scholarly journals Philosophical Legal Ethics: An Affectionate History

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Luban ◽  
W. Bradley Wendel
Keyword(s):  
Third Wave ◽  
Behavioral Ethics ◽  
Legal Ethics ◽  
Legal Representation ◽  
Role Morality ◽  
Modern Subject ◽  
The Subject ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Second Wave

30 Georgetown Journal of Legal Ethics 337 (2017)The modern subject of theoretical legal ethics began in the 1970s. This brief history distinguishes two waves of theoretical writing on legal ethics. The “First Wave” connects the subject to moral philosophy and focuses on conflicts between ordinary morality and lawyers’ role morality, while the “Second Wave” focuses instead on the role legal representation plays in maintaining and fostering a pluralist democracy. We trace the emergence of the First Wave to the larger social movements of the 1960s and 1970s; in the conclusion, we speculate about possible directions for a Third Wave of theoretical legal ethics, based in behavioral ethics, virtue ethics, or fiduciary theory.

scholarly journals A feminist genealogy of posthuman aesthetics in the visual arts

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesca Ferrando
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Third Wave ◽  
Avant Garde ◽  
The Arts ◽  
Second Wave Feminism ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The One ◽  
Fourth Wave ◽  
Second Wave

Abstract This article aims to reassemble a feminist genealogy of the posthuman in the arts, with a specific focus on the visual works conceived by female artists after the rise of what has been retrospectively defined as first-wave Feminism. Starting with the main avant-garde movements of the first half of the twentieth century—specifically, Futurism, Dadaism and Surrealism—this genealogy analyses the second-wave Feminism of the 1960s and 1970s, with its integral exploration of the body highlighted by performance art. Following this, it takes into account the third-wave Feminism of the 1990s and its radical re-elaboration of the self: from Cyberfeminism and its revisitation of technology, to the artistic insights offered, on the one side, by critical techno-orientalist readings of the futures, and on the other, by the political and social articulations of Afrofuturism and Chicanafuturism. Lastly, this genealogy accesses the ways contemporary female artists are dealing with gender, social media and the notion of embodiment, touching upon elements that will become of key importance in fourth-wave Feminism. This article is published as part of a collection dedicated to multi- and interdisciplinary perspectives on gender studies.

Tools of Transformation: Appropriate Technology in U.S. Countercultural Literature

2012 ◽  
Vol 44 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-93
Author(s):  
Peter Mortensen
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Appropriate Technology ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Environmental Transformation ◽  
Buckminster Fuller ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Environmentally Sound ◽  
User Friendly ◽  
Second Wave

This essay takes its cue from second-wave ecocriticism and from recent scholarly interest in the “appropriate technology” movement that evolved during the 1960s and 1970s in California and elsewhere. “Appropriate technology” (or AT) refers to a loosely-knit group of writers, engineers and designers active in the years around 1970, and more generally to the counterculture’s promotion, development and application of technologies that were small-scale, low-cost, user-friendly, human-empowering and environmentally sound. Focusing on two roughly contemporary but now largely forgotten American texts Sidney Goldfarb’s lyric poem “Solar-Heated-Rhombic-Dodecahedron” (1969) and Gurney Norman’s novel Divine Right’s Trip (1971)—I consider how “hip” literary writers contributed to eco-technological discourse and argue for the 1960s counterculture’s relevance to present-day ecological concerns. Goldfarb’s and Norman’s texts interest me because they conceptualize iconic 1960s technologies—especially the Buckminster Fuller-inspired geodesic dome and the Volkswagen van—not as inherently alienating machines but as tools of profound individual, social and environmental transformation. Synthesizing antimodernist back-to-nature desires with modernist enthusiasm for (certain kinds of) machinery, these texts adumbrate a humanity- and modernity-centered post-wilderness model of environmentalism that resonates with the dilemmas that we face in our increasingly resource-impoverished, rapidly warming and densely populated world.

The Revival of Quantification: Reflections on Old New Histories

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
Steven Ruggles
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Social History ◽  
Economic History ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
First Century ◽  
Third Wave ◽  
Late Twentieth ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Second Wave

AbstractQuantitative historical analysis in the United States surged in three distinct waves. The first quantitative wave occurred as part of the “New History” that blossomed in the early twentieth century and disappeared in the 1940s and 1950s with the rise of consensus history. The second wave thrived from the 1960s to the 1980s during the ascendance of the New Economic History, the New Political History, and the New Social History, and died out during the “cultural turn” of the late twentieth century. The third wave of historical quantification—which I call the revival of quantification—emerged in the second decade of the twenty-first century and is still underway. I describe characteristics of each wave and discuss the historiographical context of the ebb and flow of quantification in history.

scholarly journals Creating Destinations for a Better Tomorrow: UN Development Aid for Cultural Tourism in the 1960s

2021 ◽  
pp. 002200942097476
Author(s):  
Marie Huber
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Development Aid ◽  
Employment Sector ◽  
Development Decade ◽  
Colonial Legacies ◽  
The Subject ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
International Experts

Tourism is today considered as a crucial employment sector in many developing countries. In the growing field of historical tourism research, however, the relationships between tourism and development, and the role of international organizations, above all the UN, have been given little attention to date. My paper will illuminate how during the 1960s tourism first became the subject of UN policies and a praised solution for developing countries. Examples from expert consultancy missions in developing countries such as Ethiopia, India and Nepal will be contextualized within the more general debates and programme activities for heritage conservation and also the first UN development decade. Drawing on sources from the archives of UNESCO, as well as tourism promotion material, it will be possible to understand how tourism sectors in many so-called developing countries were shaped considerably by this international cooperation. Like in other areas of development aid, activities in tourism were grounded in scientific studies and based on statistical data and analysis by international experts. Examining this knowledge production is a telling exercise in understanding development histories colonial legacies under the umbrella of the UN during the 1960s and 1970s.

Les trois vagues de la sécularisation des consciences en Espagne

2009 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfonso Pérez-Agote
Keyword(s):  
Catholic Church ◽  
Third Wave ◽  
Progressive Decline ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Catholic Culture ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Second Wave ◽  
The Church ◽  
The Catholic Church

The process of the secularization of consciences in Spain evolved in three stages. The first of these began in the 19th century and lasted until the Civil War (1936—1939). This stage was characterized by the growth of a series of movements that opposed the Catholic Church's presumptive monopoly on truth. The second wave corresponded to the spread of consumerism and lasted from the 1960s to the end of the 1980s. In this second stage, we see a loss of interest in the Catholic Church and religion. Spain, traditionally a Catholic country, steadily became a country of Catholic culture; this translated into a progressive decline in the ability of the Church to control social behaviour. A third wave began in the 1990s, since when the majority of the younger generation has been losing all contact with the Catholic Church and religion.

Status in International Relations

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Renshon
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Social Identity Theory ◽  
Critical Element ◽  
Status Inconsistency ◽  
Collective Beliefs ◽  
The Subject ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Different Strains ◽  
Status Position

Scholars from disparate traditions in political science and international relations (IR) agree that status—standing or rank in a hierarchy—is a critical element of international politics. It has three critical attributes—it is positional, perceptual, and social—that combine to make any actor’s status position a function of the higher-order, collective beliefs of a given community of actors. The term is commonly used in two ways. The first refers to status in its most purely positional sense: standing, an actor’s rank or position in a hierarchy. “Status community” is defined as a hierarchy composed of the group of actors that a state perceives itself as being in competition with. “Rank” is one’s ordinal position and is determined by the collective beliefs of members of that community. Status has long been a focus of IR scholars, dating back to (at least) the beginning of the “scientific study of international relations” that developed in the 1960s. Since then, two different strains of work—status inconsistency theory and social identity theory—have provided the basic theoretical scaffolding for much of the empirical research done since then. After the initial wave of research in the 1960s and 1970s, IR scholars seemingly moved on from the subject for a few decades. However, recent years have seen a renaissance in the study of status, with novel work being done across methodological and epistemological boundaries.

scholarly journals Coasian and modern property rights economics

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 391-411 ◽  
Author(s):  
KIRSTEN FOSS ◽  
NICOLAI FOSS
Keyword(s):  
Property Rights ◽  
Research Program ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Institutional Research ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Rich ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Ownership Rights ◽  
Governance Arrangements

Abstract:Laying the foundations of property rights economics stands out among Ronald Coase's many seminal contributions. This approach had an impact on a number of fields in economics in, particularly, the 1960s and 1970s. The modern body of property rights economics mainly originates in the work Oliver Hart and is quite different in style, scope, and implications from the original property rights economics of Coase, Demsetz, Alchian, Cheung, Umbeck, Barzel, etc. Based on our earlier work on the subject (Foss and Foss, 2001), we argue that the change from Mark I to Mark II property rights economics led to a substantial narrowing of the scope of property rights economics, somewhat akin to a Kuhnian loss of content. In particular, Mark II property rights economics make strong assumptions concerning the definition and enforcement of ownership rights made which lead to many real life institutions and governance arrangements being excluded from consideration, and a much more narrow focus than that of the rich institutional research program initiated by Coase and his followers.

Catholic Feminist Theology

2016 ◽  
pp. 832-849
Author(s):  
Danielle Nussberger
Keyword(s):  
Catholic Church ◽  
Feminist Theology ◽  
Third Wave ◽  
Second Vatican Council ◽  
Vatican Council ◽  
Feminist Theories ◽  
History Of ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S

This chapter charts the history of Catholicism’s feminist theology. It begins with an overview of contexts that contributed to the development of Catholic feminist theology, with particular emphasis on the role of the Second Vatican Council (1963–1965) in the surge of feminist theological dialogue that began in the Catholic Church in the 1960s and 1970s. It then considers various feminist theories that differed in their strategies for overcoming injustice against women, especially the first-, second-, and third-wave feminisms. It also examines Catholic feminist theology’s viewpoints on the methodological concerns of hermeneutics, language, and praxis, along with its interpretation of Scripture and Christian history, what language we should be using to name and call upon the God in whom we believe, Jesus’ redemption of humanity from sin; Mary and the saints; Trinity; and creation.

scholarly journals Transformacja społeczna i polityczna w Niderlandach w latach 1967–1971

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 225-236
Author(s):  
Łukasz Zweiffel
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Political Transformation ◽  
Dutch Politics ◽  
The Subject ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S

Social and Political Transformation in the Netherlands in 1967–1971 The author deals with the subject of social and political transformation that took place in the Netherlands at the turn of the 1960s and 1970s. This was a key transformation for the existence of the now tolerant and open Netherlands. It entailed permanent changes, not only in the cultural and social spheres, but also reflected in Dutch politics.

scholarly journals Afro-Surreal and Afro-Futuristic Visual Technologies in Junot Díaz’s The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao and Colson Whitehead’s Zone One

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rochelle Spencer
Keyword(s):  
Visual Art ◽  
Art Music ◽  
Speculative Fiction ◽  
Black Writers ◽  
Third Wave ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Ability To Work ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Second Wave ◽  
Visual Technologies

The recent explosion of interest in black speculative fiction necessitates study of these new, innovative texts. Afro-Surrealism, a form of black speculative fiction that began in the 1920s (First Wave Afro-Surrealism) and gained popularity in the 1960s (Second Wave Afro-Surrealism), has entered a Third Wave, one that closely mirrors its aesthetic cousin Afro- Futurism in its incorporation of technology into various texts. Both Afro-Surrealism and Afro-Futurism have sparked an outpouring of visual art, music, books, websites, and films, but more importantly, these movements have reinvigorated the novel by incorporating film’s storytelling techniques (jump cuts, montages). These narrative changes, when coupled with the frequent references to film, reveal how some black writers are rethinking technology.  For the Afro-Surrealist, borrowing from film’s visual technologies allows for a more meaningful retelling of history, while for the Afro-Futurist, cinematic writing represents people of color’s ability to work as technological innovators and creators. This paper positions Junot Díaz’s The Brief Wondrous Life of Oscar Wao as the representative Third Wave Afro-Surrealist text, and Colson Whitehead’s Zone One as the representative Afro-Futurist text.  

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