Abstract. Knowledge on aerosol chemistry in densely populated regions is critical for reduction of air pollution, while such studies haven't been conducted in Changzhou, an important manufacturing base and polluted city in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD), China. This work, for the first time, performed a thorough chemical characterization on the fine particular matter (PM2.5) samples, collected during July 2015 to April 2016 across four seasons in Changzhou city. A suite of analytical techniques were employed to characterize organic carbon / elemental carbon (OC / EC), water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), water-soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs), trace elements, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in PM2.5; in particular, an Aerodyne soot particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SP-AMS) was deployed to probe the chemical properties of water-soluble organic aerosols (WSOA). The average PM2.5 concentrations were found to be 108.3 μg m−3, and all identified species were able to reconstruct ~ 80 % of the PM2.5 mass. The WSIIs occupied about half of the PM2.5 mass (~ 52.1 %), with SO42−, NO3− and NH4+ as the major ions. On average, nitrate concentrations dominated over sulfate (mass ratio of 1.21), indicating influences from traffic emissions. OC and EC correlated well with each other and the highest OC / EC ratio (5.16) occurred in winter, suggesting complex OC sources likely including both secondarily formed and primarily emitted OA. Concentrations of eight trace elements (Mn, Zn, Al, B, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb) can contribute up to 6.0 % of PM2.5 during winter. PAHs concentrations were also high in winter (140.25 ng m−3), which were predominated by median/high molecular weight PAHs with 5- and 6-rings. The organic matter including both water-soluble and water-insoluble species occupied ~ 20 % PM2.5 mass. SP-AMS determined that the WSOA had an average atomic oxygen-to-carbon (O / C), hydrogen-to-carbon (H / C), nitrogen-to-carbon (N / C) and organic matter-to-organic carbon (OM / OC) ratios of 0.36, 1.54, 0.11, and 1.74, respectively. Source apportionment of WSOA further identified two secondary OA (SOA) factors (a less oxidized and a more oxidized OA) and two primary OA (POA) factors (a nitrogen enriched hydrocarbon-like traffic OA and a cooking-related OA). On average, the POA contribution overweighed SOA (55 % vs. 45 %), indicating the important role of local anthropogenic emissions to the aerosol pollution in Changzhou. Our measurement also shows the abundance of organic nitrogen species in WSOA, and the source analyses suggest these species likely associated with traffic emissions, which warrants more investigations on PM samples from other locations.
Areal distribution of selected trace elements, salinity, and major ions in shallow ground water, Tulare Basin, Southern San Joaquin Valley, California