scholarly journals "Secondary Sources: Top Ten," LEGAL INFORMATION ALERT 24(3): 1,4-6 (March 2005)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susan Drisko Zago
Keyword(s):  
Research Tool ◽  
Law Students ◽  
Secondary Source ◽  
Legal Information ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Best Friend ◽  
Expert Analysis ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Sheer Number ◽  
Experienced Researcher

Secondary sources are a legal researcher's best friend. They are a great place to begin researching a new topic as they provide a framework for understanding the subject. Not only will a good secondary source provide researchers with a way of approaching the topic, but it will also introduce beginning researchers to the language of the subject. Secondary sources also contain expert analysis, references to primary law such as cases, statutes, and regulations, and will also include such other resources as governmental reports, statistics, and other secondary sources. While secondary sources are an incredibly valuable research tool, they can offer such a wide array of options that researchers become overwhelmed with the sheer number of choices. This can strike anyone, even a fairly experienced researcher. Librarians, too, can become overwhelmed, especially when faced with teaching law students about the value of secondary sources and how to harness their power.

Sources of political parties’ campaign expenditure in Nigeria’s Fourth Republic: Examining the 2015 General Election

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 369-389
Author(s):  
Babayo Sule ◽  
Bakri Mat ◽  
Mohd Azizuddin Mohd Sani ◽  
Saalah Yakubu Ibrahim
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
General Election ◽  
Secondary Source ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Data Collection And Analysis ◽  
Fourth Republic ◽  
Campaign Expenditure ◽  
The Subject

A periodic election is a fundamental pillar and backbone of any democratic regime, and for a proper election to take place there must be some activities, most especially by parties and contestants to vote for them most especially competing to secure the electorates. These activities require huge expenditure from the parties and their financiers through campaigns, media advertisements and other related activities. The problem is that parties and their candidates are allowed, in Nigeria constitutionally and by the Electoral Act 2010, to source their campaign finance privately, which has led to illegal financing. The objective of this paper is to examine the sources of parties’ campaign expenditure in the Fourth Republic, taking the 2015 General Election as the case study. The research used a qualitative method of data collection and analysis where both primary and secondary sources were used. The primary source was an in-depth personal interview with some selected informants/participants from the categories of stakeholders in the electoral process, parties, and agencies responsible for regulating their activities. The secondary source was the use of available documents such as books, journals and Internet sources on the subject matter of the study. The data obtained were analysed and interpreted using thematic analytical interpretations from the informants’ views and the existing data in the field. The research discovered that there are basically six major sources of campaign expenditure for parties and that some of the sources are illegal and the spending has violated the regulations. The research recommends thorough supervision and monitoring of the sources of parties’ campaign expenditure and the spending process.

Historical text archives and prosopography: the COEL database system

1998 ◽  
Vol 10 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 57-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. S. B. Keats-Rohan
Keyword(s):  
Research Tool ◽  
Direct Access ◽  
Specific Situation ◽  
Core Data ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
The Core ◽  
Level 3 ◽  
Full Discussion ◽  
Available Information ◽  
Level 2

The COEL database and database software, a combined reference and research tool created by historians for historians, is presented here through Screenshots illustrating the underlying theoretical model and the specific situation to which that has been applied. The key emphases are upon data integrity, and the historian's role in interpreting and manipulating what is often contentious data. From a corpus of sources (Level 1) certain core data are extracted for separate treatment at an interpretive level (Level 3), based upon a master list of the core data (Level 2). The core data are interdependent: each record in Level 2 is of interest in itself; and it either could or should be associated with an(other) record(s) as a specific entity. Sometimes the sources are ambiguous and the association is contentious, necessitating a probabilty-coding approach. The entities created by the association process can then be treated at a commentary level, introducing material external to the database, whether primary or secondary sources. A full discussion of the difficulties is provided within a synthesis of available information on the core data. Direct access to the source texts is only ever a mouse click away. Fully query able, COEL is formidable look-up and research tool for users of all levels, who remain free to exercise an alternative judgement on the associations of the core data. In principle, there is no limit on the type of text or core data that could be handled in such a system.

Islamic Banking in Nigeria: Issues and Prospects

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nuruddeen Abba Abdullahi
Keyword(s):  
Public Awareness ◽  
Banking System ◽  
Islamic Banking ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Banking And Finance ◽  
Adequate Knowledge ◽  
Islamic Religion ◽  
Developmental Opportunities ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Nigerian Banking

The Nigerian banking reform precipitated the adoption of Islamic banking and finance in 2009 as additional door to banking mechanism in the country. However, the implementation of the Islamic banking or non-interest banking has generated a lot of debate, specifically because its foundations are based on Islamic religion. This paper briefly reviews the concept, the challenges and prospects of Islamic banking in Nigeria. The paper relies on the secondary sources by reviewing and analysing various works on the subject. A reflection on the size of its population and the developmental opportunities indicates that Nigeria has the prospect of becoming the hub centre of Islamic finance in Africa. Yet there are numerous challenges to the development of the Islamic banking system in the country, including misrepresentation of the system, lack of linkages and investment institutions, lack of adequate knowledge, as well as shroud business ethos and corruption, which is endemic in the country. The paper recommends the need for greater public awareness about Islamic banking and creation of enabling environment (i.e. the legal, accounting and taxation systems) for the working of Islamic financial system.   

ІНТЕРВАЛЬНИЙ МЕТОД У МЕТОДОЛОГІЇ КУЛЬТУРОЛОГІЇ

2020 ◽  
pp. 43-47
Author(s):  
Admink Admink ◽  
Тетяна Уварова
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Studies ◽  
Research Tool ◽  
Multidimensional Analysis ◽  
Interval Method ◽  
Cultural Research ◽  
Post Modernism ◽  
Key Concepts ◽  
The Subject

Дослідження присвячено розкриттю сутності інтервального методу та введенню його як дослідницького інструменту культурології. Об’єктом дослідження постає методологія культурології, предметом – інтервальний метод, що сформувався у постмодерністській методології. Здійснено спробу експлікації ключових принципів інтервального методу та обґрунтовування необхідності його використання для дослідження культури. Наукова новизна полягає у введенні інтервального методу у методологічний інструментарій культурології. Зроблено висновок щодо можливості введення інтервального методу у методологію культурології як інструменту багатовимірного аналізу культури. The research aims to disclose the essence of an interval method and its introduction as a research tool for the methodology of cultural studies. The object of research is the methodology of culture, the subject of research is the interval method formed in the methodology of post-modernism. In the article, the author attempts to explicate key concepts of the interval method and justifies the necessity of its use in cultural research. Scientific novelty consists in introduction of the interval method into the methodology of cultural studies. The conclusion is made considering the possibility of introduction of the interval method in the methodology of cultural studies as a tool for multidimensional analysis of culture.

Active Segmented Trim Panels for Aircraft Interior Noise Control: Theory and Experiments

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Hirsch ◽  
J. Q. Sun
Keyword(s):  
Noise Control ◽  
Secondary Source ◽  
Acoustic Source ◽  
Simple Modification ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Flexible Support ◽  
Low Profile ◽  
Modification Of Materials ◽  
Trim Panel ◽  
Theory And Experiments

Abstract An active segmented trim panel for use as a secondary source for noise control in aircraft is designed, analyzed and tested. It consists of a rectangular segment of aircraft trim panel which is suspended by a flexible support. This support converts the stiff composite trim panel into flexibly-mounted pistons which can be driven by light-weight and low-profile force actuators. The active segmented trim panel offers an acoustic source of lower profile and lower mass, and requires only a simple modification of materials already installed on aircraft. This paper presents a summary of recent results of modeling and testing of an active trim panel configuration. Real-time noise control experiments are conducted using the active trim panels as secondary sources indicating that the present active segmented trim is a promising technology.

scholarly journals Epistemic Uncertainty Analysis: An Approach Using Expert Judgment and Evidential Credibility

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Hester
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Probability Theory ◽  
Air Force ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
Epistemic Uncertainty ◽  
Expert Judgment ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Expert Analysis ◽  
Physical Attributes ◽  
The Subject

When dealing with complex systems, all decision making occurs under some level of uncertainty. This is due to the physical attributes of the system being analyzed, the environment in which the system operates, and the individuals which operate the system. Techniques for decision making that rely on traditional probability theory have been extensively pursued to incorporate these inherent aleatory uncertainties. However, complex problems also typically include epistemic uncertainties that result from lack of knowledge. These problems are fundamentally different and cannot be addressed in the same fashion. In these instances, decision makers typically use subject matter expert judgment to assist in the analysis of uncertainty. The difficulty with expert analysis, however, is in assessing the accuracy of the expert's input. The credibility of different information can vary widely depending on the expert’s familiarity with the subject matter and their intentional (i.e., a preference for one alternative over another) and unintentional biases (heuristics, anchoring, etc.). This paper proposes the metric of evidential credibility to deal with this issue. The proposed approach is ultimately demonstrated on an example problem concerned with the estimation of aircraft maintenance times for the Turkish Air Force.

scholarly journals Hybrid model of airlines as a determinant of the development of air carriers

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 53-60
Author(s):  
Anna Szymczak
Keyword(s):  
Hybrid Model ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Market Segments ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Political Crises ◽  
Dynamic Factors ◽  
The World ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Air Carriers ◽  
Source Materials

The aviation market is one of the most dynamic factors determining economic develop-ment in the world. In addition, it is susceptible to economic and political crises. The air services market is also characterized by a very large diversity of clients within the market segments. Adaptation of an appropriate business model may be a condition for success, with the increase of ASK, RPK and LF ratios. The aim of the work is to indicate the basic elements of business models of airlines that make up the hybrid model. The article also describes the evolution of Ryanair, which from the carrier emphasizing the lowest price aspires to the carrier offering flights with better quality than its competitors. The source materials of the study are available literature on the subject, own analysis based on secondary sources.

scholarly journals The Ombudsman Institution as a mechanism of accountability in public administration: The case of GermanyKamu yönetiminde hesap verebilirlik mekanizması olarak Ombudsmanlık Kurumu: Almanya örneği

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 2735
Author(s):  
Sefa Usta ◽  
Abdulvahap Akıncı
Keyword(s):  
Public Administration ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Administration System ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
General Terms ◽  
Effective Role ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Accountability Mechanism

In the formation of a transparent and accountable public administration system and an understanding of administration, such institutions like the Ombudsman have important functions. The Ombudsman Institution, which undertakes an effective role in the solution of the problems experienced between the state and the citizen, has important responsibilities to institutionalize human rights and democratization, reduce the bad administration practices and most importantly, make the accountability mechanism the built-in in public administration. The Ombudsman Institution, which has been formed with different names in many countries in the world, has been established in Germany with the name of “the Defense Ombudsman,” and it carries out its activities under this framework.The main objective of the study is to examine the Ombudsman Institution as an extension of accountability mechanism in public administration and to asses “the Defense Ombudsman Institution”, which operates in Germany. Under the study prepared for this purpose, it is treated the concept of accountability in public administration with its general terms and examined the Ombudsman Institution, departing from the case of Germany. The study is terminated with an overview and a chapter of conclusion.In the study, it has been benefited from the scientific methods of descriptive analysis and critical review of the literature and set out from the secondary sources written about the subject and the primary sources like constitutional and legal regulations that are the basis of the Ombudsman Institution in Germany. ÖzetŞeffaf ve hesap verebilir bir kamu yönetimi sisteminin ve yönetim anlayışının oluşumunda Ombudsmanlık benzeri kurumlara önemli işlevler düşmektedir. Devlet ve vatandaş arasında yaşanan sorunların çözümü noktasında etkili bir rol üstlenen ombudsmanlık kurumuna, insan haklarının ve demokratikleşmenin kurumsallaşmasında, kötü yönetim uygulamalarının azaltılmasında ve en önemlisi kamu yönetiminde hesap verebilirlik mekanizmasının yerleşik hale gelmesinde önemli sorumluluklar düşmektedir. Dünyada birçok ülkede farklı adlarla oluşturulmuş olan Ombudsmanlık Kurumu, Almanya'da Savunma Ombudsmanlığı ismiyle kurulmuş ve faaliyetlerini yürütmektedir.Çalışmanın temel amacı, kamu yönetiminde hesap verebilirlik mekanizmasının bir uzantısı olarak Ombudsmanlık kurumunun incelenerek, Almanya'da faaliyet gösteren "Savunma Ombudsmanlığı Kurumu"nun değerlendirmeye tabi tutulmasıdır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda hazırlanan çalışma kapsamında, kamu yönetiminde hesap verebilirlik kavramı genel hatlarıyla ele alınmakta, Ombudsmanlık Kurumu Almanya örneğinden hareketle irdelenmektedir. Çalışma genel bir değerlendirme ve sonuç kısmıyla nihayetlendirilmektedir.Bu kapsamda hazırlanan çalışmada, betimsel analiz yönteminden ve eleştirel literatür taramasından yararlanılmış, konu ile ilgili yazılmış ikinci kaynaklardan ve Almanya'da Ombudsmanlık Kurumu'nun dayanağı olan anayasal ve yasal düzenlemeler gibi birincil kaynaklardan faydalanılmıştır.

scholarly journals Importance of secondary sources in the atmospheric budgets of formic and acetic acids

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 24435-24497 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Paulot ◽  
D. Wunch ◽  
J. D. Crounse ◽  
G. C. Toon ◽  
D. B. Millet ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Formic Acid ◽  
Carboxylic Acids ◽  
Transport Model ◽  
Negative Temperature ◽  
Photochemical Oxidation ◽  
Secondary Source ◽  
Chemical Transport Model ◽  
Wet And Dry Deposition ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Acetic Acids

Abstract. We present a detailed budget of formic and acetic acids, two of the most abundant trace gases in the atmosphere. Our bottom-up estimate of the global source of formic and acetic acids are ~1200 and ~1400 Gmol/yr, dominated by photochemical oxidation of biogenic volatile organic compounds, in particular isoprene. Their sinks are dominated by wet and dry deposition. We use the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model to evaluate this budget against an extensive suite of measurements from ground, ship and satellite-based Fourier transform spectrometers, as well as from several aircraft campaigns over North America. The model captures the seasonality of formic and acetic acids well but generally underestimates their concentration, particularly in the Northern midlatitudes. We infer that the source of both carboxylic acids may be up to 50% greater than our estimate and report evidence for a long-lived missing secondary source of carboxylic acids that may be associated with the aging of organic aerosols. Vertical profiles of formic acid in the upper troposphere support a negative temperature dependence of the reaction between formic acid and the hydroxyl radical as suggested by several theoretical studies.

scholarly journals The Potential of Application of Technology-Based Innovations for Zakat Administration in India

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-100
Author(s):  
Aishath Muneeza ◽  
Shahbaz Nadwi
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Big Data ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Effective Management ◽  
Journal Articles ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Customary Practices

India is the home country for many Muslims and effective management of zakah is essential to the country. In this era of technology, it is imperative to use technology with zakat to ensure that the classical zakat administration approaches are upgraded to the uruf or customary practices of the society. The objective of this paper is to find out the potential of using technology in upgrading zakat administration in India. This is a qualitative approach where the primary sources such as zakat administration laws in India and secondary sources such as journal articles and published reports on the subject are analysed to derive conclusions. The findings of this paper suggest that the innovations such as rice ATMs, mobile applications, applications made with blockchain technology, artificial intelligence and big data can also play a vital role in the effective management of zakat in India. It is anticipated that the outcome of this research will assist the zakat administrators in India to adopt technology in this regard.   Keywords: Artificial intelligence, big Data, fintech, rice ATM, zakat

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