Proprietatea în dreptul penal roman. Mijloace de protecție, noțiune și obiect

2020 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 66-71
Author(s):  
Valerian Cioclei ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Civil Law ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Civil Code ◽  
Property Right ◽  
European Convention ◽  
Criminal Protection ◽  
International Conventions

The property right is guaranteed by the Romanian Constitution and by the international conventions, especially by the European Convention of Human Rights. Concretely, the Civil Code protects the property right. In a subsidiary manner, after the constitutional, conventional and civil law, the criminal law also ensures the protection of property. This brief article will reveal the means in which such protection is ensured within the Romanian Criminal Code, as well as the concept and the object of such criminal protection.

scholarly journals DOŽIVOTNI ZATVOR I USLOVNI OTPUST U KRIVIČNOM PRAVU SRBIJE: NEKA PITANJA I DILEME

2021 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-92
Author(s):  
Emir Ćorović
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Academic Community ◽  
European Convention ◽  
Life Imprisonment ◽  
Sexual Freedom ◽  
Fundamental Freedoms ◽  
Protection Of Human Rights ◽  
Criminal Legislation

Life imprisonment was introduced to Serbian Criminal legislation with the amendments of Criminal Code from 2019. These amendments replaced the former penalty of imprisonment from 30 to 40 years. Special attention was drawn by the fact that the new legislation allows the possibility of life imprisonment without the possibility of parole for committing certain crimes. This legal solution is considered not to be in accordance with the Article 3 of the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. Still, the prohibition of parole was introduced to Serbian criminal law in 2013, with the adoption of the Law on the special measures for the prevention of crimes against sexual freedom towards minors. However, at that time the academic community did not give the attention it deserved to the justification of this prohibition, which by itself generates many concerns. That is why, when discussing the problematics of life imprisonment and parole, and its prohibition, one has to bear in mind the previously structured legal frame, as well as the concerns that such a prohibition creates, regardless of whether it not it relates to life imprisonment or timely limited imprisonment.

scholarly journals Comperative aspect of terms „image”, „recording” and „dissemination” in view of art. 23 of Civil Code and art. 81 of Act of 4 February 1994 on Copyright and Related Rights and art. 191a of the Criminal Code

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-108
Author(s):  
Karolina Witczak
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Civil Law ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Civil Code ◽  
Image Recording

The terms „image”, „recording” and „dissemination” are presented in art. 191a of the Criminal Code. However, the source of these phrases derives from civil law, especially art. 23 of Civil Code and art. 81 of Act of 4 February 1994 on Copyright and Related Rights. The article author makes a comparison of these terms in view of different legal orders (criminal law order and civil law order). The purpose of such a comparative study is to show differences and similarities in the range of designatums of analyzed terms. Furthermore, this article indicates “the most effective” structure of analyzed expressions on the grounds of law in action.

Incompatible Contrasts? — Preventive Detention in Germany and the European Convention on Human Rights

2010 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1046-1066 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grischa Merkel
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Present Situation ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Preventive Detention ◽  
European Convention ◽  
Legal Problems ◽  
European Court ◽  
Public Pressure ◽  
History Of

AbstractThis article will give an overview of the idea and history of origins of preventive detention and the legal changes in the German Criminal Code that underlie the decision of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) (17 December 2009). It will attempt an outlook by considering the prospective outcome of future law suits against German legal statutes relating to preventive detention, and will also describe the present situation and current legal recommendations, including the much-discussed alternative of detention in psychiatric wards. The article will close with a brief comparative look at the related legal problems arising in countries with a criminal law which is based on the establishment of personal guilt of the offender while facing public pressure to detain persons for protective reasons.

Professional secrecy and legal professional privilege

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 188-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorg Sladič
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Family Life ◽  
Common Law ◽  
Civil Law ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
The Other ◽  
European Convention ◽  
Legal Professional ◽  
The Right

Legal privilege and professional secrecy of attorneys relate to the right to a fair trial (Article 6 European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)) as well as to the right to respect for private and family life (Article 8 ECHR). The reason for protecting the lawyer via fundamental rights is the protection of fundamental rights of the lawyer’s clients. All legal orders apply legal privileges and professional secrecy; however, the contents of such are not identical. Traditionally there is an important difference between common and civil law. The professional secrecy of an attorney in civil law jurisdictions is his right and at the same time his obligation based on his membership of the Bar (that is his legal profession). In common law legal privilege comprises the contents of documents issued by an attorney to the client. Professional secrecy of attorneys in civil law jurisdictions applies solely to independent lawyers; in-house lawyers are usually not allowed to benefit from rules on professional secrecy (exceptions in the Netherlands and Belgium). On the other hand, common law jurisdictions apply legal professional privilege, recognized also to in-house lawyers. Slovenian law follows the traditional civil law concept of professional secrecy and sets a limited privilege to in-house lawyers. The article then discusses Slovenian law of civil procedure and compares the position of professional secrecy in lawsuits before State’s courts and in arbitration.

scholarly journals QUALIFICATION OF CRIMES AGAINST LIFE: COMPARATIVE LEGAL ANALYSIS

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-67
Author(s):  
Olha Peresada ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Public Relations ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Legal Analysis ◽  
Right To Life ◽  
Special Part ◽  
Criminal Protection ◽  
The Moment ◽  
The Right

The article considers topical issues of definition and qualification of crimes against human life in Ukraine and abroad. It is proved that the problematic issue of criminal law protection of human life is a significant differentiation of approaches to determining the moment of its onset, which reflects the medical and social criteria for the formation of an individual who has the right to life. It is shown that Ukrainian criminal law gives a person the right to life from birth, while the correct approach is to recognize the beginning of human life and appropriate criminal protection from the moment of onset 10 days after conception, which is consistent with European experience (in particular, France) and sufficiently reflects the medical features of the period of formation of a full-fledged embryo. The article also addresses the issue of the fact that Section II of the Special Part of the Criminal Code of Ukraine combines encroachment on two different generic objects - public relations for the protection of life and public relations for the protection of personal health. This provision of the criminal law of Ukraine does not correspond to the international practice on this issue. In addition, it is reasonable to believe that the two relevant categories of the object of criminal encroachment cannot be considered similar, as such an approach in certain cases can significantly complicate the classification of a criminal offense. It is emphasized that, given the exceptional importance of criminal law protection of human life, it is necessary to formulate a separate section of the Special Part of the Criminal Code of Ukraine, which covers only crimes against life as the main object of criminal encroachment.

scholarly journals The legal meaning of the terms "torture", "inhuman treatment or punishment", "degrading treatment or punishment" and their distinction in the decisions of the European commission of human rights and the European court of human rights

2021 ◽  
pp. 26-33
Author(s):  
Khrystyna YAMELSKA
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
European Commission ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
European Convention ◽  
European Court ◽  
Convention Against Torture ◽  
Degrading Treatment ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Jus Cogens ◽  
Legal Meaning

The paper reveals the legal meaning of the terms "torture", "inhuman treatment or punishment", "treatment or punishment that degrades human dignity". A distinction between these concepts is made on the examples of court decisions of European courts, taking into account the individual circumstances of each case. The genesis of the origin of the above concepts is investigated through a prism of the decisions of the European Commission of Human Rights and the European Court of Human Rights. The paper reveals the absolute nature of the "jus cogens" norm of Article 3 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms. The author proposes to modernize the Ukrainian criminal legislation on the reception of the position of the European Court of Human Rights on the delimitation of these concepts. In contrast to the European convention regulation of ill-treatment, torture, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment, the author notes that the Ukrainian legislation regulates this issue quite succinctly. The Article 127 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine provides a definition only of torture, which in essence coincides with the definition of the United Nations Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment and the position of the European Court of Human Rights. The paper notes that the practice of Ukrainian courts shows that a distinction (similar to that provided by the European Court of Human Rights) is not implemented.

scholarly journals Pre-Trial Detention and Control Orders Under British Anti-Terror Legislation Post 9/11: Balancing a Need for Security with the European Convention on Human Rights – An Overview

2010 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sascha-Dominik Bachmann ◽  
Peter Galvin
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
European Convention ◽  
Foreign National ◽  
House Arrest ◽  
Indefinite Detention ◽  
Control Orders ◽  
And Control ◽  
Article 5

Contemporary British anti-terror legislation has been characterised by an extensive use of extra-ordinary detention measures: the Terrorism Act 2000 and Terrorism Act 2006 contain provisions, which enable the extended pre-charge detention of terror suspects beyond the limits of normal criminal procedure. The now repealed provisions of Part IV of the Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001 allowed the indefinite detention of foreign national terror suspects on a quasi-judicial basis. Its successor, the Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005, enables the use of Control Orders, effectively a form of house arrest characterised by restrictions on an individual’s liberty. In short, these measures have in common the extensive limitation of the individual’s right to liberty under Article 5 of the European Convention on Human Rights. Whilst the judiciary have curtailed the most abhorrent manifestations of such extraordinary measures, as detailed, the legal framework as it exists today, still raises ECHR compliancy issues. Legal reformation should be sought to end such an impasse by amending at the very least the statutory framework already in place. Ideally anti-terror detention provisions should be brought back within the sphere of criminal law and in compliance with the ECHR.La législation contemporaine anti-terroriste britannique a été caractérisée par l’utilisation considérable de mesures extraordinaires de détention : la Terrorism Act 2000 et la Terrorism Act 2006 contiennent des dispositions qui permettent la détention prolongée préalable à l’accusation de personnes soupçonnées de terrorisme au-delà des limites de la procédure criminelle normale. Les dispositions, maintenant abrogées, de la Partie IV de la Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001 permettaient la détention indéfinie de ressortissants étrangers soupçonnés de terrorisme sur une base quasi-judiciaire. Son successeur, la Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005, permet l’utilisation d’Ordonnances de contrôle, qui sont effectivement une forme de détention à domicile caractérisée par des restrictions sur la liberté d’un individu. En bref, ces mesures ont en commun de limiter considérablement le droit de l’individu à la liberté énoncé à l’Article 5 de la Convention européenne des droits de l’homme. Bien que l’appareil judiciaire ait restreint les manifestations les plus odieuses de mesures extraordinaires du genre, tel que détaillé, le contexte judiciaire tel qu’il existe aujourd’hui soulève encore des questions de conformité à la CEDH. Il faudrait préconiser des réformes juridiques pour mettre fin à une telle impasse, en modifiant tout au moins le cadre statutaire déjà en place. Idéalement, les dispositions de détention anti-terroristes devraient être ramenées dans la sphère du droit criminel et en conformité à la CEDH. 

scholarly journals Hubungan Hukum Dokter dan Pasien Serta Tanggung Jawab Dokter Dalam Penyelenggaraan Pelayanan Kesehatan

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-182
Author(s):  
Yussy A. Mannas
Keyword(s):  
Therapeutic Relationship ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Civil Law ◽  
Civil Code ◽  
Legal Relationship ◽  
Medical Disputes ◽  
Legal Effect ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Legal Consequences

Abstract:The emergence rights and obligations as a result of legal relationship between doctors and patients could potentially trigger a dispute between doctors and patients or medical disputes. In an effort to avoid or reduce medical disputes, it is necessary to understand the construction of the legal relationship between doctor and patient. From this legal relationship which will result legal actions and gave rise to legal consequences. In a legal effect, it can’t be separated is about who is responsible, as far as what responsibility can be given. It describes that relationship and the patient's physician if constructed, it can be divided based on two factors; transaction of therapeutic and act. In relation patient - physician based therapeutic, known as therapeutic relationship or transaction therapeutic, there is a binding between patients and physicians in the treatment of the disease or treatment. Engagements happens is inspanningsverbintennis and not resultaatsverbintennis, and must comply with the provisions of Article 1320 of the Civil Code. The relationship between doctor and patient is based on the Act - legislation occurred under Article 1354 of the Civil Code, which formulates zaakwaarneming. Legal relationship that occurs by two things above give rise to legal liability for doctors, the responsibility in the field of disciplinary law, criminal law, civil law and administrative law.Keywords: Doctor, Patient and Legal Relationship.Abstrak:Munculnya hak dan kewajiban sebagai akibat hubungan hukum antara dokter dan pasien berpotensi memicu terjadinya sengketa antara dokter dengan pasien atau sengketa medik. Dalam upaya menghindari atau mengurangi sengketa medik yang terjadi, maka perlu dipahami mengenai konstruksi hubungan hukum antara dokter dengan pasien. Dari hubungan hukum inilah yang akan melahirkan perbuatan hukum dan menimbulkan adanya akibat hukum. Dalam suatu akibat hukum, hal yang tidak dapat dipisahkan adalah mengenai siapa yang bertanggung jawab, sejauh apa tanggung jawab dapat diberikan. Dalam tulisan ini diuraikan bahwa hubungan dokter dan pasien ini jika dikonstruksikan maka dapat dibagi berdasarkan dua hal, yaitu transaksi terapeutik dan undang-undang. Pada hubungan pasien- dokter berdasarkan terapeutik, dikenal hubungan terapeutik atau transaksi terapeutik, yaitu terjadi suatu ikatan antara pasien dan dokter dalam hal pengobatan atau perawatan penyakitnya. Perikatan yang terjadi ialah inspanningsverbintennis dan bukan resultaatsverbintennis, dan harus memenuhi ketentuan Pasal 1320 KUHPerdata. Hubungan dokter dan pasien berdasarkan undang–undang terjadi berdasarkan Pasal 1354 KUHPerdata yang merumuskan tentang zaakwaarneming. Hubungan hukum yang terjadi oleh dua hal diatas menimbulkan tanggung jawab hukum bagi dokter, yaitu tanggung jawab dalam bidang hukum, hukum pidana, hukum perdata dan hukum administrasi.Kata Kunci: Dokter, Pasien dan Hubungan Hukum. 

scholarly journals MODERN LEGISLATION REGULATING STATUS OF LEGAL ENTITY

THE BULLETIN ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (390) ◽  
pp. 250-255
Author(s):  
K. S. Zhylkichieva ◽  
A. A. Kalybaeva ◽  
G. Zh. Koshokova
Keyword(s):  
Civil Law ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Civil Code ◽  
Kyrgyz Republic ◽  
Legal Entity ◽  
Analysis And Synthesis ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Law ◽  
General Regulation ◽  
Legal Entities

The article analyzes using the normative and systematic methods, as well as analysis and synthesis, the content of the statements of Constitution of the Kyrgyz Republic, Civil Code of the Kyrgyz Republic, Criminal Code of the Kyrgyz Republic, the Law of the Kyrgyz Republic «About Normative Legal Acts of the Kyrgyz Republic», the Law of the Kyrgyz Republic «On the Regulations of the Jogorku Kenesh of the Kyrgyz Republic» and the works of the legal scholars. It examined the provisions of laws adopted for general regulation and concludes they are serious problems, because of them there is a "blurring" of the contour of the legislation on legal entities in the article. The publication supports the opinion of the authors of the Concept for Development, according to which the regulation of the status of legal entities in the civil legal field can be characterized by a set of the laws and regula-tions in force in the Kyrgyz Republic, which do not always correspond to each other, as well as to the Civil Code. The low legal and technical level and ineffectiveness in practice are also shown by some adopted laws. It noted the Civil Code of the Kyrgyz Republic, adopted on May 8, 1996, created the new foundation for the regulation of legal entities, which was supplemented by many new laws over the next decades in the article. The authors come to the conclusion the fairly honest assessment can be applied to the established regulation – that with the main vector of development of the Concept of Civil Legislation in Kyrgyzstan, in general, there is an economic, social and well-grounded the logic and generally justifiable modern civil law in relation to legal entities. But at the same time, for many problems, correct solutions have not yet been found and no efficiency ratings have been given.

4. Negligence and strict liability

2021 ◽  
pp. 126-150
Author(s):  
Michael J. Allen ◽  
Ian Edwards
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Criminal Liability ◽  
Strict Liability ◽  
European Convention ◽  
Mens Rea ◽  
The Law ◽  
Sexual Services

Course-focused and contextual, Criminal Law provides a succinct overview of the key areas on the law curriculum balanced with thought-provoking contextual discussion. This chapter discusses the meaning of negligence, arguments for and against negligence as a basis for criminal liability, the meaning of strict liability, the origins of and justifications for strict liability, the presumption of mens rea in offences of strict liability, defences to strict liability, and strict liability and the European Convention on Human Rights. The feaeture ‘The law in context’ examines critically the use of strict liability as the basis for liability in the offence of paying for the sexual services of a person who has been subject to exploitation.

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