Laboratory Facility for Testing Road Iron work Installations

1998 ◽  
Vol 1624 (1) ◽  
pp. 237-245 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. F. Brown ◽  
C. J. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Test ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Failure Mechanisms ◽  
Test Facility ◽  
Bedding Material ◽  
Premature Failure ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Laboratory Facility ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Iron Work

The term “road ironwork” is used to refer to covers that are placed over manholes, drainage gullies, water valves, and the like. Such ironwork can be found in virtually all highways, especially in urban areas. Highway engineers have to deal with a high incidence of premature failure in these installations, the total costs of which are estimated to be £207 million (U.S. $338 million 1998) per year in the United Kingdom alone. These failures are generally characterized by gradual deterioration of the surrounding asphalt surfacing, associated with failure of the bedding material that supports the ironwork frame. The reasons for this high incidence of failure were investigated in a research project involving the construction of a full-scale laboratory test facility to simulate field conditions. This paper contains a description of the development of this apparatus. The results recorded from the apparatus were later used to identify the failure mechanisms that develop within road ironwork installations.

Pre-Service Component Testing of Steam Power and Process Plant

1970 ◽  
Vol 185 (1) ◽  
pp. 229-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Morton
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Test Facility ◽  
Financial Loss ◽  
Steam Power ◽  
Component Testing ◽  
Process Plant ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Adequate Test ◽  
Accurate Record

The high performance increasingly required of modern plant leaves smaller margins for error in design and makes the plant more sensitive to unforeseen phenomena. This shows itself in many industries in a high incidence of teething trouble, bringing heavy financial loss to the purchaser and discouraging further innovation. The remedy is more thorough design and development and, wherever possible, the full-scale on-load prototype testing of complete plant items before delivery, so as to expose and eliminate teething troubles and to provide the designer with an accurate record of the behaviour of the plant. It is in the purchaser's interest to make such testing a requirement of the contract. Adequate test facilities are at present lacking and can seldom be provided by individual manufacturers. A permanent fully equipped test facility has great advantages compared with ad hoc testing arrangements in various locations, and the paper proposes the establishment of publicly operated testing and development stations to serve various industries. The equipment and procedure of such a station to serve the steam power and allied industries are examined.

British By-elections, 1950

1951 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 474-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard M. Scammon
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
World War Ii ◽  
Northern Ireland ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
General Election ◽  
The Other ◽  
House Of Commons ◽  
World War ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
To Come

Since the hard-fought general election of February 23, 1950, the narrow margin of Labor's control of the British House of Commons has been tested at the polls on ten occasions. This number of by-elections to fill vacancies in the membership of the House is a normal post-World War II figure (the previous House saw fifty-two replacements in its four and one-half years of life), although it is somewhat under that of prewar averages. In terms of locale, however, these ten by-elections were atypical. Though the overall distribution within the various parts of the United Kingdom was not unrepresentative (six in England, one in Wales, actually Monmouthshire, two in Scotland, and one in Northern Ireland), all vacancies chanced to come in urban areas. Eight of the contests involved borough seats and the other two (West Dunbartonshire and Abertillery, Monmouthshire) were primarily urban in character.

scholarly journals Local government in England: evolution and long-term trends

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Parr
Keyword(s):  
Structural Change ◽  
Local Government ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Path Dependence ◽  
Regional Government ◽  
Early Nineteenth Century ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
History Of ◽  
Long Term Trends

This paper traces the history of local government in England (as opposed to the United Kingdom) since the early nineteenth century, and explores five long-term trends in its evolution. These are path dependence; the occurrence of major structural change; the phenomenon of policy reversal; the treatment of urban areas; and resistance to regional government. The author concludes that throughout the period under study, policy towards local government has exhibited a ‘pendulum effect’, with two opposing emphases operating in a sequential, rather than a simultaneous manner.

scholarly journals EPID-18. GLIOBLASTOMA CHARACTERIZATION IN FEMALES WITHIN RURAL PENNSYLVANIA: A SINGLE INSTITUTIONAL RETROSPECTIVE REVIEW

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. ii82-ii82
Author(s):  
Maia Giombetti ◽  
Emilia Jakubek ◽  
Na Tosha Gatson ◽  
Shane Bross
Keyword(s):  
Overall Survival ◽  
Retrospective Review ◽  
Rural Population ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
The United States ◽  
Tumor Location ◽  
Age At Diagnosis ◽  
Endocrine Disorders ◽  
Comorbid Disease ◽  
High Incidence

Abstract BACKGROUND Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common malignant brain tumor in adults with a slightly higher incidence and shortened survival in males as compared to females in the United States. Recently, there has been a focus on specific health disparities between rural versus urban populations. There is growing interest in these disparities as it pertains to CNS tumors. Here, we characterize a rural population of females diagnosed with GBM as part of an ongoing investigation to drive research and further discussion around this important topic. METHODS We performed a single institutional retrospective review of patients with GBM in rural Pennsylvania between 2006 and 2019. We collected clinical, demographic, and tumor specific data including chronic comorbid disease, marital status, age at diagnosis, obstetric history, BMI, and tumor location. RESULTS Of the 611 patients diagnosed with GBM from 2006–2019, 41% (n= 249) were female with a median overall survival of 9.5 months compared to 10.7 months in males. At diagnoses, 69% (n=173) of females had chronic comorbid allergy/immunology disorders, 41% (n=101) had endocrine disorders, 53% (n=132) had hypertension, and 43% (n=106) had mood disorders. Tumor laterality was predominantly right-sided (58%, n=145) and frequently involved the frontal lobe (38%, n=94). The temporal lobe was the second most commonly involved (32%, n=80). The median age at diagnosis was 65-years-old [range, 21–92]. Fifty-six percent (n=140) of women were married with an average of 2.27 childbirths. The median body mass index (BMI) was 27.5 [range, 16.3–64.9] with 66% of females classified as overweight/obese at diagnosis. Greater than 95% of females were insured. CONCLUSION There is a high incidence of chronic comorbid disease and obesity amongst females in this rural population, and females demonstrated a poorer overall survival as compared to males. Further comparisons are needed to characterize rural female GBM populations versus those in urban areas.

scholarly journals Bank Protection Structures along the Brahmaputra-Jamuna River, a Study of Flow Slides

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 2588 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maarten van der Wal
Keyword(s):  
Slope Failure ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Failure Mechanisms ◽  
Flood Plain ◽  
Design Guidelines ◽  
Test Facility ◽  
Training Structures ◽  
Bank Protection ◽  
Flow Slides ◽  
River Training

The planform of the Brahmaputra-Jamuna River followed its natural path in Bangladesh until the construction of bank protection works started to save Sirajganj from bank erosion since the 1930s. Several so-called hardpoints such as groynes and revetments were constructed in the period 1980–2015 and the Jamuna Multipurpose Bridge was opened in 1998. The Brahmaputra Right Embankment and other projects had saved the western flood plain from inundation during monsoon floods. These river training works experienced severe damage by geotechnical failures, mostly flow slides. A flow slide is an underwater slope failure because of liquefaction or a breaching process in the subsoil or a combination of both. The design of most of these training works did not consider the risk of damage by flow slides. All descriptions of the observed damages show that scour phenomena in the channel close to a river training work are a cause of flow slides, besides pore water outflow. The research question was: how can the design of river training works be improved to reduce the risk of damage by flow slides? The main part of the investigation was focussed on reducing local scour holes near river training works. The most promising results are river training works with gentle bank slopes, permeable groynes, bed protections in dredged trenches with gentle side slopes, and methods to increase locally the bearing capacity of the subsoil. It is recommended to increase the knowledge of the failure mechanisms in the Brahmaputra-Jamuna River by improved monitoring in the field, the setup of a database with descriptions of all observed flow slides and the circumstances in which they occur. In addition to these recommendations, a field test facility is proposed to verify the knowledge of the failure mechanisms in that river. These activities will optimise the design of new river training structures with a very low risk of damages by flow slides and geotechnical instabilities and they will contribute to an improvement of the current design guidelines for river training structures.

Evolving Online Learning

2013 ◽  
pp. 534-551
Author(s):  
Geraint Lang
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Online Learning ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Mobile Internet ◽  
Online Information ◽  
Head Teachers ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
University Courses ◽  
Talking Heads ◽  
The Uk

In the United Kingdom, the increased broadband speeds and the availability of mobile Internet access via 3G mobile phones and tablet computers, along with an ever growing number of free Wi-Fi hotspots located within urban areas becoming available, has meant that there are now more opportunities than ever to access online information. For the adult learner, technology considered innovative a decade ago to pioneering online communities of UK head teachers who collectively made up Talking Heads has now become commonplace, particularly in the guise of virtual learning environments (VLEs). This chapter sets out to show how the knowledge gained from those early communities of practice informed the development of the fully online Ultraversity degree, which in turn has been able to provide pointers to the possible framework for online learning provision in higher education. This is particularly pertinent for this sector of education in the UK, which is faced with raising course fees threefold. By making a greater number of university courses accessible online, available anytime, and from virtually anywhere, particularly via mobile Internet devices, an alternative and more affordable route to higher education in the UK and elsewhere in the world awaits to be developed.

Evaluation of a dinotefuran-permethrin-pyriorixyfen insect repellent in dogs exposed to experimental infestations of sand flies (Lutzomyia longipalpis)

2018 ◽  
Vol XXIII (136) ◽  
pp. 58-73
Author(s):  
Bruna Cerruti de Godoi ◽  
Sandra Fernandez ◽  
Paula Bandiera Leite ◽  
Sidimar Sossai ◽  
Leonardo Pinto Brandão ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Sand Fly ◽  
Canine Leishmaniasis ◽  
Lutzomyia Longipalpis ◽  
Sand Flies ◽  
Major Player ◽  
High Incidence ◽  
Receive Treatment ◽  
And Control

Visceral leishmaniasis is a serious zoonosis, and has a high incidence in Brazil. The ubiquitous presence of sand flies is a major player in the high incidence of leishmaniasis in urban areas of Brazil. Prevention and control or canine leishmaniasis is important to decrease the incidence of the zoonosis. Control is done with topical use of products with antiparasitic, repellent and insecticide action. This study evaluated the repellent efficacy of line-on application of a topical permethrin-dinotefuran-pyriproxyfen formulation in dogs. Six dogs were treated with the product and six did not receive treatment. All dogs were sedated and exposed to sand flies of the species Lutzomyia longipalpis weekly for 28 days. The result showed that the product had an efficacy of 90.4% in repelling sand flies. There was statistical significance (p ≤ 0,05) difference in the number (mean) of live engorged sand fly females between the two groups in all evaluations. The product showed repellent efficacy against Lutzomyia longipalpis for 28 days.

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