Asleep at the Wheel: Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Fatigue-Related Crashes in Honolulu

2001 ◽  
Vol 1779 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl E. Kim ◽  
Eric Y. Yamashita
Keyword(s):  
Evaluation System ◽  
Outcome Data ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Patterns ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Crash Data ◽  
Island State ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Limited Opportunity ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
Injury Outcomes

As an island state located in the middle of the Pacific Ocean, where there is limited opportunity for long-distance driving, Hawaii provides an interesting context in which to study fatigue-related crashes. Data from the Hawaii Crash Outcome Data Evaluation System are used to analyze and map fatigue-related collisions. Injury outcomes of fatigue-related crashes are analyzed by using police crash data, emergency medical service records, and insurance claims records. There are distinct temporal and spatial patterns as well as relationships between fatigue-related crashes and driver characteristics. Recommendations for preventing fatigue-related crashes are developed. Roadway segments where fatigue-related crashes occur are identified as possible sites for various engineering treatments. Temporal and demographic information also can be used to design and implement more effective programs and systems for fatigue-related crashes.

Crash- and Injury-Outcome Multipliers

2000 ◽  
Vol 1717 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl Kim
Keyword(s):  
Evaluation System ◽  
Simple Technique ◽  
Outcome Data ◽  
Hospital Data ◽  
Crash Data ◽  
Relative Safety ◽  
Probabilistic Linkage ◽  
The University ◽  
Injury Outcomes ◽  
Crash Types

In 1992 the University of Hawaii was one of six institutions to receive a Crash Outcome Data Evaluation System grant from the U.S. Department of Transportation, NHTSA. As part of the Hawaii CODES Project, police crash data, emergency medical services (EMS) data, and hospital data were linked using a probabilistic linkage software known as Automatch. An advantage of linked data is the ability to determine injury outcomes for various types of crashes. A simple technique—crash and injury outcome multipliers for examining the relative safety of various types of crashes—is presented. Using the crash as the unit of analysis, a measure is derived that indicates the number of fatalities, incapacitating injuries, nonserious injuries, EMS transports, and hospitalizations produced over a period of time by those particular crash types. In addition to comparing vehicle-to-vehicle crashes, various crash types such as head-on, rollover, sideswipe, broadside, and fixed-object collisions are also examined. The relative crash and injury outcomes for speed-related crashes, alcohol-related collisions, or any number of other types of safety concerns can also be tabulated. The simple technique is illustrated using both conventional police crash data on injuries and a linked file containing EMS and hospital records. In addition to demonstrating the technique, some potential uses are described.

scholarly journals Chance long-distance or human-mediated dispersal? How Acacia s.l. farnesiana attained its pan-tropical distribution

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 170105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen L. Bell ◽  
Haripriya Rangan ◽  
Manuel M. Fernandes ◽  
Christian A. Kull ◽  
Daniel J. Murphy
Keyword(s):  
The Philippines ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Old World ◽  
South Central ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
Spanish Explorers ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Old World Tropics

Acacia s.l. farnesiana , which originates from Mesoamerica, is the most widely distributed Acacia s.l. species across the tropics. It is assumed that the plant was transferred across the Atlantic to southern Europe by Spanish explorers, and then spread across the Old World tropics through a combination of chance long-distance and human-mediated dispersal. Our study uses genetic analysis and information from historical sources to test the relative roles of chance and human-mediated dispersal in its distribution. The results confirm the Mesoamerican origins of the plant and show three patterns of human-mediated dispersal. Samples from Spain showed greater genetic diversity than those from other Old World tropics, suggesting more instances of transatlantic introductions from the Americas to that country than to other parts of Africa and Asia. Individuals from the Philippines matched a population from South Central Mexico and were likely to have been direct, trans-Pacific introductions. Australian samples were genetically unique, indicating that the arrival of the species in the continent was independent of these European colonial activities. This suggests the possibility of pre-European human-mediated dispersal across the Pacific Ocean. These significant findings raise new questions for biogeographic studies that assume chance or transoceanic dispersal for disjunct plant distributions.

scholarly journals Host–parasite relationships between seabirds and the haemadipsid leech Chtonobdella palmyrae (Annelida: Clitellata) inhabiting oceanic islands in the Pacific Ocean

Parasitology ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 147 (14) ◽  
pp. 1765-1773
Author(s):  
Takafumi Nakano ◽  
Hajime Suzuki ◽  
Naoko Suzuki ◽  
Yuichi Kimura ◽  
Tatsuo Sato ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Taxonomic Status ◽  
Oceanic Islands ◽  
28S Rrna ◽  
Morphological Examination ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Bonin Islands ◽  
Okinawa Island ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
Host Parasite

AbstractThe duognathous haemadipsid leeches of the genus Chtonobdella show a trans-oceanic distribution throughout the Indo-Pacific region. Although passive long-distance dispersal (LDD) of Chtonobdella leeches by birds has been suggested, little is known about the host–parasite relationships between avian hosts and Chtonobdella leeches. In the current study, we investigated Chtonobdella leech infestations of the eyes and other mucus membranes of migratory procellariiform seabirds, Pterodroma hypoleuca and Oceanodroma tristrami, captured at six locations in the Bonin Islands, Honshu and Okinawa Island, Japan. Analyses of the partial sequences of 18S rRNA, 28S rRNA, and mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) and morphological examination of the specimens demonstrated that the Chtonobdella leeches belonged to Chtonobdella palmyrae, which is indigenous to Palmyra Atoll in the Northern Line Islands. A dominant COI sequence type was observed in samples from all six sites; therefore, C. palmyrae almost surely dispersed approximately 1000 km by infesting the eyes and mucus membranes of procellariiform seabirds. The host–parasite relationships between procellariiform seabirds and C. palmyrae provide explicit evidence of the LDD of duognathous haemadipsid leeches. The taxonomic status of Haemadipsa zeylanica ivosimae from the Volcano Islands is also briefly discussed.

Injury Outcomes and Costs for Work Zone Crashes

2013 ◽  
Vol 2337 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
John S. Coburn ◽  
Andrea R. Bill ◽  
Madhav V. Chitturi ◽  
David A. Noyce
Keyword(s):  
Evaluation System ◽  
Outcome Data ◽  
Work Zone ◽  
Crash Severity ◽  
Property Damage ◽  
Injury Score ◽  
Benefit Cost Analysis ◽  
Benefit Cost ◽  
Injury Outcomes ◽  
Crash Types

The main objective of this research was to quantify the injury outcomes and develop reliable and comprehensive injury costs for work zone crashes based on crash type (rear-end, head-on, etc.) and crash severity, based on the KABCO scale (K, killed; A, incapacitating injury; B, nonincapacitating injury; C, possible injury; O, property damage only). A three-step methodology was used to quantify the comprehensive crash costs. All crashes in Wisconsin between 2001 and 2010 that were marked with a construction zone flag were identified and used in this analysis. The Wisconsin Crash Outcome Data Evaluation System database provided comprehensive injury costs based on the injury types and severities suffered by participants in study crashes. KABCO and maximum abbreviated injury score ratings were similar for property damage only and possible injuries. A vast majority of individuals with injuries classified as nonincapacitating and incapacitating actually sustained minor or moderate injuries only. This outcome suggests that the use of KABCO needs to be reconsidered. The calculated comprehensive costs for crash types with sufficient sample sizes were found to be up to 105%, 35%, and 50% larger than the default FHWA values for incapacitating, nonincapacitating, and possible injury crashes, respectively. Injury crash costs by crash type varied significantly. This variance indicates that developing crash-specific costs might result in more accurate benefit–cost analysis for the implementation of countermeasures.

scholarly journals Genetic structure of the crown-of-thorns seastar in the Pacific Ocean, with focus on Guam

PeerJ ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. e1970 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio Tusso ◽  
Kerstin Morcinek ◽  
Catherine Vogler ◽  
Peter J. Schupp ◽  
Ciemon F. Caballes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Tropical Coral ◽  
Population Outbreaks ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
The Western Pacific

Population outbreaks of the corallivorous crown-of-thorns seastar (COTS),Acanthaster ‘planci’ L., are among the most important biological disturbances of tropical coral reefs. Over the past 50 years, several devastating outbreaks have been documented around Guam, an island in the western Pacific Ocean. Previous analyses have shown that in the Pacific Ocean, COTS larval dispersal may be geographically restricted to certain regions. Here, we assess the genetic structure of Pacific COTS populations and compared samples from around Guam with a number of distant localities in the Pacific Ocean, and focused on determining the degree of genetic structure among populations previously considered to be isolated. Using microsatellites, we document substantial genetic structure between 14 localities from different geographical regions in the Pacific Ocean. Populations from the 14 locations sampled were found to be structured in three significantly differentiated groups: (1) all locations immediately around Guam, as well as Kingman Reef and Swains Island; (2) Japan, Philippines, GBR and Vanuatu; and (3) Johnston Atoll, which was significantly different from all other localities. The lack of genetic differentiation between Guam and extremely distant populations from Kingman Reef and Swains Island suggests potential long-distance dispersal of COTS in the Pacific.

Epidemiology of Phytophthora ramorum in Oregon tanoak forests

2008 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 1133-1143 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. M. Hansen ◽  
A. Kanaskie ◽  
S. Prospero ◽  
M. McWilliams ◽  
E. M. Goheen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phytophthora Ramorum ◽  
Multilocus Genotype ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Lithocarpus Densiflorus ◽  
Genotypic Analysis ◽  
Previous Infection ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
Dispersal Distances ◽  
Time Of Origin

We followed the local intensification and dispersal of Phytophthora ramorum Werres, De Cock, & Man In’t Veld in Oregon tanoak ( Lithocarpus densiflorus (Hook & Arn.) Rehd.) forests from its initial detection in 2001 through 2006, coincident with a continuing eradication effort. The initial infested area included nine scattered sites below 400 m elevation, close to the Pacific Ocean near Brookings, Oregon. In subsequent years, one-half of new infections were within 122 m of a previous infection, and 79% of the newly detected trees occurred within 300 m of a previously identified tree. Dispersal up to 4 km was occasionally recorded. Initial infection occurred in the upper crowns of tanoak trees. The pathogen was recovered in rainwater collected beneath diseased tanoak trees in every month from November 2006 through October 2007. Twenty-four multilocus microsatellite genotypes were identified among 272 P. ramorum isolates collected from Curry County. Genotypic analysis provided independent estimates of time of origin of the Oregon infestation, its clustered distribution, and dispersal distances. In all sampling years, 60%–71% of the isolates belonged to the same multilocus genotype. In 2001, 12 genotypes were detected and new genotypes were identified in each of the subsequent years, but all isolates belonged to the same clonal lineage. Knowledge of local intensification of the disease and long-distance dispersal should inform both Oregon eradication efforts and national quarantine regulations.

scholarly journals Rare long-distance dispersal of a marine angiosperm across the Pacific Ocean

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 487-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy M. Smith ◽  
Paul H. York ◽  
Bernardo R. Broitman ◽  
Martin Thiel ◽  
Graeme C. Hays ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
Long Distance Dispersal ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
Marine Angiosperm

scholarly journals Putative long distance gene flow and evidence of secondary outbreaks of the Crown-of-Thorns Starfish in the Pacific Ocean

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio Tusso ◽  
Kerstin Morcinek ◽  
Catherine Vogler ◽  
Peter J Schupp ◽  
Ciemon F Caballes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Genetic Structure ◽  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
Coral Reefs ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Tropical Coral ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
The Pacific Ocean ◽  
Larval Dispersion

Population outbreaks of the corallivorous crown-of-thorns starfish (COTS), Acanthaster ‘planci’ L., are considered among the most important biological disturbances of tropical coral reefs. A local COTS outbreak, a “primary outbreak”, can lead to so-called “secondary outbreaks” in adjacent coral reefs due to increased larval release and subsequent dispersion. Previous analyses have shown that in the Pacific Ocean, this dispersion may be geographically restricted to certain regions. Guam, an island in the western Pacific region, suffered from several COTS outbreaks in the last 50 years, and in this study we test whether Guam is genetically connected with surrounding regions as a consequence of secondary outbreaks. We used microsatellites to measure gene flow and genetic structure among 14 localities in the Pacific Ocean. Our results show substantial genetic structure between geographical regions. There was, however, a lack of significant genetic differentiation between localities separated by large geographic distances (e.g., Guam, Kingman Reef and Johnston Atoll) – a finding consistent with the existence of contemporary long distance larval dispersion and the gradual erasing of ancestral signatures of divergence. Long distance larval dispersion suggests that secondary outbreaks occur across regions in the Pacific, and have occurred in the recent outbreaks in Guam. However, significant genetic differences among outbreak localities around the island of Guam were also detected, revealing the signature of both primary and secondary outbreaks. Our findings highlight the importance of addressing likely triggers of both primary and secondary outbreaks in conservation efforts and programs that strive to control the growth and spread of A. ‘planci’ in the Pacific Ocean.

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