scholarly journals Cognitive function screening of community-dwelling elderly people using the clock drawing test -quantitative and qualitative analyses

2012 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 483-490
Author(s):  
Yoko Konagaya ◽  
Tomoyuki Watanabe ◽  
Masaaki Konagaya
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Elderly People ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Clock Drawing Test ◽  
Clock Drawing ◽  
Drawing Test ◽  
Qualitative Analyses

scholarly journals Association of the Qualitative Clock Drawing Test with Progression to Dementia in Non-Demented Older Adults

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 2850
Author(s):  
Hiroyuki Umegaki ◽  
Yusuke Suzuki ◽  
Yosuke Yamada ◽  
Hitoshi Komiya ◽  
Kazuhisa Watanabe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Multiple Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Initial Assessment ◽  
Multiple Logistic Regression ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Clock Drawing Test ◽  
Clock Drawing ◽  
Drawing Test

To evaluate the predictability of progression of cognitive impairment to dementia using qualitative clock drawing test (CDT) scores, we administered both the CDT using Cahn et al.’s qualitative scoring system and the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) to assess cognitive function in non-demented older individuals attending a memory clinic at a university hospital. Patients visiting the clinic for assessment of cognitive function between January 2015 and December 2019 were enrolled, and only those who were diagnosed as not having dementia at the time of initial assessment completed a follow-up assessment at 1 y (n = 163). To examine any association of qualitative CDT score with progression to dementia, multiple logistic regression analysis was conducted with the change in diagnosis from non-dementia to dementia at 1 y as the dependent variable. A total of 26 participants (16.0%) were diagnosed as having converted to dementia. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that both the qualitative CDT score using Cahn et al.’s scoring system and the existence of conceptual deficits were significantly associated with progression to dementia at 1 y after initial assessment of cognitive function, irrespective of the MMSE score, among non-demented older individuals. The CDT may be a useful predictor of progression to dementia in primary care settings.

Clock Drawing Test in Elderly Individuals With Different Education Levels

2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (8) ◽  
pp. 620-624 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juliana Francisca Cecato ◽  
Bruna Fiorese ◽  
José Maria Montiel ◽  
Daniel Bartholomeu ◽  
José Eduardo Martinelli
Keyword(s):  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Clinical Dementia Rating ◽  
Good Test ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Elderly Individuals ◽  
Clock Drawing Test ◽  
Clock Drawing ◽  
Drawing Test ◽  
Education Levels ◽  
Years Of Schooling

Objective: The aim of this study was to describe the performance in Clock Drawing Test (CDT) of the elderly individuals assessed in a geriatric clinic, with at least 1 year of schooling, comparing with other groups with higher education and with  Clinical Dementia Rating (CDR) levels. The study also aims to correlate the results of CDT and other used diagnostic tests for dementia by CDR levels, providing additional validity evidence to the CDT. Methods: Cross-sectional study with 426 elderly individuals, >60 years old and at least 1 year of education. All participants searched for medical assistance at Geriatric and Gerontology Ambulatory of Jundiaí city, in Brazil. The community-dwelling outpatients previously undergone a detailed clinical examination and neuropsychological evaluation: Cambrigde Cognitive Examination (CAMCOG), Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), andCDT. To differentiate data from diagnostic groups based on CDR, it Kruskal-Wallis test was used. Pearson statistics were calculated to compare data from CDT and CDR. The statistical analyses were 2-tailed and were considered significant when P < .05. Results: Regarding CDT, groups with more years of schooling showed similar means in CDR = 0 and CDR = 0.5 and in CDR = 1 and CDR = 2. Shulman and Sunderland scale were high score in groups with more years of education and above of cutoff points in all CDT score. On the contrary, in Mendez scale we did not observed similar means. Otherwise, in the group with less years of schooling greater means differences in the CDT were observed. Conclusion: The CDT did not show a strong correlation with MMSE and CAMCOG, both important instruments in Brazilian population to investigate dementia. For elderly individuals with high education levels, the CDT did not seem to be a good test to detect cognitive impairment.

Clock Drawing in Schizophrenia

1996 ◽  
Vol 79 (3) ◽  
pp. 923-928 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph I. Tracy ◽  
Jose de Leon ◽  
Robert Doonan ◽  
John Musciente ◽  
Timothy Ballas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Planning ◽  
Performance Measure ◽  
Clock Drawing Test ◽  
Clock Drawing ◽  
Drawing Test ◽  
Duration Of Illness ◽  
Global Performance ◽  
Planning Problems ◽  
Stable Trajectory ◽  
Qualitative Analyses

The Clock Drawing Test, a task sensitive to cognitive decline in neurological groups, was administered to 27 patients with schizophrenia. Clock drawings were scored for over-all global performance and the frequency of specific qualitative errors. Mean global performance scores indicated a small proportion of the sample was below the threshold typically used to identify dementia, and the patients displayed qualitative Clock Drawing deficits not fully represented in the global performance measure. Qualitative analyses indicated that size errors, graphic difficulty, and spatial planning problems were most common. Lastly, duration of illness was not related to global performance, suggesting that the latter might not reflect deterioration but the stable trajectory of impairment that may be constant through the schizophrenia illness.

scholarly journals Understated Cognitive Impairment Assessed with the Clock-Drawing Test in Community-Dwelling Individuals Aged ≥50 Years

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 1658-1664 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claire Leissing-Desprez ◽  
Emilie Thomas ◽  
Lauriane Segaux ◽  
Amaury Broussier ◽  
Nadia Oubaya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Community Dwelling ◽  
Clock Drawing Test ◽  
Clock Drawing ◽  
Drawing Test

scholarly journals GAMBARAN FUNGSI EKSEKUTIF PADA PASIEN POST STROKE MENGGUNAKAN PEMERIKSAAN CLOCK DRAWING TEST (CDT) DI POLI NEUROLOGI RSUP PROF. DR. R. D KANDOU PERIODE NOVEMBER-DESEMBER 2014

e-CliniC ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Afrilya N. Solang ◽  
Maja P. S. ◽  
Danny J. Ngantung
Keyword(s):  
Executive Function ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Screening Tools ◽  
Normal Person ◽  
Stroke Patients ◽  
Clock Drawing Test ◽  
Post Stroke ◽  
Impaired Cognitive Function ◽  
Clock Drawing ◽  
Drawing Test

Abstract: Approximately 50-75% of stroke patients is estimated to have impaired cognitive function. One of the components of cognitive function impaired is executive function. Clock drawing test (CDT) is one of the screening tools that are used to determine the executive functions of the brain. This study aimed to obtain the description of executive function in post-stroke patients in Neurology Clinic of Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Hospital. This was a descriptive study using cross-sectional design. This study was carried out within a certain period between November to December 2014. The CDT showed 2 people were normal and 28 people were abnormal. Both male and female groups showed one person normal and 14 people abnormal. Based on the age group, 51-65 years old was the most vulnerable age with one normal person and 16 people were abnormal. Based on the education, most of them were in senior high school or equivalent with one person normal and 12 people were abnormal. Based on the jobs, retirees were the most vulnerable with 9 abnormal people. Based on the location of brain lesions, 17 people had lesions in the right hemisphere and 13 people had lesions in the left hemisphere. Based on the type of stroke, 29 people had ischemic stroke and 1 person had hemorrhagic stroke. Conclusion: Based on the CDT, the majority of respondents experienced impaired cognitive function, especially the executive function .Keywords: stroke, cognitive function, executive function, clock drawing testAbstrak: Sekitar 50-75% pasien dengan riwayat stroke diperkirakan mengalami gangguan fungsi kognitif; salah satunya ialah fungsi eksekutif. Tes menggambar jam adalah salah satu pemeriksaan yang digunakan untuk mengetahui fungsi eksekutif otak yang mengalami kemunduran. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran fungsi eksekutif pada pasien post stroke di Poli Neurologi BLU RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou. Penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif dengan menggunakan desain potong lintang. Penelitian dilakukan di antara bulan November dan Desember 2014. Sampel yang memenuhi kriteria yang berjumlah 30 orang (15 laki-laki dan 15 perempuan). Dari hasil pemeriksaan tes menggambar jam didapatkan 2 orang normal dan 28 orang abnormal. Dari jenis kelamin baik laki-laki maupun perempuoan diperoleh 1 orang normal dan 14 lainnya abnormal. Dari golongan usia, terbanyak pada usia 51-65 tahun yaitu 1 orang normal dan 16 orang abnormal. Dari tingkat pendidikan, terbanyak pada tingkat SMA/Sederajat dengan 1 orang normal dan 12 orang abnormal. Dari pekerjaan, pensiunan merupakan yang terbanyak yaitu 9 orang abnormal. Dari letak lesi otak, 17 orang dengan letak lesi pada hemisfer kanan dan 13 orang yang mengalami lesi di daerah hemisfer kiri. Dari jenis stroke, lebih banyak yang mengalami stroke iskemik yaitu 29 orang dibandingkan yang mengalami stroke hemoragik yaitu 1 orang. Simpulan: Dari hasil pemeriksaan CDT, sebagian besar responden (93,3 %) mengalami gangguan kognitif lebih khusus gangguan eksekutif.Kata kunci: stroke, fungsi kognitif, fungsi eksekutif dan tes gambar jam.

scholarly journals GAMBARAN FUNGSI KOGNITIF PADA PASIEN RAWAT JALAN DENGAN RIWAYAT STROKE DI POLIKLINIK SARAF RSUP PROF. DR. R.D. KANDOU MANADO

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tirzha N. Paparang ◽  
Corry N. Mahama ◽  
Denny J. Ngantung
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Mini Mental State Examination ◽  
Trail Making Test ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Clock Drawing Test ◽  
Clock Drawing ◽  
Drawing Test ◽  
Trail Making ◽  
Cross Sectional Design ◽  
State Examination

Abstract: Stroke is a major cause of cognitive dysfunction. The incidences of cognitive dysfunction increase three-fold after strokes, usually involving impairement of abilities in visuo-spacial, memory, orientation, speech, attention, and performance functions. The rapid, practical, and approved examinations used to evaluate and confirm the decline in cognitive functions are the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Clock Drawing Test (CDT), and the Trail Making Test (TMT). This study aimed to reveal the cognitive functions of outpatients with stroke histories in the Neurology Polyclinic, Prof. Dr. R.D. Kandou Hospital Manado by using the above mentioned examinations. This was a descriptive study with a cross-sectional design conducted in November 2012. The results showed that there were 51 respondents who fulfilled the inclusion criteria consisting of 32 males and 19 females. The highest decline of cognitive function by age, the educational level, and employment was 60-79 years, more than 9 years of education, and retired workers, respectively. The results of the MMSE, CDT, and TMT examinations for cognitive impairment evaluation were as follow: MMSE 62.75%, CDT 56.86%, TMT A 96.08%, and TMT B 84.31%. Conclusion: Most of the outpatients with stroke histories in the Neurology Polyclinic, Prof. Dr. R.D. Kandou Hospital Manado showed cognitive impairments. Keywords: CDT, cognitive function, MMSE, stroke, TMT-A and B.   Abstrak: Stroke merupakan penyebab utama gangguan fungsi kognitif. Insiden gangguan kognitif meningkat tiga kali lipat setelah stroke, dan biasanya melibatkan kemampuan visuospasial, memori, orientasi, bahasa, perhatian dan fungsi eksekutif. Pemeriksaan yang digunakan untuk mengevaluasi dan mengonfirmasi penurunan  fungsi kognitif yang cepat dan praktis namun bernilai tinggi ialah Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), Clock Drawing Test (CDT), dan Trail Making Test (TMT). Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran fungsi kognitif pada pasien rawat jalan dengan riwayat stroke di Poliklinik Saraf RSUP Prof. Dr. R.D. Kandou Manado. Penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif dengan cross-sectional design dan dilaksanakan selama bulan November 2012. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa 51 responden memenuhi kriteria inklusi, terdiri dari 32 laki-laki dan 19 perempuan. Berdasarkan usia, tingkat pendidikan, dan pekerjaan, penurunan fungsi kognitif terbanyak pada usia 60-79 tahun, tingkat pendidikan terakhir >9 tahun, dan pekerjaan pensiunan. Hasil pemeriksaan MMSE, CDT, dan TMT terhadap fungsi kognitif responden ialah: MMSE 62,75%, CDT 56,86%, TMT A 96,08%, dan TMT B 84,31%. Simpulan: Sebagian besar pasien rawat jalan dengan riwayat stroke di Poliklinik Saraf RSUP Prof. Dr. R.D. Kandou Manado telah memperlihatkan gagguan fungsi kognitif.Kata kunci: stroke, fungsi kognitif, MMSE, CDT, TMT-A dan B.

scholarly journals Cognitive Consequences of Cataract Surgery: A Cross-sectional Study

2021 ◽  
pp. 205-208
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Cataract Surgery ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Clock Drawing Test ◽  
Clock Drawing ◽  
Drawing Test ◽  
Surgery Patient ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Mean

Background and Objective: The age-related cataract is a leading cause of vision loss, and cataract surgery is the most common intraocular surgery. Patients with cataracts may develop mild cognitive impairment due to blurred vision and vision problems. In this regard, the improvement of vision after cataract surgery may affect their cognitive function. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted on 32 patients aged 40-60 years who were referred to the ophthalmology clinic of Farshchian Hospital in Hamadan with a diagnosis of bilateral cataracts within 2019-2020. Cognitive function was assessed in patients with Mini-Mental-State-Examination (MMSE) test and clock-drawing test before and after ocular cataract surgery. Patient data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 16) using paired t-test at a 95% confidence level. Results: The mean age of patients was 53.91±4.51 years, and the majority of them (62.5%)were male. Before and after cataract surgery, the mean scores of the MMSE test were 25.09±3.25 and 26.19±2.69, and the mean scores of the clock-drawing test were reported as 3.34±1.49 and 3.72±1.32 (P=0.001). Based on the MMSE and clock-drawing test, 54.4% and 65.6% of patients, respectively, had improved cognitive function, as compared to before the surgery. Conclusions: Cognitive function in patients with cataracts was significantly improved by cataract surgery.

scholarly journals GAMBARAN SKOR MMSE, CDT, TMT A DAN TMT B PADA LANSIA DI PANTI WERDHA AGAPE TONDANO

e-CliniC ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Reza B. Susanto ◽  
Rizal Tumewah ◽  
Arthur H. P. Mawuntu
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Mini Mental State Examination ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Trail Making Test ◽  
Clock Drawing Test ◽  
Clock Drawing ◽  
Drawing Test ◽  
Normal Cognitive Function ◽  
Trail Making ◽  
State Examination

Abstract: Indonesia has the highest growth of elderly population. Health problem that often occurs in the elderly is impaired cognitive function which can be examined by using various examinations. Rapid examinations with practical high values are Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), Clock Drawing Test (CDT), as well as Trail Making Test A and B (TMT A and B). These are done by giving a series of commands to a person and then his/her accuracy will be assessed. This was a cross-sectional study conducted from December 2014 to January 2015 at the Agape elderly nursing home Tondano. The results showed that there were 12 respondents that met the inclusion criteria consisted of eight females and four males. The results of the four tests showed that MMSE had 67% of respondents with normal cognitive function, CDT had 75% with normal executive function, TMT A had 100% with experienced executive interference, and TMT B had 92% with experienced executive interference. Conclusion: Most respondents showed MMSE with normal cognitive function and CDT with, normal executive function, however, all respondents showed TMT A with experienced executive interference, and nearly all respondents showed TMT B with experienced executive interference. Cognitive dysfunction were more frequent among the elderly of ≥75 years, female, primary school education, and unemployment.Keywords: elderly, cognitive function, executive functionAbstrak: Indonesia merupakan negara tertinggi dalam pertumbuhan penduduk lanjut usia. Peningkatan jumlah penduduk lanjut usia tersebut menimbulkan masalah kesehatan, masalah kesehatan yang sering terjadi pada usia lanjut antara lain gangguan fungsi kognitif. Gangguan fungsi kognitif ini dapat di periksa dengan berbagai pemeriksaan. Pemeriksaan yang cepat dan praktis namun nilainya tinggi adalah pemeriksaan Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), Clock Drawing Test (CDT), Trail Making Test A dan B (TMT A dan B). Pemeriksaan ini dilakukan dengan memberi serangkaian perintah pada seseorang dan ketepatannya dinilai. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain potong lintang, dilakukan pada bulan Desember 2014 hingga Januari 2015 bertempat di Panti Werdha Agape Tondano. Hasil penelitian mendapatkan 12 responden yang memenuhi kriteria penelitian, terdiri dari 8 perempuan dan 4 laki-laki. Hasil pemeriksaan MMSE menunjukkan 67% responden dengan fungsi kognitif normal, CDT menunjukkan 75% dengan fungsi eksekutif normal, TMT A menunjukkan 100% dengan gangguan eksekutif, dan TMT B menunjukkan 92% mengalami gangguan eksekutif. Simpulan: Sebagian besar responden menunjukkan hasil pemeriksaan MMSE dengan fungsi kognitifnya normal, CDT dengan fungsi eksekutif normal, sedangkan untuk TMT A seluruh responden mengalami gangguan eksekutif, dan TMT B hampir seluruh responden mengalami gangguan eksekutif. Secara keseluruhan, gangguan fungsi kognitif lebih banyak pada lansia perempuan usia ≥ 75 tahun, pendidikan SD, dan tidak bekerja.Kata kunci: lansia, fungsi kognitif, fungsi eksekutif

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