scholarly journals The morphology of stigmata in stone fruit species

2000 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Szabó ◽  
J. Nyéki ◽  
E. Felhősné Váczi

The morphology of the stigma has been studied in 50 varieties belonging to 6 stone fruit species. The majority of samples had elliptical stigmata with some exceptions with circular form (Duane, Tuleu gras). The surface of the stigma is papillary, flattened in side view (sweet cherry) or bulging (apricot, peach). The suture of the stigma is clearly visible as a depression and the varieties may differ in this respect. The size of the stigma depends highly from the season, although the varietal differences are maintained. The dimension of stigmatic surface is characteristic for the species expressed in square millimetres: sweet cherry 0.92 to 2.91; sour cherry 1.64 to 2.48; plum 0.83 to 1.80; oriental plum 0.53 to 1.15; apricot 0.57 to 1.69 mm2. The size and morphology of the stigma changes according to varieties too, and it may used in description and identification of varieties. No correlation has been found between the size of stigma and the fertility relations (self-fertility or self-incompatibility) of the respective varieties.  

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (4) ◽  
pp. 28-34
Author(s):  
Rahima I. Ismoilova ◽  
Sodzhida D. Umarova

This paper is about studying the rootstocks for stone fruit breeds (sweet cherry) in condition of Hissar valley in Tajikistan. Each type of rootstock has its own biological characteristics and imposes specific requirements for growing and development, both during reproduction in the mother plantation and during the growth of trees. For example, the root system in sour cherry is more superficial that of wild sweet cherry. Therefore, the care of trees grafted on sour cherry and wild cherry and of mother plantation bushes of these rootstocks cannot be same. Besides, there are very significant differences among the individual groups of rootstocks. Wild cherry, Mahaleb cherry and Lubskaya cherry are used as rootstocks in the conditions of the Hissar Valley in Tajikistan. High specificity of sweet cherry cultivar varieties depends on the rootstocks. Phenological observation were carried out in our experiments during years 2013-2018 in order to study their winter resistance, yield capacity and fruit quality. The same care for root and grafted plants was carried out during the entire observation period. At the same time a certain ratio between the leaf system of the rootstock and the graft was maintained by trimming the crown. As a result of the evolution and selection, we have identified the wild cherry forms which are distinguished by the highest yields. The most valuable cultivar varieties are Napoleon cherry and Bagration cherry. Compotes made of these varieties have received high evaluation in tasting.


2006 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Hegedűs

Sour cherry (Prunus cerasus L.) is an allotetraploid species derived from hybridisation of the diploid sweet cherry (P avium L.) and the tetraploid ground cherry (P. fruticosa Pall.). Although numerous self-incompatible cultivars exist, the most sour cherry cultivars are self-compatible, which might be due to their tetraploid nature. This review is dedicated to show the limited information on the genetics of self-incompatibility in sour cherry accumulated during the last five years. Two different hypotheses (genomic arrangement of the alleles or the accumulation of non-functional S-haplotypes) are discussed. Heteroallelic sour cherry pollen was shown to be self-incompatible, which is counter to the Solanaceae where heteroallelic pollen frequently self-compatible due to a kind of competitive interaction between the two different alleles. This review highlights some inconsistencies in the hope that clarification will be achieved in the near future.


2003 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Nyéki ◽  
M. Soltész

Pál Maliga founded the Hungarian research in floral biology of fruit species during his more than forty-year-long carrier. Almost all pome and stone fruit species have been covered by his activities, but he also dealt with the fertility of walnut and chestnut. Regularities have been revealed and the methodical studies opened the way to approach and elaborate alternatives for the association of varieties in planning high yielding commercial plantations. In his breeding activity the choice of crossing parental varieties was based on the knowledge in fertility relations. The obtained sour cherry varieties represent the world-wide maximum quality, reliability and security of yields. Hungarian renewed sour cherry cultivation owes its fame and prosperity to those varieties, nevertheless also to the radical knowledge of the biological bases of fertility.


2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 269-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Svetomir Stamenkovic ◽  
Pantelija Peric ◽  
Drago Milosevic

The European cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis cerasi Loew (Diptera: Tephritidae), is a highly destructive pest in sweet and sour cherry orchards with a distribution area throughout Europe and the temperate regions of Asia. It occurs regularly in all production regions of these fruit species in Serbia, damaging up to 10% of cherries in commercial production, while damage can go up to 100% in orchards and on solitary threes unprotected by control measures. In Serbia, European cherry fruit fly most often attacks and damages fruits of the lateripening cultivars of sweet cherry (Van, Stela, Hedelfinger, Bing, Lambert, Drogan?s Yellow). After a sweet cherry harvest, adults migrate to sour cherry where they continue feeding and ovipositing in half-mature sour cherries (prevailingly the domestic ecotype Oblacinska). During their activity period, larvae damage the fruits, so that they can no longer be consumed either fresh or processed. The high percentage of sour cherries damaged by R. cerasi has become a factor limiting exports because the intensity of infestation of this fruit exceeds permissible limits. Pesticide use for controlling this pest, especially in integrated production, is based on a very poor selection of insecticides which cause problems with residual ecotoxicity. Consequently, alternative measures for controlling European cherry fruit fly have been intensively studied over the past few years. This work surveys up-to-date results of various studies on the European cherry fruit fly as a very important pest in Serbia and other South and Mid-European countries. The work contains detailed descriptions of its biological characteristics, flight phenology, infestation intensity and possibilities of fly control in sweet and sour cherry production areas.


2014 ◽  
Vol 20 (1-2) ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Simon ◽  
É. Vágány ◽  
L. Komma

The rain induced fruit cracking is a big, serious problem especially for sweet cherry growers but in some year growers of other stone fruit species had also problem with fruit cracking caused by too much and heavy rainfalls in the ripening and harvesting season. Cracked stone fruits can be easily infected by different diseases like Monillinia sp. Cracked and infected fruits can not be transported for long distance and using for preservation, they lost their market value by the destroyed fruit quality. It was decided to make a research work to determine the rain fruit cracking susceptibility of few stone fruit species (sour cherries, sweet cherries and European plums). Fruit cracking tests were occurred under laboratory conditions on the most common cultivars grown in Hungary. Furthermore we tried to find correlation between the fruit cracking and some fruit quality parameters (fruit size; total sugar content, fruit flesh firmness). Our conclusions are the followings:Sour cherries: There were found differences in the cracking ratio and the cracking dynamics of the tested sour cherry varieties when they were immersed in distillated water for 24 hours. Based on cracking test results under laboratory condition (immersing in distillated water) we made the grouping by cracking susceptibility of sour cherry varieties. Tested cultivars were divided three groups: very susceptible; susceptible; moderately susceptible (tolerant). Groups with varieties are: Very susceptible - ’Maliga emléke’, ’Piramis’, ’Érdi jubileum’,’Érdi nagygyümölcsû’ and ’Meteor korai; Susceptible (Sensitive) – ’Érdi bôtermô’, ’Pándy’ and Cigány 59. Moderately susceptible (tolerant) – ‘Éva’ and ‘Petri’as new rereleases. The most of tested sour cherry varieties are in agreement with the literature (Apostol, 2003) and four of them (’Maliga emléke’, ’Pándy 279’, ‘Éva’ and ‘Petri’) had higher average fruit weight than was mentioned in the literature (Apostol, 2003). Our fruit cracking results are in agreement with Zelinski’s (1964) and Christensen’s (1975) conclusions that there is no close relationship between fruit size and rain induced fruit cracking tendency. We found significant differences between the sugar content of tested cultivars. In contrast of Verner & Blodget (1931) our results confirm Tucker’s opinion that the sugar content is not correlation with the cracking tendency of cherry fruits (Tucker, 1934). Fruits firmness (elasticity) was measured by destructive method when juice was coming out from fruits. There were found big differences of fruit firmness and skin strength of observed cultivars. Our results are only partly agreement with Christensen’s (1996) opinion that cherry cultivars with firmer fruits are more prone to fruit cracking than softer ones. By this was seemingly we did not found close relationship between the fruit firmness and the cracking tendency of sour cherry fruits. We found that during fruits immersing in distillated water the fruit weight was increasing due to the absorbed water. Our opinion is that there is no close relationship between the scale of fruit cracking and the quantity of absorbed water. By results presented above we our opinion is that no very close relationship between the fruit cracking of sour cherries and the observed parameters (fruit size, fruit firmness, sugar content, amount of absorbed water) maybe other varietal effects and physiological characters (fruit skin structural parameters) play more important role in the fruit cracking mechanism of cherries. Sweet cherries: Similarly to sour cherries in the case of sweet cherries we also did not find close relationship between observed fruit parameters and cracking index. It was differences in the cracking ratio and the cracking dynamics of the tested sweet cherry cultivars when they were immersed in distillated water for 24 hours. It was found that the cracking ratio of very cracking susceptible sour cherry varieties had the same or higher cracking index than observed sweet cherries. It is in contrast with the general opinion (Chistensen, 1996) that sour cherries are less prone to rain induced fruit cracking than sweet cherries. We found differences between the cracking ration and cracking dynamic of the same cultivar in different years (2006 and 2013). It is in agreement Christensen’s (1996) opinion that the year effect cause big differences in the fruit cracking of cherries.European plums: We found differences in the cracking ratio and the cracking dynamics of the tested plum varieties when they were immersed in distillated water for 24 hours. A shorter term (6 hours) immersing in water caused three groups by their cracking susceptibility: „Very susceptible”: ’Révfülöpi’ and ’Szarvasi’; „Susceptible”: ’Besztercei’; „Less sensitive”: ’Bluefre’ and ’Cacanska rodna’. A longer term (24 hours) immersing in water resulted only two groups with significant differences: „Susceptible group”: ’Révfülöpi’, ’Szarvasi’ and ’Besztercei’; „Less sensitive”: ’Bluefre’ and ’Cacanska rodna’ Similarly the cherries we did not find correlation between the fruit size and cracking susceptibility of European plum cultivars. It was based on: the big fruit sized ‘Bluefre’ and middle sized ‘Cacanska rodna’ cracked in the lowest scale, during the small sized ’Révfülöpi’, ’Szarvasi’ and ’Besztercei’ cultivars cracked in higher scale We found positive correlations between the cracking susceptibility and total sugar content of tested plum cultivars. Cultivars with significantly lower sugar content (‘Bluefre’ and ‘C. rodna’) showed lower fruit cracking susceptibility than cultivars (’Révfülöpi’, ’Szarvasi’ and ’Besztercei’) with higher sugar content). We found close relationship between the relative (%) absorbed water amount and the fruit cracking susceptibility. Cultivars with higher absorbed water amount (’Szarvasi’-’Révfülöpi’-’Besztercei’) had higher cracking susceptibility.


2010 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 51-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mirosława Cieślińska ◽  
Halina Morgaś

Abstract A survey was carried out on 38 commercial and experimental stone fruit orchards located in major growing areas of stone fruit trees in Poland to determine the incidence of lesser known viruses and phytoplasmas. Leaf samples from 145 sweet cherry and 102 sour cherry trees were tested for Little cherry virus 1 (LChV-1), Little cherry virus 2 (LChV-2), Cherry green ring mottle virus (CGRMV), Cherry mottle leaf virus (CMLV), and Cherry necrotic rusty mottle virus (CNRMV) using RT-PCR. Sixty samples collected from peach and 20 apricot trees were also tested for CGRMV. Eleven out of 145 sweet cherry and three out of 102 sour cherry trees were infected by LChV-1. CGRMV was detected in 10 sweet cherry, four sour cherry, 14 peach and two apricot trees. No LChV-2, CMLV and CNRMV were detected in any of the tested trees. Phloem tissue from samples of shoots collected from 145 sweet cherry, 102 sour cherry, 128 peach, 37 apricot, five nectarine and 20 European as well as Japanese plum trees were tested for phytoplasmas. The nested PCR of the extracted DNA with universal and specific primer pairs showed the presence of phytoplasmas in six sweet cherry, three sour cherry, nine peach, four apricot, one nectarine and three Japanese plum trees. The RFLP patterns of 16S rDNA fragments after digestion with RsaI, MseI, AluI, and SspI endonucleases indicated that selected stone fruit trees were infected by two distinct phytoplasmas belonging to the apple proliferation group. The stone fruit trees infected by LChV-1, CGRMV and phytoplasmas were grown in orchards localised in all seven regions


Plant Disease ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 95 (11) ◽  
pp. 1483-1483 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. G. Cui ◽  
N. Hong ◽  
W. X. Xu ◽  
J. F. Zhou ◽  
G. P. Wang

Plum bark necrosis and stem pitting disease was first observed on a ‘Black Beaut’ plum (Prunus salicina Lindl.) in the United States in 1986 and later is several other countries. Plum bark necrosis stem pitting-associated virus (PBNSPaV; genus Ampelovirus, family Closteroviridae), the putative causal agent of the disease, infects many stone fruit species and causes decline, gummosis, flattening of scaffold branches, and stem necrotic pits in some diseased trees (1,3). An investigation of the incidence of PBNSPaV on stone fruit trees in China was conducted during 2009 and 2010. Leaf samples were collected from 47 trees, including peach (P. persica L. Batsch), nectarine (P. persica L. var. nucipersica Schneider), plum (P. domestica L.), ornamental plum (P. cerasifera Ehrb), sweet cherry (P. avium L.), and flowering cherry (P. serrulata L.), grown in Hubei, Henan, and Shandong provinces in central and northern China. Most of sampled trees showed trunk gummosis or stem pitting. The presence of PBNSPaV was tested by reverse transcription (RT)-PCR using primer set PBN195F/PBN195R (5′-CTGGTCTTCCTGCTACTCCTT-3′/5′-AAGCCCACAATCTCAGAGCG-3′) designed for the detection of the coat protein (CP) gene of the virus. Total RNA was extracted from leaves using a CTAB protocol reported by Li et al. (2). Products of the expected size of 190 bp were amplified from 20 samples, including seven cultivated peach, four ornamental peach, one nectarine, two plum, one ornamental plum, three sweet cherry, and two flowering cherry samples. All trees positive for PBNSPaV showed stem pitting symptoms on the base of the trunk. To further confirm these results, a 590-base region of the heat shock protein 70 homolog (HSP70h) gene was amplified by RT-PCR using primers HSP-P1/HSP-P2 (5′-GGAATTGACTTCGGTACAAC-3′/5′-TCGAAAGTACCACCACCGAA-3′). Amplicons of the expected size were cloned into the vector pMD18-T (TaKaRa, Dalian, China) and sequenced by Genscript Corp. (Nanjing, China). Sequences of 18 PBNSPaV isolates were deposited in GenBank with Accession Nos. JF810177–JF810194. Sequence comparisons showed that the partial HSP70h gene from the Chinese PBNSPaV isolates shared 82.2 to 100% nucleotide (nt) and 94.0 to 100% amino acid (aa) similarities between them and 83.6 to 99.1% nt and 94 to 100% aa similarities with the corresponding region of the other PBNSPaV isolates deposited in GenBank. In July 2010, peach GF305 seedlings were inoculated by side grafting with budwoods from two PBNSPaV-positive ornamental peach plants. In June 2011, grooving symptom was observed on the stems of the seedlings and the virus was detected by RT-PCR. The results further confirmed PBNSPaV infection in China. These results show that PBNSPaV and the associated disease occur in main cultivated and ornamental Prunus species in China. Given the importance and the devastating symptoms of the disease, it is important to prevent virus spread by using virus-tested propagation materials. References: (1) M. Al Rwahnih et al. Arch. Virol. 152:2197, 2007. (2) R. Li et al. J. Virol. Methods 154:48, 2008. (3) D. B. Marini et al. Plant Dis. 86:415, 2002.


1961 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 1387-1391 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. Tremaine ◽  
R. S. Willison

Virus entities in cucumber associated with cherry yellows, green ring mottle, and necrotic ring spot of sour cherry; tatter leaf of sweet cherry; and prune dwarf were found to be serologically related but not identical. The virus antigens were compared in gel-diffusion precipitin tests with antisera prepared from both cucumber leaves and infected cherry petals.


2001 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Soltész ◽  
P. Benedek ◽  
J. Nyéki ◽  
Z. Szabó ◽  
T. Tóth

In the small demonstration orchard of the College Faculty of Horticulture at Kecskemét the blooming time, the flower density and the honeybee activity was observed at a number of cultivars of 20 flower species during four consecutive years. Fruit crop species were in flower during 3-4 months altogether. The blooming period of them was classified into five groups as early (almond, apricot, gooseberry), middle early (sweet cherry, red currant, currant-gooseberry, black currant, white currant, peach, plum, sour cherry), middle late (pear, strawberry, apple), late (black elder, quince, medlar, raspberry, blackberry-raspberry) and very late blooming period (blackberry). The blooming period of the members of the groups of early and medium early blooming often coincided partly and the same happened between the medium and the medium late as well as between fruits of late and very late flowering. The flower density of some fruit species is extremely variable (currant-gooseberry, medlar), while at others it is fairly stable and evenly dense in consecutive years (sour cherry, sweet cherry, strawberry). At other fruit species it is moderately changeable. Some fruit species tended to attract more honeybees than others (plum, apple, quince, medlar) and some of them tended to attract much less (black elder, pear) but most species can be regarded as of medium attractivity. On the flowers of some fruit species (pear, strawberry, quince) honeybees gathered pollen predominantly. At most fruit species however pollen and nectar gathering behaviour seemed to be gradually changing during the season. Namely most honeybees tended to gather pollen at the flowers of the early blooming fruit species, but on the other hand typical foraging behaviour gradually shifted to nectar gathering at the flowers of fruit species of moderate and late blooming periods.  


Plant Disease ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 97 (2) ◽  
pp. 290-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Zhou ◽  
G. P. Wang ◽  
L. N. Qu ◽  
C. L. Deng ◽  
Y. Wang ◽  
...  

During the growing seasons of 2010 through 2012, leaf tissues from 206 stone fruit trees, including one flowering cherry, three sour cherry, six nectarine (Prunus persica L. var. nucipersica Schneider), 14 apricot, 24 plum (P. domestica L.), 41 sweet cherry, and 117 peach [P. persica (L.) Batsch] trees, grown in six provinces of China, were randomly collected and tested for the CNRMV infection by RT-PCR. Out of those sampled trees, 37 showed shot holes and vein yellowing symptoms. Total RNA was extracted from leaves using the CTAB protocol reported by Li et al. (2). The primer pair CGRMV1/CGRMV2 (1) was used to amplify a fragment of 949 bp from CNRMV genome, which includes the CP gene (804 bp). PCR products with the expected size were detected in one sweet cherry, one apricot, one peach, one plum, and two sour cherry plants. However, no correlation between PCR data and symptom expression could be found. PCR products were cloned into the vector pMD18-T (TaKaRa, Dalian, China). Three independent clones from each isolate were sequenced by Genscript Corp., Nanjing, China, and sequences were deposited in the GenBank under accession nos. JX491635, JX491636, JX491637, JX648205, and JX648206. Results of sequence analysis showed that sequences of the five CNRMV isolates shared the highest nt (99.0 to 99.6%) and aa (98.9 to 100%) similarities with a cherry isolate from Germany (GenBank Accession No. AF237816). The sequence of one isolate from a peach tree (JX648205) was divergent and shared only 84.7 to 86.1% nt and 94.4 to 95.1% aa similarities with those cp sequences. Clones intra each isolate shared more than 99% nt similarities. To confirm CNRMV infection, seedlings of peach GF 305 were graft-inoculated with bud-woods from a peach and a sweet cherry tree, which was positive to CNRMV and also two other viruses: Cherry green ring mottle virus (CGRMV) and Plum bark necrosis stem pitting-associated virus (PBNSPaV), as tested by RT-PCR. Grafted seedlings were kept in an insectproof greenhouse and observed for symptom development. In May of the following year, some newly developed leaves of inoculated seedlings showed vein yellowing, ringspot, and shot hole symptoms. Results of Protein A sandwich (PAS)-ELISA using an antiserum raised against the recombinant CP of a CNRMV isolate (unpublished) and RT-PCR confirmed CNRMV infection in inoculated trees. In addition to CNRMV, tested seedlings were also found to be infected with CGRMV and PBNSPaV by RT-PCR. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the occurrence of CNRMV on stone fruit trees in China, and also the first record of the CNRMV infection in peach and plum plants. Given the economic importance of its hosts and the visible symptoms of the viral disease, it is important to prevent the virus spread by using virus-tested propagation materials. References: (1) R. Li and R. Mock. J. Virol. Methods 129:162, 2005. (2) R. Li et al. J. Virol. Methods 154:48, 2008.


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