Weighting Factor for Seasonal Subgrade Resilient Modulus

1998 ◽  
Vol 1619 (1) ◽  
pp. 94-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yun Guan ◽  
Eric C. Drumm ◽  
N. Mike Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Seasonal Variations ◽  
Resilient Modulus ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Weighting Factor ◽  
Pavement Design ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
Subgrade Modulus

Subgrade resilient modulus is highly dependent on water content, which can vary significantly with a number of seasonal environmental factors. Because the determination of seasonal resilient modulus is cumbersome, it is difficult to include environmental factors in pavement design. The use of a weighting factor for flexible pavement design to include the effects of monthly changes in the subgrade resilient modulus is described. The weighting factor, which was derived from Miner’s linear damage concept and the 1993 AASHTO design equation for flexible pavements, is used to designate a design season. Instead of using multiple values of resilient modulus in the pavement design process, the pavement design may be performed with a single value of subgrade modulus corresponding to this design season. A pavement design based on this design season then is assumed to reflect the seasonal variations in subgrade modulus and the corresponding relative damage that the pavement would sustain over al seasons of the year. The weighting factor can be calculated from laboratory tests of resilient modulus over the range of water contents that may be encountered in the subgrade over different seasons. Alternatively, the weighting factor can be obtained from the resilient modulus backcalculated from seasonal nondestructive tests. The determination of the weighting factor and the design season resilient modulus was demonstrated in three examples and shown to be consistent with the recommendations of the 1993 AASHTO guide. The use of the weighting factor should provide a cost-effective means of including seasonal variations in subgrade properties while minimizing the required number of laboratory resilient modulus tests.

Evaluation of Seasonal Effects on Subgrade Soils

2003 ◽  
Vol 1821 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew G. Heydinger
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Variations ◽  
Resilient Modulus ◽  
Monitoring Program ◽  
Test Site ◽  
Pavement Design ◽  
Seasonal Effects ◽  
Pavement Performance ◽  
Climatic Effects ◽  
Subgrade Soils ◽  
Frost Penetration

One objective of the FHWA’s Long-Term Pavement Performance (LTPP) program is to determine climatic effects on pavement performance. The LTPP instrumentation program includes seasonal monitoring program (SMP) instrumentation to monitor the seasonal variations of moisture, temperature, and frost penetration. Findings from the SMP instrumentation are to be incorporated into future pavement design procedures. Data from SMP instrumentation at the Ohio Strategic Highway Research Program Test Road (US-23, Delaware County, Ohio) and other reported results were analyzed to develop empirical equations. General expressions for the seasonal variations of average daily air temperature and variations of temperature and moisture in the fine-grained subgrade soil at the test site are presented. An expression for the seasonal variation of resilient modulus was derived. Average monthly weighting factors that can be used for pavement design were computed. Other factors such as frost penetration, depth of water table, and drainage conditions are discussed.

Field and Laboratory Determination of Subgrade Resilient Modulus and its Application in Pavement Design

2014 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 20140106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Ji ◽  
Tommy Nantung ◽  
Nayyarzia Siddiki ◽  
Tao Liao ◽  
Daehyeon Kim
Keyword(s):  
Resilient Modulus ◽  
Pavement Design ◽  
Laboratory Determination

scholarly journals NORMAL BLOOD COUNTS IN DIFFERENT SEASONS

Blood ◽  
1948 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 612-616 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. ENGELBRETH-HOLM ◽  
AA. VIDEBAEK
Keyword(s):  
Sedimentation Rate ◽  
Seasonal Variations ◽  
Normal Values ◽  
White Cell ◽  
Normal Blood ◽  
Different Seasons ◽  
Healthy Females ◽  
Differential Counts ◽  
Healthy Males

Abstract Report is given of examinations carried out on 40 healthy males and 29 healthy females in the months of January, March, June and October, with determination of the hemoglobin, the number of erythrocytes and reticulocytes, the sedimentation rate, the white cell and differential counts. The hemoglobin value appears to be lowest in October, the number of reticulocytes highest in June, the sedimentation rate lowest in June. The remaining figures present no exact seasonal variations. Some individuals have a high leukocyte level, others a low one. Normal values are illustrated.

scholarly journals Pavement Design Comparative Analysis Using Bina Marga Design Method (Pt T-01-2002-B) And Pavement Design Manual (No.04/Se/Db/2017) (Case Study: Trisakti Port - Liang Anggang)

POROS TEKNIK ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 36
Author(s):  
Utami Sylvia Lestari ◽  
Nurhafni Karina Resentia
Keyword(s):  
Resilient Modulus ◽  
Design Method ◽  
Flexible Pavement ◽  
Pavement Design ◽  
Traffic Load ◽  
Main Variable ◽  
Pavement Layers ◽  
Bearing Capacity Factor

Traffic load repetition is the main variable in flexible pavement layers design. In addition, a soil bearing capacity factor is also required for determining the thickness of the flexible pavement layer so that the pavement had been designed will be in good perfomance during the that period. The determination of thickness layers using the 2002 method (Pt T-01-2002 B) is based on the traffic load during the design period and subgrade resilient modulus value. Meanwhile the 2017 method (Pavement design manual No. 04/SE/Db/2017), layers thickness was determined based on traffic load and CBR subgrade value. Based on the calculation using both methods, the pavement layers thickness with the pavement design manual 2017 method is more thick than 2002 method. While the ESAL calculation using both methods, the 2002 method value is more larger than the pavement design manual 2017 method.

scholarly journals Economic Assessment of Power Grid Development Using Artificial Bee Colony Algorithm

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arif Nur Afandi ◽  
Aji P. Wibawa ◽  
Syaad Patmantara ◽  
Goro Fujita ◽  
Slamet Hani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
System Development ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Economic Assessment ◽  
Weighting Factor ◽  
Electricity Production ◽  
Financial Condition ◽  
Basic Model ◽  
Bee Colony

The electricity system is generally rapidly developing for covering various power demands with requiring a reliable and safe supply where the substructures are expanding further in generation systems, transmission systems, and distribution systems. However, the system must be run economically to access energy at a cost-effective level related to existing energy enterprises and energy consumption in the load which is represented periodically in the total costs of operations for all operating units. As a basis for its determination, the transmission of economic power within the technical limits applicable is taken into consideration. Environmental factors, on the other hand, are also an impediment to technical limitations. As a result, the operation's economic measure is expressed in the process of providing and selling energy to customers. These works use the Artificial Bees Colony algorithm to determine the scheduling of generating units using the basic principle of optimization to describe its relationship as an economic function. The IEEE-30 bus system is used as a basic model for system development. The analysis' findings show that the weighting factor scheme has an impact on the minimum total cost and that the combination of the electricity distribution process and environmental factors has implications for the operational financial condition and electricity production. The power output, in particular, is proportional to the cost of each generating unit.

scholarly journals A method for recording ice ablation using a low-cost ultrasonic rangefinder

2012 ◽  
Vol 58 (209) ◽  
pp. 565-568 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Len Keeler ◽  
Keith A. Brugger
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Speed Of Sound ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Low Density ◽  
Sensor Design ◽  
Fixed Target ◽  
Spatial Coverage ◽  
Manual Methods

AbstractWe have adapted inexpensive ultrasonic rangefinders to measure ablation rates on the surface of a glacier. While ultrasonic rangers are commercially available for this purpose, our goal was to utilize rangefinders typically used in hobby robotics without significantly compromising performance. To correct for environmental factors that affect the speed of sound we use two ultrasonic rangefinders, one focused on a fixed target. Measurements of ablation correlate well with manual measurements with an uncertainty of about ±3 cm, suggesting an accuracy comparable with other non-manual methods of recording ablation. The limitations of our rangefinder include those inherent in commercially available units as well as having less acoustical power, which results in a reduced effective range of the sensor (~2 m) and difficulties in detecting surfaces lying below low-density snow. Our sensor design provides a cost-effective means of increasing the spatial coverage of ice ablation measurements.

Parallel Computing for Tire Simulations

2011 ◽  
Vol 39 (3) ◽  
pp. 193-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Surendranath ◽  
M. Dunbar
Keyword(s):  
High Performance ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Turnaround Time ◽  
Careful Consideration ◽  
Rolling Contact ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Parallel Solvers ◽  
Design Changes ◽  
Highly Nonlinear

Abstract Over the last few decades, finite element analysis has become an integral part of the overall tire design process. Engineers need to perform a number of different simulations to evaluate new designs and study the effect of proposed design changes. However, tires pose formidable simulation challenges due to the presence of highly nonlinear rubber compounds, embedded reinforcements, complex tread geometries, rolling contact, and large deformations. Accurate simulation requires careful consideration of these factors, resulting in the extensive turnaround time, often times prolonging the design cycle. Therefore, it is extremely critical to explore means to reduce the turnaround time while producing reliable results. Compute clusters have recently become a cost effective means to perform high performance computing (HPC). Distributed memory parallel solvers designed to take advantage of compute clusters have become increasingly popular. In this paper, we examine the use of HPC for various tire simulations and demonstrate how it can significantly reduce simulation turnaround time. Abaqus/Standard is used for routine tire simulations like footprint and steady state rolling. Abaqus/Explicit is used for transient rolling and hydroplaning simulations. The run times and scaling data corresponding to models of various sizes and complexity are presented.

Exploring the Benefits of Early Contractor Involvement (ECI) and the Mechanism for Automated 5D BIM Quantification Process in Offsite Modular Construction

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tochukwu Moses ◽  
David Heesom ◽  
David Oloke ◽  
Martin Crouch
Keyword(s):  
Effective Means ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Modular Construction ◽  
Automated Quantification ◽  
Building Information ◽  
Project Risks ◽  
Value Add ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Level 2

The UK Construction Industry through its Government Construction Strategy has recently been mandated to implement Level 2 Building Information Modelling (BIM) on public sector projects. This move, along with other initiatives is key to driving a requirement for 25% cost reduction (establishing the most cost-effective means) on. Other key deliverables within the strategy include reduction in overall project time, early contractor involvement, improved sustainability and enhanced product quality. Collaboration and integrated project delivery is central to the level 2 implementation strategy yet the key protocols or standards relative to cost within BIM processes is not well defined. As offsite construction becomes more prolific within the UK construction sector, this construction approach coupled with BIM, particularly 5D automated quantification process, and early contractor involvement provides significant opportunities for the sector to meet government targets. Early contractor involvement is supported by both the industry and the successive Governments as a credible means to avoid and manage project risks, encourage innovation and value add, making cost and project time predictable, and improving outcomes. The contractor is seen as an expert in construction and could be counter intuitive to exclude such valuable expertise from the pre-construction phase especially with the BIM intent of äóÖbuild it twiceäó», once virtually and once physically. In particular when offsite construction is used, the contractoräó»s construction expertise should be leveraged for the virtual build in BIM-designed projects to ensure a fully streamlined process. Building in a layer of automated costing through 5D BIM will bring about a more robust method of quantification and can help to deliver the 25% reduction in overall cost of a project. Using a literature review and a case study, this paper will look into the benefits of Early Contractor Involvement (ECI) and the impact of 5D BIM on the offsite construction process.

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