Butanol soluble fractions of Cissus cornifolia methanolic leaf extract and behavioural effects in mice

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 202-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdullahi Hamza Yaro ◽  
◽  
Musa Aliyu Muhammad ◽  
Abdullahi Balarabe Nazifi ◽  
Mohammed Garba Magaji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Motor Coordination ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Central Nervous System Disorders ◽  
Medicinal Use ◽  
Central Nervous System Depressant ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Soluble Fractions

Cissus cornifolia Baker - Planch (Family: Vitaceae) is used for various central nervous system disorders. The present study reported the sedative and central nervous depressant effects of fractions (butanol soluble portion and its flavonoid rich fraction) obtained from methanolic leaf extract of Cissus cornifolia using diazepam induced sleep, head-dip and motor coordination tests in mice at doses between 5 to 600 mg/kg body weight. The flavonoid rich column fraction 3 (CF3) significantly (p <0.05) prolonged the duration of sleep in mice at the dose of 10 and 20 mg/kg. Similarly, the butanol soluble portion significantly (p <0.001) prolonged the duration of diazepam induced sleep at 150, 300 and 600 mg/kg in a dose dependent manner. It also significantly (p <0.05) decreased the onset of sleep at the dose of 150 and 600 mg/kg. A dose dependent and significant (p <0.001) decrease in the mean number of head-dips was produced by the butanol soluble portion at all the doses tested. The butanol soluble portion at all the doses tested significantly (p <0.005) prolonged the time to complete the beam walk, however the extract did not produce a significant increase in number of foot slips. The results demonstrated that the butanol soluble fractions obtained from methanolic leaf extract of Cissus cornifolia posses sedative and central nervous system depressant activity, thus supporting its ethno medicinal use as a sedative in the management of central nervous system disorders.

Involvement of the 5-HT3 receptor in CRH-induced defecation in rats

1998 ◽  
Vol 274 (5) ◽  
pp. G827-G831 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keiji Miyata ◽  
Hiroyuki Ito ◽  
Shin Fukudo
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Restraint Stress ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Corticotropin Releasing Hormone ◽  
Receptor Antagonists ◽  
Releasing Hormone ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Dose Dependent

We evaluated the possibility that serotonin (5-HT) mediates defecation induced by corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) exogenously administered or released from the central nervous system by stress via the 5-HT3 receptor in rats. Intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of CRH (1, 3, and 10 μg/rat) dose dependently increased the number of stools excreted in rats, whereas intravenous (IV) injection of up to 100 μg/kg CRH did not affect defecation. α-Helical CRH-(9—41) and 5-HT3 receptor antagonists ramosetron and azasetron inhibited CRH (10 μg icv)-induced defecation in a dose-dependent manner with ED50 values of 4.3 μg/kg iv, 3.8 μg/kg po, and 70.4 μg/kg po, respectively. α-Helical CRH-(9—41) also inhibited CRH-induced defecation by ICV injection with an ED50 value of 0.078 μg/rat. In contrast, ramosetron and azasetron injectied ICV had no effect on CRH-induced defecation. α-Helical CRH-(9—41), ramosetron, and azasetron reduced defecation caused by restraint stress with ED50 values of 0.32, 3.6, and 19.7 μg/kg iv, respectively. These results indicate that CRH exogenously administered or released from the central nervous system by stress peripherally promotes the release of 5-HT, which in turn stimulates defecation through the 5-HT3 receptor.

scholarly journals Effect of leaf extract of ocimum gratissimum on central nervous system in mice and rats

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 198-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
DP Sarral ◽  
GP Rauniar ◽  
H Sangraula
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Motor Coordination ◽  
Muscle Relaxation ◽  
Anxiolytic Effect ◽  
Hot Plate Test ◽  
Ocimum Gratissimum ◽  
Mes Test ◽  
Comparison Results

Background: Ocimum gratissimum, known as “Ram Tulsi”, is one of medicinal herbs used in traditional medicinal practice in our country. Objective: To observe and evaluate various central nervous system activities of cold homogenized leaf extract of Ocimum gratissimum (OGE) in mice and rats. Methods: OGE was given to albino mice (n=240) and Wistar rats (n=30) in three doses 5, 10 and 15 ml/kg for seven days and evaluated for antinociceptive, anticonvulsant, motor coordination, hypnotic and anxiolytic effect using respective experimental procedures. Distilled water was used as vehicle control and various drugs as standard control for comparison. Results: OGE showed significant (p<0.05) analgesic effect as compared to vehicle treatment in hot plate test. Pentobarbital-induced sleeping time was significantly (p<0.05) potentiated by OGE in rats. OGE significantly decreased duration of tonic hind limb extension at doses of 5 and 15ml/kg in MES test and increased latency to convulsion at dose of 15 ml/kg in PTZ-induced seizure test. OGE at dose of 5 and 10 ml/kg induced significant muscle relaxation. Time spent in central square and number of rearing increased in mice pretreated with OGE at 10 and 15 ml/kg. Conclusion: OGE possess antinociceptive, hypnotic-sedative potentiating, anxiolytic and muscle relaxant properties with probable anticonvulsant properties. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hren.v11i3.9632 Health Renaissance 2013;11(3):198-204

Effects of 2-buten-4-olide, an endogenous satiety substance, on plasma glucose, corticosterone, and catecholamines

1994 ◽  
Vol 266 (2) ◽  
pp. R413-R418 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Matsumoto ◽  
Y. Oomura ◽  
H. Nishino ◽  
S. Nemoto ◽  
S. Aou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Jugular Vein ◽  
Corticotropin Releasing Factor ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Indwelling Catheter ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Right ◽  
Dose Dependent

Effects of 2-buten-4-olide (2-B4O), an endogenous satiety substance, on levels of plasma glucose, corticosterone, and catecholamines were examined in fed, conscious, and unrestrained rats. A vascular indwelling catheter was inserted into the right atrium of the animal from the jugular vein 1 wk before the experiment. Injection of 2-B4O and blood sampling were performed through the catheter in an unanesthetized condition. The levels of plasma glucose, corticosterone, epinephrine, and norepinephrine increased significantly for 2 h after the start of intravenous injection of 2-B4O in a dose-dependent manner. The increases in glucose and catecholamines induced by 2-B4O injection were abolished by bilateral splanchnicotomy (SPX) but not by pretreatment with anti-corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) antibody. The increase in corticosterone was abolished not by the SPX but by pretreatment with anti-CRF antibody. These findings suggest that 2-B4O, endogenously produced during food deprivation, may facilitate sympathoadrenal and hypothalamopituitary-adrenal functions through the central nervous system.

scholarly journals Dopamine synergizes with caffeine to increase the heart rate of Daphnia

F1000Research ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 254 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aman Kundu ◽  
Gyanesh Singh
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Heart Rate ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Model Organism ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Addictive Drugs ◽  
Dose Dependent

Dopamine is a key neurotransmitter, and is widely used as a central nervous system (CNS) agent.  Dopamine plays an important role in humans, including a major role in reward and motivation behaviour. Several addictive drugs are well known to increase neuronal dopamine activity. We selected Daphnia, an important model organism, to investigate the effect(s) of selected CNS agents on heart rate. Dopamine’s effects on Daphnia’s heart has not been previously reported. Caffeine is a well-known and widely consumed stimulant. Ethanol is well known for its effects on both neurological and physiological processes in mammals. We tested the effect of dopamine on the heart rate of Daphnia, and compared its effect with caffeine and ethanol alone and in combination. Both caffeine and dopamine were found to instantly increase the heart rate of Daphnia in a dose-dependent manner. Interestingly, caffeine synergized with dopamine to increase Daphnia’s heart rate. As ethanol decreased the heart rate of Daphnia and dopamine increased the heart rate of Daphnia, we wanted to test the effect of these molecules in combination. Indeed, Dopamine was able to restore the ethanol-induced decrease in the heart rate of Daphnia.  Effects of these CNS agents on Daphnia can possibly be correlated with similar effects in the case of mammals.

scholarly journals Peripheral Galanin Receptor 2 as a Target for the Modulation of Pain

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard P. Hulse ◽  
Lucy F. Donaldson ◽  
David Wynick
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Nerve Injury ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Galanin Receptor ◽  
Striking Increase ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Dose Dependent

The neuropeptide galanin is widely expressed in the nervous system and has an important role in nociception. It has been shown that galanin can facilitate and inhibit nociception in a dose-dependent manner, principally through the central nervous system, with enhanced antinociceptive actions after nerve injury. However, following nerve injury, expression of galanin within the peripheral nervous system is dramatically increased up to 120-fold. Despite this striking increase in the peripheral nervous system, few studies have investigated the role that galanin plays in modulating nociception at the primary afferent nociceptor. Here, we summarise the recent work supporting the role of peripherally expressed galanin with particular reference to the dual actions of the galanin receptor 2 in neuropathic pain highlighting this as a potential target analgesic.

scholarly journals Neuropharmacological Assessment of the Hydroethanolic Leaf Extract of Calotropis procera (Ait). R. Br. (Apocynaceae) in Mice

Scientifica ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Ernest Obese ◽  
Elvis Ofori Ameyaw ◽  
Robert Peter Biney ◽  
Emmanuel Awintiig Adakudugu ◽  
Eric Woode
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Spontaneous Activity ◽  
Motor Coordination ◽  
Immersion Test ◽  
Scientific Data ◽  
Calotropis Procera ◽  
Analgesic Effects ◽  
Tail Immersion ◽  
Central Nervous System Depressant

Background. Calotropis procera has been widely used traditionally for its analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects. It is also reportedly used in ethnomedicine for mental health disorders including epilepsy even in the absence of supporting scientific data. Thus, the potential of the plant to affect neurological functions was evaluated. Methods. Irwin’s test was performed to determine the effect of the oral administration of the extract (30–3000 mg kg−1) on gross behaviour and physiological function. The activity meter, rotarod, pentylenetetrazol- (PTZ-) induced convulsion, pentobarbitone-induced sleep test, and the tail immersion tests were used to evaluate the spontaneous activity, neuromuscular function, convulsive threshold, sedation, and analgesic effects of the Calotropis procera extract (30–1000 mg/kg), respectively, in mice. Results. Calotropis procera extract (CPE) exhibited significant ( p < 0.0001 ) anticonvulsant and analgesic effects. There was a significant increase in withdrawal latency of the CPE-treated animals in the tail immersion test for analgesia ( p < 0.0001 ), while latency and duration of PTZ-induced convulsions were positively modulated. Calotropis procera extract showed significant ( p < 0.0001 ) central nervous system depressant effects in pentobarbitone-induced hypnosis at 100–1000 mg/kg and spontaneous activity test (30–1000 mg/kg). The extract also depicted impaired motor coordination at 100–1000 mg/kg dose levels. LD50 was estimated to be above 1000 mg kg−1. Conclusions. Calotropis procera extract has significant central nervous system depressant and analgesic effects in mice.

scholarly journals Isolation, Characterization and Assessment for Central Nervous System Effects of Novel Phytomolecule from Galphimia glauca Cav. Stems

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (6) ◽  
pp. 1230-1236
Author(s):  
VAISHNAVI VEERA REDDY ◽  
BHARGAVI THALLURI ◽  
BABA SHANKAR RAO GARIGE ◽  
RAM MOHAN MANDA ◽  
VASUDHA BAKSHI
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Sodium Pentobarbital ◽  
Hot Plate Test ◽  
Nmr Spectrum ◽  
Central Nervous System Depressant ◽  
Hole Board ◽  
Cns Effects ◽  
Dose Dependent

The investigation had explored the in vivo central nervous system (CNS) effects of novel isolated phytoconstituent from Galphimia glauca stems. The isolated molecule coded as “BS-2” was subjected to toxicological, central analgesic and central nervous system depressant studies on Swiss albino mice and Wistar rats. The LD-50 of BS-2 was found to be > 2000 mg/kg. The mice treated with BS-2 at 12.5, 25 and 50 mg/kg doses exhibited significant effect in the hot plate test (P < 0.5) and tail clip test (83 % inhibition). Mice treated with BS-2 prolonged the time of sleep induced by sodium pentobarbital (40 mg/kg, i.p.). Throughout the hole-board experiment and open field test the BS-2 at 50 mg/kg exhibited a significant (P ≤ 0.001) dose-dependent activity. The BS-2 was characterized by Rf value, melting point, IR spectra, mass spectra and 1H NMR spectrum. The BS-2 showed potential in vivo central pain relieving and central nervous system depressant effects.

scholarly journals Central nervous system depressant activity of ethanol leaf extract of Globimetula braunii (Engler) (Loranthaceae) growing on Terminalia catappa L. (Combretaceae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 321-327
Author(s):  
Suleiman Danladi ◽  
Musa Aliyu Muhammad ◽  
Abdullahi Hamza Yaro
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Leaf Extract ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Median Lethal Dose ◽  
Cns Depressant ◽  
Board Test ◽  
Central Nervous System Depressant ◽  
Hole Board ◽  
Hole Board Test

This study was carried out to determine phytochemical constituents, median lethal dose (LD50) and central nervous system depressant activity of ethanol leaf extract of Globimetula braunii using laboratory animal models. The intraperitoneal median lethal dose (LD50) of ethanol leaf extract of Globimetula braunii was determined in mice according to the method described by Lorke, 1983. The CNS depressant activity of Globimetula braunii leaf extract was determined using diazepam induced sleep, hole board test and beam walk assay. The ethanol leaf extract of Globimetula braunii revealed the presence of tannins, saponins, steroids, triterpenes, flavonoids and glycoside. The intraperitoneal median lethal dose of the leaf extract of Globimetula braunii was estimated to be 2852 mg/kg bodyweight in mice. The ethanol leaf extract of Globimetula braunii significantly (p <0.05) prolonged the duration of sleep in mice at the dose of 800 mg/kg. The extract prolonged the time to complete the beam walk, and exhibited significant decrease in number of head dips there by indicating a decrease in the exploratory behaviour of the animal. This study suggests that Globimetula braunii possesed sedative property. Keywords: Beam walk assay, diazepam induced sleep, hole board test, central nervous system, Globimetula braunii

Central nervous system disorders and damage: Implications for stress, anxiety, and depression

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. S. Seibert ◽  
P. D. Parker ◽  
C. M. Patterson ◽  
N. Whitener ◽  
J. O'Donnell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Central Nervous System Disorders
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