scholarly journals Implicit Bias Reflects the Personal and the Social

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew M Rivers ◽  
Heather Rees ◽  
Jimmy Calanchini ◽  
Jeff Sherman
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Bias ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Situational Influences ◽  
Implicit Biases ◽  
Target Article ◽  
The Social ◽  
Intergroup Biases ◽  
And Storage

This issue’s target article by Payne, Vuletich, and Lundberg (PV&L) does exactly what one should, presenting an argument that is thought-provoking and that challenges current orthodoxy. It also addresses an issue that has increasingly confounded attitudes researchers in recent years. The construct of “implicit bias” was initially conceptualized as a latent construct that exists within persons, relatively resistant to situational influences. A plethora of theoretical models converge on the notion that implicit biases, including intergroup biases, are representations that are stored in memory (e.g., Devine,1989; Fazio, Jackson, Dunton, & Williams, 1995; Gawronski & Bodenhausen, 2006; Greenwald et al., 2002; Wilson, Lindsay, & Schooler, 2000). Although some perspectives emphasize the role of culture in contributing to implicit measures of bias, even these perspectives rely on the learning and storage of mental representations (Olson & Fazio, 2004).

Underestimated risks for bacterial keratitis in contact lens usage

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 2626-2630
Author(s):  
EVELINA MILCHEVA MARINOVA ◽  
◽  
DIMITAR STOIMENOV DABOV ◽  
YANI TODOROV ZDRAVKOV ◽  
EMILIA KRASIMIROVA NASEVA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Contact Lens ◽  
Contact Lenses ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Bacterial Keratitis ◽  
Ophthalmic Examination ◽  
The Social ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Predisposing Conditions

Objective: The purpose of our research is to emphasize the role of underestimated predisposing conditions for microbial keratitis in contact lens users, to draw attention to the complications of wearing contact lenses without ophthalmic examination, and to offer a short questionnaire for fast and easy estimation of the risk factors for bacterial keratitis. Methods: A series of 23 cases of healthy young individuals, treated for bacterial keratitis, provoked а research on the predisposing factors for its development. Results: 55% of the patients had started to wear contact lenses without specific examination. 75% had made mistakes in the hygiene and storage of the lenses. We identified risk factors for development of bacterial keratitis in all cases. Conclusions: A thorough anamnesis and ophthalmic examination are crucial in decision making about contact lens wearing because they could reveal some of the predisposing conditions for the occurrence of ocular complications. The usage of contact lenses without a prescription poses health risks and could have a negative impact on the social and healthcare system.

scholarly journals Biología y guerra: una perspectiva pragmática

2019 ◽  
pp. 91
Author(s):  
Anna Estany Profitós
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Social Impact ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Biological Knowledge ◽  
Biological Factors ◽  
The Social ◽  
Military Conflicts ◽  
Pragmatic Aspects ◽  
The Relationship

An approach to the philosophy of biology in the 21st century requires going beyond its epistemological side, betting on pragmatic aspects, in the sense of the social impact of the instrumentalization of biological developments. These advances have both beneficial and harmful consequences for humanity. Among the latter, it is its use for military conflicts, as a result of advances in biotechnology. The objective of this work is to address the role of biological knowledge in wars, analyzing some especially relevant cases such as bioterrorism, but also other types of conflicts in which biology, broadly understood with its different branches, plays an important role. First, I will introduce the most important concepts in the relationship between biology and war, taking into account historical precedents in this area. Secondly, since biology enters in military conflicts, I will address the case of bioterrorism as one of the most pressing problems in that it is one of the forms that war is currently taking, as well as one of its derivatives, “agroterrorism”, which consists in causing the destruction of crops or the death of livestock that feeds the population. In this regard, I will examine other ways of resolving conflicts in which biological factors play an important role in establishing dominance between two or more nations or populations facing each other, paying special attention to agriculture and livestock. Regarding the possible theoretical models to analyze these conflicts, I will focus on the relationship between pure, applied science and technology, the methodological models of design sciences and ethical and moral reflection.

scholarly journals Six Lessons for a Cogent Science of Implicit Bias and Its Criticism

2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 574-595 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bertram Gawronski
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Bias ◽  
Implicit Measures ◽  
Social Discrimination ◽  
Implicit Measurement ◽  
Implicit Biases ◽  
Explicit Bias ◽  
Current Article ◽  
Implicit And Explicit ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Over Time

Skepticism about the explanatory value of implicit bias in understanding social discrimination has grown considerably. The current article argues that both the dominant narrative about implicit bias as well as extant criticism are based on a selective focus on particular findings that fails to consider the broader literature on attitudes and implicit measures. To provide a basis to move forward, the current article discusses six lessons for a cogent science of implicit bias: (a) There is no evidence that people are unaware of the mental contents underlying their implicit biases; (b) conceptual correspondence is essential for interpretations of dissociations between implicit and explicit bias; (c) there is no basis to expect strong unconditional relations between implicit bias and behavior; (d) implicit bias is less (not more) stable over time than explicit bias; (e) context matters fundamentally for the outcomes obtained with implicit-bias measures; and (f) implicit measurement scores do not provide process-pure reflections of bias. The six lessons provide guidance for research that aims to provide more compelling evidence for the properties of implicit bias. At the same time, they suggest that extant criticism does not justify the conclusion that implicit bias is irrelevant for the understanding of social discrimination.

scholarly journals Family within the Models of Ethnic Policy in the Russian Federation: Realities and Opportunities

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 154-167
Author(s):  
Mariya A. Abramova ◽  
Galina S. Goncharova ◽  
Vsevolod G. Kostyuk
Keyword(s):  
Legal Status ◽  
Family Policy ◽  
National Policy ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Social Institution ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Family ◽  
Interethnic Interaction ◽  
Ethnic Policy

The paper offers an analysis of the legal status of the family in theoretical models (conceptions, strategies) of ethnic, cultural, and family policy at the federal and regional levels. The results of the analysis are compared with the socio-philosophical and sociological justification of the role of the family in the formation of attitudes of young people towards interethnic interaction. It is concluded that despite the fact that the social institution of the family is not theoretically designated as a subject in the models of national policy, nevertheless it plays an important role in it. The paper justifies the proposal to fix the family as a subject of the state national policy in the models.

Agents beyond the State

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Netzloff
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
Social Relations ◽  
Early Modern Period ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
The State ◽  
Modern State ◽  
Professional Lives ◽  
Dutch Revolt ◽  
The Social

The early modern period is often seen as a pivotal stage in the emergence of a recognizably modern form of the state. In Agents Beyond the State, Mark Netzloff returns to this context in order to examine the literary and social practices through which the early modern state was constituted. The state was defined not through the elaboration of theoretical models of sovereignty but rather as an effect of the literary and professional lives of its extraterritorial representatives. Netzloff focuses on the textual networks and literary production of three groups of extraterritorial agents: travelers and intelligence agents, mercenaries, and diplomats. These figures reveal the extent to which the administration of the English state as well as definitions of national culture were shaped by England’s military, commercial, and diplomatic relations in Europe and other regions across the globe. Agents Beyond the State emphasizes these transnational contexts of early modern state formation, from the Dutch Revolt and relations with Venice to the role of Catholic exiles and nonstate agents in diplomacy and international law. These global histories of travel, service, and labor additionally transformed definitions of domestic culture, from the social relations of classes and regions to the private sphere of households and families. Literary writing and state service were interconnected in the careers of Fynes Moryson, George Gascoigne, and Sir Henry Wotton, among others. As they entered the realm of print and addressed a reading public, they introduced the practices of governance to an emerging public sphere.

The Threat of Genes: A Comment on Evan Charney's “Genes and Ideologies”

2008 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 329-335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca J. Hannagan ◽  
Peter K. Hatemi
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Biological Sciences ◽  
Political Science ◽  
Political Behavior ◽  
American Political Science Review ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Science Review ◽  
The Social ◽  
American Political Science

In his essay, “Genes and Ideologies,” Evan Charney wrangles with the question of the role of genes in the formation of political attitudes via a critique of Alford, Funk, and Hibbing's 2005 American Political Science Review article. Although critical evaluations are necessary, his essay falls short of what is required of a scientific critique on both empirical and theoretical grounds. We offer a comment on his essay and further contend that it is naïve to proceed on the assumption that a barrier exists between the biological and social sciences, such that the biological sciences have nothing to offer the social sciences. If we look beyond our discipline's current theoretical models we may find a more thorough, and not just competing, explanation of political behavior.

scholarly journals Defeating Unconscious Bias: The Role of a Structured, Reflective, and Interactive Workshop

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dotun Ogunyemi
Keyword(s):  
Implicit Bias ◽  
White Male ◽  
Serial Killer ◽  
Unconscious Bias ◽  
Group Discussions ◽  
Male Physician ◽  
Implicit Biases ◽  
Interactive Workshop ◽  
Reflective Group

ABSTRACT Background Unconscious or implicit biases are universal and detrimental to health care and the learning environment but can be corrected. Historical interventions used the Implicit Association Test (IAT), which may have limitations. Objective We determined the efficacy of an implicit bias training without using the IAT. Methods From April 2019 to June 2020, a 90-minute educational workshop was attended by students, residents, and faculty. The curriculum included an interactive unconscious biases presentation, videoclips using vignettes to demonstrate workplace impact of unconscious biases with strategies to counter, and reflective group discussions. The evaluation included pre- and postintervention surveys. Participants were shown images of 5 individuals and recorded first impressions regarding trustworthiness and presumed profession to unmask implicit bias. Results Of approximately 273 participants, 181 were given the survey, of which 103 (57%) completed it with significant increases from pre- to postintervention assessments for perception scores (28.87 [SEM 0.585] vs 32.73 [0.576], P < .001) and knowledge scores (5.68 [0.191] vs 7.22 [0.157], P < .001). For a White male physician covered in tattoos, only 2% correctly identified him as a physician, and 60% felt he was untrustworthy. For a smiling Black female astronaut, only 13% correctly identified her as an astronaut. For a brooding White male serial killer, 50% found him trustworthy. Conclusions An interactive unconscious bias workshop, performed without the use of an IAT, was associated with increases in perceptions and knowledge regarding implicit biases. The findings also confirmed inaccurate first impression stereotypical assumptions based on ethnicity, outward appearances, couture, and media influences.

Developmental systems and psychopathology

2000 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 297-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
ARNOLD J. SAMEROFF
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Developmental Psychopathology ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Individual Development ◽  
Developmental Systems ◽  
Dynamic Relation ◽  
The Social ◽  
Health And Illness ◽  
History Of

Efforts to understand the etiology of adult mental disorders by studying children has produced unanticipated changes in our understanding of pathology, individual development, and the role of social context. Among these are the blurring of the division between mental illness and mental health, the need to attend to patterns of adaptation rather than personality traits, and the powerful influences of the social world on individual development. Current developmental views place deviancy in the dynamic relation between individuals and their contexts. At another level, when we view the history of developmental psychopathology, dialectical developmental processes are evident as we trace how patterns of adaptation of researchers, expressed in theoretical models and empirical paradigms, increasingly have come to match the complexities of human mental health and illness.

scholarly journals Field crickets change mating preferences using remembered social information

2009 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 449-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathan W. Bailey ◽  
Marlene Zuk
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Female Mate Choice ◽  
Social Experience ◽  
Field Cricket ◽  
Field Crickets ◽  
The Social ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Ornament Evolution ◽  
Male Ornaments

Plasticity in female mate choice can fundamentally alter selection on male ornaments, but surprisingly few studies have examined the role of social learning in shaping female mating decisions in invertebrates. We used the field cricket Teleogryllus oceanicus to show that females retain information about the attractiveness of available males based on previous social experience, compare that information with incoming signals and then dramatically reverse their preferences to produce final, predictable, mating decisions. Male ornament evolution in the wild may depend much more on the social environment and behavioural flexibility through learning than was previously thought for non-social invertebrates. The predictive power of these results points to a pressing need for theoretical models of sexual selection that incorporate effects of social experience.

scholarly journals Theories and models: What they are, what they are for, and what they are about

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eiko I Fried
Keyword(s):  
Social Sciences ◽  
Statistical Models ◽  
Model Fitting ◽  
Network Models ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Theory Formation ◽  
The Core ◽  
Target Article ◽  
The Social ◽  
Core Points

In Fried (this issue), I argue that a lot of work in the social sciences generally—and in psychology specifically—reads like an exercise in statistical model fitting, and falls short of theory building and testing in three ways. First, theories are absent, which fosters conflating statistical models with theoretical models. Second, theories are latent, i.e. implied but not explicated. Third, theories are weak, i.e. ambiguous and impossible to test or reject because they fit any data. I focus on psychometric factor and network models and their applications to cognitive, personality, and clinical psychology, showing that selecting statistical models that impose assumptions consistent with the theories they are supposed to corroborate is necessary for bringing data to bear on these theories. Seven commentaries agree with some of the core challenges the field faces. They raise some important criticisms of the target article, and provide extensions by identifying further problems and potential solutions. Here, I aim to integrate some of the core points and criticism raised, and provide a brief primer on theory formation, structured into three sections: 1) what are theories; 2) what are theories for; 3) and what are theories about. This is followed by a section dedicated to the question 4) how to develop theories. I conclude with 5) specific obstacles to theory formation psychological scientists face, and how they can be overcome.

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