User Preference for Fluorescent Strong Yellow-Green Pedestrian Crossing Signs

1997 ◽  
Vol 1605 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Navaneet Dutt ◽  
Joseph E. Hummer ◽  
Kenneth L. Clark
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Control ◽  
Warning Signs ◽  
User Preference ◽  
State University ◽  
Light Conditions ◽  
North Carolina State University ◽  
Extensive Evaluation ◽  
Traffic Conflict ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
Pedestrian Crossing

Strong yellow-green (SYG) is one of the unassigned colors listed in the FHWA’s Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices. Fluorescent SYG is promising because it appears to be more conspicuous in low-light conditions than conventional yellow signing materials. FHWA has conducted an extensive evaluation of SYG used for signs that warn drivers of nonmotorized hazards. North Carolina State University conducted one of the largest evaluations of SYG signs. The evaluation consisted of three parts: a traffic conflict study, a laboratory study, and a survey of pedestrians and drivers. The survey assessed driver perceptions of SYG warning signs at midblock pedestrian crossings. The researchers conducted the survey at four locations, which differed in pedestrian activities and saturation of pedestrian crossing signs. The study found that respondents thought that the SYG signs were more conspicuous, induced greater alertness in road users, and had a stronger association with caution. The respondents indicated that the aesthetic impact of the signs on the surroundings was no worse than that of standard yellow signs, and they generally recommended the use of SYG signs even when they were informed that the costs may be higher. The researchers also found that increases in travel frequency through the area in which the SYG signs were installed and increases in driving through that area in poor light conditions increased a respondent’s chances for noticing the SYG signs. Women and drivers between the ages of 36 and 45 generally gave SYG signs higher ratings than did other drivers. The results of this survey are described.

Controlled-Environment Evaluation of Fluorescent Strong Yellow-Green Pedestrian-Crossing Sign Prototypes

1996 ◽  
Vol 1553 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Navaneet Dutt ◽  
Joseph E. Hummer ◽  
Kenneth L. Clark ◽  
Steven Blakely
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Control ◽  
Evaluation Studies ◽  
Field Evaluation ◽  
User Preferences ◽  
Warning Signs ◽  
Controlled Environment ◽  
Target Value ◽  
Driver Performance ◽  
Pedestrian Crossing ◽  
The Impact

Fluorescent strong yellow-green (SYG) is one of the most unassigned colors in the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD). FHWA has recently been considering the SYG color for nonmotorized application in the W11-2 series of signs in MUTCD. A number of field evaluation studies on the impact of these warning signs on conflicts and user preferences have been undertaken. A controlled-environment evaluation of the SYG pedestrian-crossing sign prototypes under five different natural light conditions is presented. Factors that contribute to different driver performance in response to microprismatic fluorescent SYG signs relative to the commonly used enclosed-bead yellow signs are identified. Target value and legibility distance of the prototypes in a simulated driving environment on a pool of test subjects are assessed. A factorial analysis of variance design was used to obtain unbiased estimates of these parameters. The general linear model was used iteratively to eliminate factors that did not affect the model significantly. It was found that SYG pedestrian-crossing prototypes had better performances in terms of their legibility distances than the enclosed-bead prototypes although the target value did not show any difference. The results indicate that use of fluorescent SYG signs is likely to increase driver awareness of warning signs.

The When and How of Using 2-D and 3-D Displays for Operational Tasks

2000 ◽  
Vol 44 (21) ◽  
pp. 3-402-3-402
Author(s):  
Harvey S. Smallman ◽  
Mark John
Keyword(s):  
Flight Control ◽  
Traffic Control ◽  
Ground Plane ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Warning Signs ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
User Preference ◽  
Display Type ◽  
Imaging Geometry ◽  
Trade Offs

3-D perspective displays are an increasingly popular choice for the depiction of real-world operational settings. Instead of depicting an environment from directly above, as conventional 2-D displays do, 3-D displays show the scene from closer to 45 degrees to the ground plane. By doing so, all three dimensions of the object or scene are visible, and integrated into a single display. Advances in computing are making 3-D displays affordable and fast enough for real-time use for operational tasks. Their naturalistic look and easy feel has led them to be very popular with users in domains such as air traffic control, flight control, and immersive training. But there are warning signs that indicate that 3-D displays do not offer a panacea. First, user preference and user performance do not always correlate well. Second, due to inherent ambiguities in imaging geometry, 3-D displays give up faithful representation of two dimensions for ambiguity (and distortion) in all three. How much of a concern these issues are remains unclear. Critical questions need answering before we should start advocating the widespread adoption of 3-D displays for operational use. When should one choose a 2-D display over a 3-D display and vise versa? How might the cognitive and perceptual demands of a task influence which display type is more useful? Should one orient to a 3-D display but then operate only on a 2-D display? How critical are the exact parameters governing the geometry of 3-D perspective views? Do 3-D displays lead to more rapid situational awareness than 2-D displays? Just how good are 3-D displays for depicting objects (their identity, attributes, and inter-relationships)? If 3-D displays are populated with realistic symbols, is it the realism or the rendering of 3-D space that enhances performance, or both? Are 3-D displays better with egocentric views but worse for exocentric views? How effective is augmentation with other depth cues at reducing line of sight ambiguity in 3-D displays? Are there trade-offs and performance costs associated with these augmentations? This symposium brings together leading experts in the field to answer these telling questions.

Field Evaluation of Fluorescent Strong Yellow-Green Pedestrian Warning Signs

1996 ◽  
Vol 1538 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-46 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kenneth L. Clark ◽  
Joseph E. Hummer ◽  
Navaneet Dutt
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Control ◽  
Research Effort ◽  
Field Evaluation ◽  
The United States ◽  
Warning Signs ◽  
Experimental Methodology ◽  
Perceived Safety ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Pedestrian Accidents ◽  
Pedestrian Crossing

Recent improvements in manufacturing processes have allowed the development of a fluorescent, microprismatic sign material with a unique strong yellow-green color. Although this color is listed in the Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices, it is currently unassigned. Pedestrian accidents continue to be a major safety problem in the United States, and the Federal Highway Administration has requested research on the application of fluorescent strong yellow-green warning signs for pedestrian, bicycle, and school crossing applications. The research effort sought to evaluate the effectiveness of fluorescent strong yellow-green pedestrian warning signs in improving safety at midblock pedestrian crossing areas, using sound experimental methodology and encompassing multiple users and varied crossing conditions in several North Carolina cities. An experimental plan with a single treatment was used (replacement of existing signs with fluorescent strong yellow-green) and followed a model of before and after with a comparison site. The measures of effectiveness used were vehicle-pedestrian conflicts and motorist slowing and stopping. Results indicate that the fluorescent strong yellow-green treatment produced only marginal improvements in perceived safety at the crossing sites. Although the occurrence of motorists slowing and stopping increased significantly at three of the seven test sites, the proportion of vehicle pedestrian conflicts did not change significantly. Based on the results it is recommended that FHWA tentatively designate fluorescent strong yellow-green for nonmotorized applications until such time that long-term accident-based and cost-effectiveness research is available to justify permanent designation or alternative uses.

Absorption and Translocation of Florpyrauxifen-benzyl in Ten Aquatic Plant Species

Weed Science ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-21
Author(s):  
Erika J. Haug ◽  
Khalied A. Ahmed ◽  
Travis W. Gannon ◽  
Rob J. Richardson
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Plant Species ◽  
Aquatic Plant ◽  
Myriophyllum Spicatum ◽  
Hydrilla Verticillata ◽  
State University ◽  
North Carolina State University ◽  
Eurasian Watermilfoil ◽  
Body Of Knowledge ◽  
Aquatic Herbicide

Abstract Additional active ingredients are needed for use in aquatic systems in order to respond to new threats or treatment scenarios, enhance selectivity, reduce use rates, and to mitigate the risk of herbicide-resistance. Florpyrauxifen-benzyl is a new synthetic auxin developed for use as an aquatic herbicide. A study was conducted at North Carolina State University, in which 10 µg L−1 of 25% radiolabeled florpyrauxifen-benzyl was applied to the isolated shoot tissue of ten different aquatic plant species in order to elucidate absorption and translocation patterns in these species. Extremely high levels of shoot absorption were observed for all species and uptake was rapid. Highest shoot absorptions were observed for crested floatingheart [Nymphoides cristata (Roxb.) Kuntze] (A192 =20 µg g−1), dioecious hydrilla [Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle] (A192 =25.3 µg g−1), variable watermilfoil (Myriophyllum heterophylum Michx.) (A192 =40.1 µg g−1) and Eurasian watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum L.) (A192 =25.3 µg g−1). Evidence of translocation was observed in all rooted species tested with the greatest translocation observed in N. cristata (1.28 µg g-1 at 192 HAT). The results of this study add to the growing body of knowledge surrounding the behavior of this newly registered herbicide within aquatic plants.

scholarly journals The Success of Tree Breeding in the Southern US

BioResources ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steve McKeand
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Tree Breeding ◽  
Tree Improvement ◽  
State University ◽  
Improvement Program ◽  
North Carolina State University ◽  
The North ◽  
Southern Us

Nowhere in the world have tree improvement and silviculture had a bigger impact on forest productivity and value to landowners than in the southern US. The economic impact from almost 60 years of tree improvement in the southern United States has been staggering. For example, over 300,000 hectares are planted each year with seedlings from the breeding efforts with loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) by members and staff of the North Carolina State University Cooperative Tree Improvement Program. The present value of continued genetic gains from traditional tree improvement efforts is estimated to be $2.5 billion USD to landowners and citizens in the southern US.

scholarly journals Methods of Forage Moisture Testing

EDIS ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marcelo Wallau ◽  
Joao Vendramini
Keyword(s):  
North Carolina ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
State University ◽  
Original Publication ◽  
North Carolina State University ◽  
Agricultural Research Service ◽  
Research Service

Determining forage moisture is an essential procedure for estimating forage mass in pastures, determining harvesting or baling point for preserved forages, and calculating dry matter of feedstuff for total mixed rations. This 3-page document discusses methods and pieces of equipment available to estimate forage moisture. Written by M. Wallau and J. Vendramini, and published by the UF/IFAS Agronomy Department, revised June 2019.  http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ag181 Original publication: Chambliss, Carrol. 2002. “Forage Moisture Testing”. EDIS 2002 (1). https://journals.flvc.org/edis/article/view/108091. June 2002 version was adapted from Chamblee, D. S. and J. T Green, Jr. 1995. Production and Utilization of Pasture and Forages in North Carolina, Technical Bulletin 305. Raleigh: North Carolina Agricultural Research Service, North Carolina State University. https://content.ces.ncsu.edu/production-and-utilization-of-pastures-and-forages-in-north-carolina 

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