera, carries no major resistances against Plasmopara viticola, the causal agent of grapevine downy mildew. The introgression of quantitative trait loci conferring resistance to P. viticola (Rpv) from American and Asian donor species has resulted in a range of resistant cultivars. In light of the perennial nature of grapevine and the high evolutionary potential of P. viticola, the durability of this quantitative resistance is an important challenge. Durability of host resistance and variability in pathogen virulence may be evaluated by describing interactions between pathogen isolates and grapevine cultivars in terms of Rpv loci. A set of 16 cultivars carrying different combinations of Rpv loci, was challenged with five P. viticola isolates, obtained from susceptible or Rpv3.1+V. vinifera cultivars. Based on the severity of sporulation, different host and pathogen phenotypes might be distinguished, which could be related to the presence of different Rpv loci. The hormonal responses before and during some interactions were compared to assess the resistance mechanisms underlying Rpv3.1, Rpv10, and Rpv12 and the infection mechanisms of the different isolates. This paper reports on the strength of some of the commonly used Rpv loci, single or stacked. The isolates derived from Rpv3.1+ hosts, GREPv1 and GPHPv1, were able to sporulate intensely on cultivars carrying Rpv3.1, without triggering necrosis. Moreover, Rpv10 was not able to efficiently halt the development of the Rpv3.1-breaking isolate GPHPv1. Cultivars carrying Rpv12, however, were resistant to all five P. viticola isolates. Phytohormones might be implicated in the basal resistance against this pathogen, but during the early defense response, no significant hormonal responses to the isolates were observed. The isolate-specificity of the Rpv3- and Rpv10-mediated resistance suggests that these loci do not result in the most sustainable resistance. Furthermore, the isolate-specific behavior of the pathogen emphasizes the need for a characterization system for P. viticola. A standardized phenotyping assay may be used to determine P. viticola pathogen phenotypes or measure the durability, strength, and isolate-specificity of the host quantitative resistances. The characterization of both components of the pathosystem may lead to an increased understanding of the resistance mechanisms, beneficial for a durable deployment of resistance genes.

Ascochyta blight of chickpea: infection and host resistance mechanisms

2005 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 499-509 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Jayakumar ◽  
Y.T. Gan ◽  
B.D. Gossen ◽  
T.D. Warkentin ◽  
S. Banniza
Keyword(s):  
Host Resistance ◽  
Ascochyta Blight ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms
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