scholarly journals The effect of rootstock on the tree size of apricot cultivars

2004 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Szalay ◽  
B. P. Molnár
Keyword(s):  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Tree Size ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Cultivation System ◽  
Cultivation Method ◽  
Ecological Conditions ◽  
Production Site ◽  
Crown Volume ◽  
Wild Apricot ◽  
Old Trees

The apricot is propagated on several kinds of rootstocks in Hungary. The main aspects of selecting rootstocks are as follows: adaptability to environmental circumstances, primarily soil conditions, ensuring the tree size that complies with the cultivation method, and compatibility with the grafted cultivar. At advanced, intensive orchards rootstocks ensuring smaller tree size are privileged. For the establishment of the appropriate cultivation system, it is important to be aware of the expected growing vigour and tree size of certain cultivar­rootstock combinations when the orchard is designed. In the course of our experiment the size of 15-year-old trees of 4 apricot cultivars were examined on several rootstocks at an orchard in Siófok. On the basis of the data measured for each cultivar-rootstock combination, it can be stated that trees on wild apricot (P. armeniaca) rootstocks are the largest in size. Trees on prune (P. domestica) rootstock have 10-15% smaller crown volume than the previous combination. Trees on bullace (P. insititia) rootstock have the smallest tree size and their crown volume is 30-50% smaller than that of the trees on P. armeniaca rootstock. Thus, the application of prune and bullace rootstocks is beneficial at intensive apricot orchards as the size of trees can be reduced by their usage. However, their compatibility with the cultivars and their adaptability to the ecological conditions of the production site have to be tested before applying them widely. In the course of our research incompatibility was not experienced for any of the cultivar-rootstock combinations examined. Nevertheless, the drought tolerance of the rootstocks examined showed significant differences. Trees on P. domestica or P. insititia rootstock requires more water than those on P. armeniaca rootstock, therefore, they have to be irrigated.

scholarly journals The effect of rootstock on the tree size of apricot cultivars

2004 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Szalay L. ◽  
Molnár B. P.
Keyword(s):  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Tree Size ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Cultivation System ◽  
Cultivation Method ◽  
Ecological Conditions ◽  
Production Site ◽  
Crown Volume ◽  
Wild Apricot ◽  
Old Trees

The apricot is propagated on several kinds of rootstocks in Hungary. The main aspects of selecting rootstocks are as follows: adaptability to environmental circumstances, primarily soil conditions, ensuring the tree size that complies with the cultivation method, and compatibility with the grafted cultivar. At advanced, intensive orchards rootstocks ensuring smaller tree size are privileged. For the establishment of the appropriate cultivation system, it is important to be aware of the expected growing vigour and tree size of certain cultivar­rootstock combinations when the orchard is designed. In the course of our experiment the size of 15-year-old trees of 4 apricot cultivars were examined on several rootstocks at an orchard in Siófok. On the basis of the data measured for each cultivar-rootstock combination, it can be stated that trees on wild apricot (P. armeniaca) rootstocks are the largest in size. Trees on prune (P. domestica) rootstock have 10-15% smaller crown volume than the previous combination. Trees on bullace (P. insititia) rootstock have the smallest tree size and their crown volume is 30-50% smaller than that of the trees on P. armeniaca rootstock. Thus, the application of prune and bullace rootstocks is beneficial at intensive apricot orchards as the size of trees can be reduced by their usage. However, their compatibility with the cultivars and their adaptability to the ecological conditions of the production site have to be tested before applying them widely. In the course of our research incompatibility was not experienced for any of the cultivar-rootstock combinations examined. Nevertheless, the drought tolerance of the rootstocks examined showed significant differences. Trees on P. domestica or P. insititia rootstock requires more water than those on P. armeniaca rootstock, therefore, they have to be irrigated.

scholarly journals Refining tree size and dose-response functions for control of invasive Pinus contorta

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-36
Author(s):  
Carol A. Rolando ◽  
Brian Richardson ◽  
Thomas S.H. Paul ◽  
Chanatda Somchit
Keyword(s):  
Dose Response ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Tree Size ◽  
Volume Index ◽  
Mortality Data ◽  
Field Calculation ◽  
Crown Area ◽  
Crown Diameter ◽  
Crown Volume ◽  
Canopy Area

Abstract Exotic conifers are rapidly spreading in many regions of New Zealand, as well as in many other countries, with detrimental impacts on both natural ecosystems and some productive sector environments. Herbicides, in particular the active ingredient (a.i.) triclopyr, are an important tool to manage invasive conifers, yet there is a paucity of information that quantifies the amount of herbicide required to kill trees of different sizes when applied as a basal bark treatment. Two sequential experiments were conducted to define the amount of triclopyr required to kill individual invasive Pinus contorta trees of different sizes when applied in a methylated seed oil to bark (either the whole stem or base of the tree) and to determine which tree size variates (height (HT), diameter at breast height (DBH), crown diameter (CD)), or derived attributes (crown area, crown volume index) best characterised this dose-response relationship. The outcomes of the dose-response research were compared to field operations where triclopyr was applied to the bark of trees from an aerial platform. Applying the herbicide to the whole stem, as opposed to the base of the tree only, significantly increased treatment efficacy. The tree size variates DBH, CD, crown area and crown volume index all provided good fits to the tree mortality data, with >91% prediction accuracy. Of these variates, crown diameter provided the most practical measure of tree size for ease of in-field calculation of dose by an operator. Herbicide rates used in field operations were 7 to 8 times higher than lethal doses calculated from experimental data. Our results highlight the potential for substantial reductions in herbicide rates for exotic conifer control, especially if dose-response data are combined with remotely sensed quantitative measurements of canopy area or volume using new precision technologies such as unmanned aerial vehicles.

Water relations of Pinus radiata under plantation conditions

1964 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 111 ◽  
Author(s):  
RD Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Dry Period ◽  
Autumn Leaf ◽  
Leaf Water Deficit ◽  
Old Trees

Two groups of four 9-year-old trees of P. radiata were isolated "droughted" by lining trenches, and covering the soil surface, with plastic film. Two similar groups served as controls. Soils in the control plots dried out to above pF 4.2 during a 6 weeks' drought in late summer, and again in a shorter dry period in autumn. Leaf water deficit (L.W.D.) was correlated with soil moisture tension (S.M.T.) while there was available soil moisture, and rose during the drought to a maximum of 22.8. Autumn rain which wet the upper part of the soil profile reduced the L.W.D. to a mean value of 12. In the droughted plots, S.M.T. rose to above pF 4.2 in the first six weeks and remained high for the rest of the experimental period. During normal weather with occasional light falls of rain, L.W.D. was maintained at about 17-significantly higher than the corresponding values for the control plots. With the onset of dry weather, L.W.D. in the droughted plots rose further, but not significantly higher than in the controls. L.W.D. decreased when rain occurred, although less than in the control plots. P. radiata is able to maintain moderate turgidity in its needles, even under very dry soil conditions, as long as there is frequent precipitation sufficient to wet the foliage.

scholarly journals Soil Effects on Stem Growth and Wood Anatomy of Tamboril Are Mediated by Tree Age

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (8) ◽  
pp. 1058
Author(s):  
Talita dos Santos Angélico ◽  
Carmen Regina Marcati ◽  
Sergio Rossi ◽  
Magali Ribeiro da Silva ◽  
Júlia Sonsin-Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Soil Type ◽  
Wood Anatomy ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Plant Soil ◽  
Wood Traits ◽  
Soil Effects ◽  
Old Trees ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Effect Of Age

Soil influences the growth of trees and the characteristics of the wood; but could this influence change during the ontogeny of trees? To answer this question, we analyzed the wood anatomy of 9-year-old trees and 2-year-old saplings of Enterolobium contortisiliquum, known as “tamboril”, growing in eutrophic and oligotrophic soil in the Brazilian Cerrado, and assessed the effect of age on plant–soil relationship. Sapwood samples were collected from the main stem, anatomical sections were prepared in the lab, and 12 anatomical wood traits were measured. Individuals in eutrophic soil had greater stem diameter and height than those in oligotrophic soil. Trees in eutrophic soil had vessel-associated parenchyma cells with abundant storage compounds. Fibers walls were 47% thicker and intervessel pits diameter were 14% larger in trees of eutrophic soil. A greater proportion of solitary vessels (74%) was observed in trees rather than in saplings (50%). The secondary xylem of trees was mainly formed by fibers (63%) whereas in saplings it was mainly formed by storage tissue (64%). Our study provides evidence that the influence of soil conditions on tree growth reflects variations in wood anatomical features. No significant response to soil type was observed in saplings, thus demonstrating that the relationship between soil type and wood growth is mediated by tree age. These findings help to develop reliable reforestation strategies in tropical ecosystems characterized by different levels of soil fertility.

Predicting mortality of ponderosa pine regeneration after prescribed fire in the Black Hills, South Dakota, USA

2009 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mike Battaglia ◽  
Frederick W. Smith ◽  
Wayne D. Shepperd
Keyword(s):  
Prescribed Fire ◽  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Flame Length ◽  
Black Hills ◽  
Tree Size ◽  
Crown Fire ◽  
Crown Volume ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Pine Regeneration ◽  
Related Mortality

Reduction of crown fire hazard in Pinus ponderosa forests in the Black Hills, SD, often focuses on the removal of overstorey trees to reduce crown bulk density. Dense ponderosa pine regeneration establishes several years after treatment and eventually increases crown fire risk if allowed to grow. Using prescribed fire to control this regeneration is hampered by the limited knowledge of fire-related mortality threshold values for seedlings (<1.4 m tall) and saplings (0.25 to 10 cm diameter at breast height). The present study was initiated to assess fire-related mortality of ponderosa pine seedlings and saplings on prescribed burns across the Black Hills. We established plots in several burn units after the first post-fire growing season to measure crown volume scorch, crown volume consumption, basal scorch, and ground char for ponderosa pine seedlings and saplings. Logistic regression was used to model the probability of mortality based on tree size, flame length, and direct fire effects. Tree size, flame length, crown damage, ground char, and basal char severity were all important factors in the prediction of mortality. Observed mortality was >70% for seedlings but was only 18 to 46% for sapling-sized trees. The differences in mortality thresholds for ponderosa pine seedlings and saplings highlight their susceptibility to different damage pathways and give managers several options when designing burn prescriptions.

scholarly journals Results of a Study of the Vegetative Growth, Yield and Fruit Quality of Different Grafting Combinations of the Apple Cultivar ‘Krista’

2017 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 137-143
Author(s):  
Toivo Univer ◽  
Neeme Univer ◽  
Krista Tiirmaa
Keyword(s):  
Growth Yield ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Research Centre ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Apple Cultivar ◽  
Crown Volume ◽  
Horticultural Research

Abstract Long-term field trials with the apple cultivar ‘Krista’ on different vegetative rootstocks were held at the Polli Horticultural Research Centre (58°07`N, 25°32`E) in Southern Estonia in 2005-2015. Trees were grafted on 13 rootstocks: M26, M27, P59, E75, B9, B396, B491, MTT1, Supporter 1, Supporter 2, Supporter 3, Supporter 4, and MM106. The apple cultivar ‘Krista’ is well suited for growing in the climatic and soil conditions of Estonia. The cultivar performs best on vegetative rootstocks that are well-adapted to the Estonian climate: MM106, E75, B396, M26, M27, and P59. The rootstocks Supporter 1, Supporter 2, Supporter 3, and Supporter 4 did not turn out to be suited for growing in Estonia. The trees grafted on rootstocks MM106, E75, MTT1, and M26 grew taller, had a bigger crown spread and crown volume. In dense orchards with the planting scheme 4 × 1.5 m, trees with a smaller crown diameter may be grown on rootstocks MM27, P59, and Supporter 4. During the trial, the largest yields were harvested from trees grafted onto rootstocks MM106, MTT1, B396, M26, E75, and B9. Some rootstock combinations appeared to be positively related to average fruit weight in some years, but the same cannot be concluded for the whole duration of the trial.

The advantages of new Sudan grass “Alisa”

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Н. Ковтунова ◽  
А. Алабушев ◽  
А. Романюкин ◽  
Е. Шишова ◽  
В. Ковтунов ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
The State ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Initial Growth ◽  
Forage Crops ◽  
Sudan Grass ◽  
Green Mass ◽  
The North

Одной из задач сельского хозяйства является увеличение производства кормов для животных, улучшение их качества и питательности. Большую роль при этом играют однолетние кормовые культуры, среди которых по жаро и засухоустойчивости, неприхотливости к почвам, стабильной урожайности следует выделить суданскую траву. В Государственный реестр селекционных достижений к 2018 году включён 41 сорт суданской травы, восемь из которых рекомендованы для возделывания в СевероКавказском регионе. Современные сорта суданской травы позволяют получать до 4045 т/га зелёной массы за сезон (дватри укоса). Отмечая успехи в селекции суданской травы, следует признать, что имеющийся ассортимент сортов необходимо расширить новыми сортами, обладающими лучшими качествами. В связи с этим целью работы являлось создание среднеспелого сорта суданской травы с высокой адаптивностью, обеспечивающего прибавку урожайности зелёной массы 24 т/га. Исследования выполнены в ФГБНУ АНЦ Донской в соответствии с Методикой Государственной комиссии по сортоиспытанию сельскохозяйственных культур. Создан новый среднеспелый сорт суданской травы Алиса. Растения высокорослые, при созревании достигают высоты 215 см, хорошо облиственные (3545), сухо и тонкостебельные (0,61,0 см), кустистые, ко второму укосу формируют до трёхпяти стеблей на растении. Сорт отличается повышенной интенсивностью начального роста и послеукосного отрастания, устойчивостью к засухе. Средняя урожайность зелёной массы в конкурсном испытании составила 42 т/га, абсолютно сухого вещества 10,8 т/га, что превысило показатели стандарта Александрина соответственно на 5 и 1,5 т/га. В 20172018 годах сорт Алиса успешно прошёл государственное сортоиспытание на 22 сортоучастках в трёх регионах России. One of the objectives of agriculture is to increase the production of animal feed, and improve their quality and nutritional value.A major role is played by annual forage crops like Sudan grass, which has good heat and drought tolerance,adaptability to soil conditions and stable yield. By 2018, 41 varieties of Sudan grass were included in the State Register of Breeding Achievements, 8 of which were recommended for the North Caucasian region. Modern varieties of Sudan grass can produce up to 4045 t ha1 of green mass per season (2 or 3 cuts). The existing range of Sudan grass varieties should be increased with new varieties that have better qualities. In this regard, the aim of the work was to create a midseason variety of Sudan grass with high adaptability, providing an increase in green mass yield by 24 t ha1. The studies were carried out at the State Scietific Establishment Agricultural Research Center Donskoy(SSE ARC Donskoy) in accordance with the Methodology of the State Commission for CropTesting . The new midseason variety of Sudan grass Alisa has been created. Plants are tall (up to 215 cm), well leafy (3545), have dry and fine stems (0.61.0 cm), and form up to 35 stems on the plant by the second cut. The variety is characterized by increased intensity of initial growth, fast regrowth after cutting and drought tolerance. The average yield of green mass in competitive trial was 42 t ha1, absolute dry matter yield was 10.8 t ha1, which exceeds the standard Alexandrina by 5 and 1.5 t ha1, respectively. During the years 20172018, Alisa successfully passed the State variety trial on 22 locations in 3 regions of Russia.

scholarly journals Hybrid Rootstocks for Valencia Sweet Orange in Rainfed Cultivation Under Tropical Savannah Climate

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 40
Author(s):  
Danilo Pereira Costa ◽  
Eduardo Sanches Stuchi ◽  
Eduardo Augusto Girardi ◽  
Abelmon da Silva Gesteira ◽  
Maurício Antonio Coelho Filho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drought Tolerance ◽  
Production Efficiency ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Sweet Orange ◽  
Fruit Production ◽  
Tree Size ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Rangpur Lime ◽  
Large Tree

The performance of Valencia sweet orange grafted onto 41 hybrid citrus rootstocks was evaluated for 11 years in rainfed cultivation under tropical savannah climate (Aw type) in Brazil, in addition to three selections of the standard drought-tolerant Rangpur lime and two selections of Sunki mandarin. Drought tolerance, assessed by visual score of leaf wilting, was directly related to the mean fruit yield. Indio and Riverside citrandarins, Tropical Sunki mandarin and the hybrid TSKC &times; CTSW-028 were grouped with the most productive selections of Rangpur lime, all of them inducing large tree size, intermediate fruit production efficiency, and high drought tolerance. The hybrid TSK &times; TR English-CO was similar except by inducing a higher mean soluble solids concentration in the orange juice. A third group of rootstocks induced high yield and drought tolerance, and a mean 30% reduction in tree size that led to high production efficiency, which comprised the hybrids HTR-053, TSKC &times; (LCR &times; TR)-017 and-059, TSKC &times; CTSW-041, LCR &times; TR-001 and San Diego citrandarin. The tree mortality on Rangpur lime selections was as least as 46%, while more than 80% of trees grafted onto the aforementioned rootstocks survived without visual symptoms of citrus sudden death disease or graft incompatibility. The selected hybrids and Tropical Sunki mandarin also induced fruit quality, mainly soluble solids, superior to the Rangpur lime and, therefore, are potential rootstocks for rainfed cultivation of Valencia sweet orange.

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