scholarly journals THE VALUATION OF IMMUNOGENETICAL DISTINCTION BETWEEN THE DESCENDANTS OF DIFFERENT BULLS

2018 ◽  
Vol 51 ◽  
pp. 213-224
Author(s):  
V. Foksha ◽  
A. Konstandoglo
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variability ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Blood Groups ◽  
Frequency Of Occurrence ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Black And White ◽  
The Third ◽  
White Cattle ◽  
Young Growth ◽  
Allele Pool

The article presents the results of detailed genetical valuation between the descendants of different bulls in the period from 2003 till 2013. The aim of this research was to give a detailed genetic evaluation of the descendants of different bulls used in the herd of STE "Maximovca" at the relevant period of time. The object of the study was the heifers of Moldovan type of black-and-white cattle – the descendants of 11 bulls. Blood groups were determined by standard serological tests with the use of 49 monospecific sera from 9 genetic systems. All the attested livestock of breeding young growth of 2003-2013 are authentic, that is proved by the materials of the expertise of the authenticity of origin. According to AEB-locus at the descendants of all the bulls, common from 25 studied antigens were only 6 – B2, G2, O2, Y2, E′2 and Q′. The low frequency of occurrence of antigens P2, Q, T1, K ', J'2, P' is peculiar mainly for all the analysed descendants. The smallest genetic distance is identified between the descendants of bulls Academic 767 and Senior 7415 – 0,1291, and the highest one – between the descendants of bulls Abhazian 835 and Dikii 788 – 0,3095. The descendants of the evaluated bulls form four separate clusters: the first cluster consists of descendants of bulls Senior – Academic, the second cluster – Abiturient – Captain, the third cluster – Abhazian – Kiperush and the fourth cluster – Meteor – Karas. Herewith the linear belonging of bulls in the first three clusters is different and only both bulls of the fourth cluster (Karas, Meteor) refer to bloodline of Vis Back Ideal. The total frequency of occurrence of the basic alleles varied from 0,2250 (the descendants of bull Kiperush 79) to 0,4071 (the descendants of bull Dikii 788). The lowest coefficient of homozygosity turned out to be at the descendants of Abiturient 861 and Svet 732 – 5,7%. The greatest genetical resemblance is revealed between the descendants of bulls Academic 767 and Senior 7415 (r=0,8709). It is observed the tendency of increasing coefficient of homozygosity (descendants, born in 2009-2013) – 18%, that led to the shortening of numbers of effective working alleles from 17,3 (the descendants of bull Abiturient) to 5,4 (descendants of bull Meteor) and to shortening of the indicator of the degree of the possible genetical changeability to 86,4%. Alleles which are inherent to Holstein American, Canadian and European selection – B2O2Y2D 'and B2G2 are identified in the allele pool of the descendants of bulls Dikii, Svet and Senior. Conclusions. The main specific gravity in the structure of the allele pool of blood groups at the descendants of different bulls occupies the alleles, identified in the previous research of the herd of STE "Maximovca". The descendants of 9 bulls are the carriers of 11 alleles of EAB-locus which are characteristic for Red Steppe breed (B1I1, B2O1Y2, G2O1, G2D′, O2B′, G2O1Y2, O1Y2, Y2D′, Y2Y′, P1I′, O2D′). The tendency of the coefficient of homozygosity growth at the descendants, born in 2009-2013 (Ca=18%), led to reduction of the number of effective alleles from 17,3 to 5,4 and decrease of the indicator of the possible genetic variability to 86.4%.

POLYMORPHISM OF PROLACTIN AND SOMATOTROPIN GENES IN DAIRY CATTLE OF THE REPUBLIC OF TATARSTAN

2021 ◽  
pp. 22-25
Author(s):  
Р.Р. ШАЙДУЛЛИН ◽  
А.Б. МОСКВИЧЕВА ◽  
Т.Х. ФАИЗОВ ◽  
Л.Р. ЗАГИДУЛЛИН ◽  
Т.М. АХМЕТОВ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Dna Markers ◽  
Frequency Of Occurrence ◽  
Allelic Variants ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Prolactin Gene ◽  
White Breed ◽  
White Cattle ◽  
Cattle Herds ◽  
The Republic

Изучен полиморфизм и определена частота встречаемости аллельных вариантов по генам пролактина (PRL) и соматотропина (GH) у коров в условиях двух племенных хозяйств Республики Татарстан. Объектом исследования были животные черно-пестрой породы первого (n=151) и третьего (n=168) отелов и холмогорской породы первого (n=160) и третьего (n=143) отелов. Проведено генотипирование коров по генам PRL и GH методом ДНК-диагностики. Установлено, что среди молочного скота преимущественно встречаются особи с генотипом PRL АА (70,0—77,5%), с частотой аллеля А гена пролактина — 0,83—0,87, аллеля В — 0,13—0,17. Встречаемость аллеля В была выше среди холмогорских коров (0,16—0,17). В стаде полновозрастных животных черно-пестрой породы имеется сдвиг генетического равновесия в сторону генотипов PRL AA и PRL BB (χ2=3,97; Р<0,05). В исследуемых стадах крупного рогатого скота выражено преимущество генотипа GH LL с частотой встречаемости 51,0—79,2%. Встречаемость генотипа GH VV у черно-пестрого скота составила 2,0—2,4%, у холмогорского — 5,6—7,0%. Аллель L гена соматотропина преобладает над аллелем V в обеих породах. При этом чаще встречаемость аллеля L GH среди коров холмогорской породы (0,28—0,29). У холмогорских коров больше представлены редкие и желательные аллели генов PRL и GH. Чтобы повысить встречаемость «предпочтительных» в хозяйственном отношении генотипов и аллелей ДНК-маркеров, необходимо в большей степени использовать быков-производителей с желательными аллелями PRL и GH, а именно В и V соответственно. The polymorphism was studied and the frequency of occurrence of allelic variants for the genes of prolactin (PRL) and somatotropin (GH) was determinedin cows in two bred livestock farms of the Republic of Tatarstan. The object of the study were animals of the black-and-white breed of the first (n=151) and third (n=168) calving and the Kholmogory breed of the first (n=160) and third (n=143) calving. Genotyping of cows for PRL and GH genes was carried out using method of DNA diagnostics. It was revealed that there were mainly individuals with the PRL AA genotype (70,0–77,5%)among dairy cattle, the frequency of the A allele of the prolactin gene was 0,83–0,87, the B allele was 0,13–0,17. The frequency of allele B was higher among Kholmogory cows (0,16–0,17). There was a shift in the genetic balance towards the PRL AA and PRL BB genotypes (χ2=3,97; Р<0,05) in the herd of full-age animals of the black-and-white breed. The advantage of the GH LL genotype was expressed with a frequency of occurrence 51,0–79,2% in the studied cattle herds. The occurence of the GH VV genotype was 2,0–2,4%in black-and-white cattle, 5,6–7,0% was in Kholmogorycattle. The L allele of the somatotropin gene predominated over the V allele in both breeds. Moreover, the occurrence of the L GH allele among cows of the Kholmogory breed (0,28–0,29) was more often. Rare and desirable alleles of the PRL and GH genes are more represented in Kholmogory cows. In order to increase the occurrence of economically “preferred” genotypes and alleles of DNA markers, it is necessary to use more stud bulls with the desired PRL and GH alleles, namely B and V, respectively.

scholarly journals Inheritance of allelic variants of the kappa-casein gene by cows

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 00059 ◽  
Author(s):  
Radik Shaidullin ◽  
Gazimzyan Sharafutdinov ◽  
Anastasia Moskvicheva ◽  
Tagir Faizov ◽  
Yusupzhan Yuldashbaev
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Mass Fraction ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Frequency Of Occurrence ◽  
Allelic Variants ◽  
Casein Gene ◽  
Black And White ◽  
White Cattle ◽  
Pcr Diagnostics

The inheritance of allelic variants of the kappa-casein gene from bulls with different genotypes and their influence on the milk production of daughters were studied. For research, PCR diagnostics of daughters in the herds of black-and-white cattle at the farms “Azeleevo” and “Vakhitovo” (OJSC “Red East Agro”) was carried out, the fathers were two bulls LADDIE 135797213 with a genotypes CSN3 AB and LOMAX 10785322 with a genotype CSN3 BB. Based on the results of genotyping, the frequency of occurrence of genotypes AA, AB, BB kappa-casein and allelic variants A and B in daughters was calculated. The bull with the CSN3 AB genotype produced the largest number of offspring with the CSN3 AA genotype 50.0-51.8 %, and the bull with the homozygous BB genotype produced 24–25 % of daughters carrying the BB variant and 75 -76 % of the AB genotype. The frequency of occurrence of the Kappa-casein allele in the daughters of bulls with the genotype CSN3 BB was 0.63, which is almost 2 times more than the allele A. When comparing heifers with the same genotype (CSN3 AB), it was found that at the Azeleevo farm, the daughters of the bulls having the genotype BB of kappa-casein are superior to cows born from bulls with the genotype AB by the milk yield (+36 kg), mass fraction of fat and protein (+0.01 %), the amount of milk fat (+2 kg) and protein (+2 kg). In the group of first-calf heifers with the BB genotype, daughters of the producer with the BB genotype are superior by the milk yield (+ 175 kg), the mass fraction of fat in milk (+0.1 %), the amount of milk fat (+12 kg), the mass fraction of protein in milk (+0.09 %), the amount of milk protein (+11 kg). At the Vakhitovo farm, similar results in the group of CSN3 AB heifers born from the bulls with the BB genotype was observed

CHARACTERISTIC OF THE BLACK-AND-WHITE CATTLE IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE EAB-LOCUS OF BLOOD GROUPS

1970 ◽  
pp. 19-25
Author(s):  
Е. В. Shukyurova
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Analysis ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Blood Groups ◽  
Minimum Level ◽  
Cattle Breeding ◽  
Agricultural Enterprises ◽  
Pale Yellow ◽  
Black And White ◽  
White Cattle

In this publication the materials of studying of distribution of EAB-locus alleles, blood groups of black-white cattle, breeding in 12 agriculturae enterprises of  Khabarovsk territory are presented. In all 7109 cow’s blood groups have been studied. 92 EAB-alleles have been exposed by family-genetic analysis. 16 alleles with  different frequency meet at the same time in all studying herds, out of them alleles G2Y2Eʹ2Qʹ, I1(I2) and «b» meet with high frequency. The big number of rare EAB-alleles, typical for the cattle of red, brown and pale-yellow-motley roots is exposed: B2G2O2Y2BʹEʹ3GʹOʹYʹGʹʹ, B2G2Y2Еʹ2, B2Q, G2O1Qʹ, I1O1, O1Y2Qʹ, O1Gʹʹ, P2Q, Y2DʹGʹʹ, GʹOʹ, this number includes Kholmogorsky and Simmentalsky cattle O2Y2DʹGʹGʹʹ, O1Gʹʹ, Y2Eʹ3DʹGʹIʹQʹ, B2G2, B2G2BʹOʹ, G2I1O1Iʹ, G2O1Y2Dʹ, G2T2Y2BʹDʹGʹOʹYʹBʹʹ, I2Eʹ3Gʹʹ, Y2Оʹ, DʹGʹIʹQʹ. The row of original alleles do not meet of animals of other breeds: B2I1T1Bʹʹ, B2I2Eʹ3Jʹ2YʹBʹʹGʹʹ, B2T2Y2BʹDʹBʹʹGʹʹ,  B2Y2Eʹ3GʹIʹQʹYʹBʹʹ, I2Eʹ2IʹQʹ, BʹGʹIʹOʹ. The minimum level of homozigotness is discovered of animals of agriculturae enterprises «Garovskoye» (Са=5,6), maximum – of «Khorpinskoye» (Са=23,7) and «Kotikovo» (Са=20,1). The highest genetic likeness is determined between animals of agricultural enterprises «Poletnoye» and «Avangard» (r=0.965). Claster analysis exposed division of studying herds on three clasters, and it visually reflected genetic separation of herds majority.

scholarly journals New localities of Bambusina borreri (Ralfs) Cleve (Charophyta), a species from the Red Data Book of Ukraine

Algologia ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-73
Author(s):  
Berezovska V.Yu. ◽  
◽  
O.V. Burova ◽  
O.V. Raida ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Frequency ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Frequency Of Occurrence ◽  
The Third ◽  
Red Data Book ◽  
National Importance ◽  
New Localities ◽  
Data Book ◽  
Regional Landscape ◽  
Nature Preservation

he article presents information about new finds of desmid Bambusina borreri (= B. brebissonii Kütz. ex Kütz.) in Ukraine and analysis of its distribution in the country. Peculiar features of the genus are cylindrical or barrel-shaped cells arranged in slightly twisted non-mucous filaments. Bambusina borreri is cosmopolitan with a disjunctive rangeж its distribution is limited by pH and trophic level of water bodies. Environmental selectivity determines its low frequency of occurrence. The species was included in the third edition of the Red Data Book of Ukraine. The authors first discovered B. borreri in the swamp protected by the Chornolisky Landscape Reserve of National Importance (Kirovohrad Region, Ukraine).In the Maliovanka Regional Landscape Park (Khmelnytsky Region, Ukraine) this species was confirmed to inhabit Rusalchyne Lake and first found in three more lakes. In all cases B. borreri occurred in typical habitats: oligotrophic reservoirs with low pH. A list of locations and a map of the distribution of B. borreri in Ukraine has been compiled. Among 22 localities cited for this species five sites are currently dissappeared. Most of the B. borreri localities are situated in the Pripyat-Desna Algofloristic Subprovince and only two belong to the Middle Dnieper and Carpathian-Danube algofloristic subprovinces; this is due to ecological preferences of the species. It is important to note that 10 of the 17 still existing habitats of B. borreri are located within the objects of the Nature Preservation Fund of Ukraine, which is an important aspect of its conservation.

scholarly journals Productive longevity of white-and-black cows of different genotypes CSN3 and DGAT1

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 ◽  
pp. 00060
Author(s):  
Radik Shaidullin ◽  
Gazimzyan Sharafutdinov ◽  
Anastasia Moskvicheva ◽  
Rustam Ravilov ◽  
Ismagil Khakimov
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Mass Fraction ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Frequency Of Occurrence ◽  
Allelic Variants ◽  
Black And White ◽  
White Cattle ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Republic

The article studies the duration of use and life-long productivity black-motley breed cows with different allelic variants of the kappa-casein and diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase genes. The research consists the data study on cows dropped out the herd during 2012–2016 in the Dusym LLC of Atninsky District in the Republic of Tatarstan. The cows were previously genotyped for CSN3 and DGAT1. The herd of black-and-white cattle consisted the genotypes CSN3 AA and DGAT1 AK with a frequency of 60.9 and 53.5 % and less often CSN3 BB and DGAT1 KK – 4.0 and 6.3 %. Moreover, the frequency of occurrence of the desired B allele of the CSN3 gene was 0.22, and the K allele of DGAT1 was 0.33. Cows with the CSN3 AB genotype reliably surpass animals with the CSN3 AA genotype in the duration of use by 0.39 lactations (P <0.05), life-long milk yield by 2401 kg of milk (P <0.05), and the amount of milk fat by 90 kg (P <0.05), mass fraction of protein in milk – by 0.04 % (P <0.01), the amount of milk protein – by 83 kg (P <0.05). Animals with the DGAT1 KK genotype also have an excess over other groups of cows in terms of productive longevity, but the difference is significant only in fat milk (P <0.01–0.001).

scholarly journals Disequilibrium linkage (gametic disequilibrium) of structural genes in the bovine population

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 401-408
Author(s):  
V. S. Matyukov ◽  
V. G. Zainullin
Keyword(s):  
Western Europe ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Structural Genes ◽  
Gametic Disequilibrium ◽  
Repulsion Phase ◽  
Black And White ◽  
White Cattle ◽  
Initial Difference ◽  
Beta Lactoglobulin

In the population of Kholmogor cattle (n=824), gametic disequilibrium was studied for alleles of the polymorphic loci β-Lg (LGB), β-Cn (CSN2) and æ-Cn (CSN3). In purebred Kholmogor cattle, the β-casein polymorphism is determined by three alleles with the frequencies of CSN2А 1 – 0.368±0.0076, CSN2А 2 – 0.497±0.0078, CSN2B – 0.136±0.0056 and the frequencies of acasein of CSN3А – 0.689 ±0.0061, CSN3B – 0.311±0.0061, respectively. The beta-lactoglobulin polymorphism is controlled by two alleles LGBA and LGBB with a frequency of 0.237±0.0048 and 0.763±0.0048, respectively. In the population of breeding plants, the gametic disequilibrium was revealed according to the alleles of loci CSN2 and LGB; CSN2 and CSN3. The factor that caused the gametic disequilibrium was probably the initial difference between native Russian cattle and black-and-white cattle of Western Europe on the basis of which the Kholmogor breed gene pool was developed. The population showed an excess of haplotypes β-CnВæ-CnВ, β-CnВβ-LgВ (the "attraction" phase), apparently inherited mainly from native Russian cattle, and β-CnА 1æ-CnА, β-CnА 2β-LgА characteristic mainly for black-and-white cattle of Western Europe and a lack of β-CnВæ-CnА, β-CnВβ-LgА (the "repulsion" phase), probably due to the low frequency of these haplotypes in both initial breeds. The role of various factors in the occurrence and maintenance of gamete disequilibrium is discussed. It is suggested that for alleles of non-linked loci, longtime retention of gametic disequilibrium in population is most likely supported by selection

COMPARATIVE DESCRIPTION OF MILK PRODUCTIVITY OF COWS UKRAINIAN RED-AND-WHITE DAIRY CATTLE AND UKRAINIAN BLACK-AND-WHITE DAIRY CATTLE AND HOLSTEIN BREEDS IN SERF «OLEKSANDRIVSKE»

2016 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 6-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. V. Gladiy ◽  
G. S. Kovalenko ◽  
S. V. Priyma ◽  
G. A. Holyosa ◽  
A. V. Tuchyk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Holstein Cows ◽  
Milk Productivity ◽  
Black And White ◽  
The Third ◽  
Fat Yield ◽  
Selection Of

The main goal of dairy breeds selection should be improving breeding and productive qualities of animals under modern conditions. The majority of farms, using native breeds to produce milk, has created optimal conditions for keeping and feeding, selection and matching, growing of replacements etc. Further improvement of created native dairy breeds for economically useful traits occurs at total use of purebred Holstein bulls (semen) of foreign selection. In order to realistically assess milk productivity (milk yield, fat content in milk and fat yield) of Ukrainian Black-and-White and Red-and-White Dairy cows should be conducted a comparative analysis of Holstein cows under the same conditions of feeding and keeping. It was established that Ukrainian Red-and-White Dairy cows were characterized by the highest milk yields for 305 days of all lactations, taken into account, the among three investigated breeds. Their milk yield during the first lactation was 5933 kg of milk, during the second – 6393 kg, the third – 6391 kg and during higher lactation – 6650 kg. Ukrainian Black-and-White Dairy cows were second by milk yield (except for the second lactation), during the first lactation – 5932 kg of milk, the third – 6462 kg and higher – 6541 kg, and Holstein cows were third, during the first lactation – 5794 kg of milk, the second – 6381 kg, the third – 6335 kg and higher – 6469 kg. The fat content was almost the same and varied within 3.49-3.58% in milk of Ukrainian Red-and-White Dairy cattle, 3.50-3.60% in milk of Ukrainian Black-and-White Dairy cattle and 3.50-3.56% in Holsteins’ milk. The difference between the breeds was within 0.01-0.04%. All the investigated breeds had predominance in fat yield for three lactations over standards of these breeds: Ukrainian Red-and-White Dairy cows from 75.1 to 93.4 kg, Ukrainian Black-and-White Dairy cows – 75.1-89.0 kg respectively and Holstein cows – 41.9-60.2 kg. It was found different level of positive correlation between milk yield and fat yield in all the cases and high correlation (r = 0.604-0.921, P < 0.001) in five cases (41.7%) Negative correlation coefficients indicate that selection of animals to higher milk yield in the herd will decrease the second trait – fat content in milk. Positive and highly significant correlation between milk yield and fat yield indicates that selection of cows in the herd to higher milk yields will increase fat yield. It was revealed that bulls were among the factors impacted the milk productivity (milk yield, fat content, fat yield) of three investigated breeds. So, the force (η²x) of father’s impact on milk yield was15.4-47.9%, fat content – 22.0-43.4% and fat yield – 14.9-47.7% taking into account a lactation and a breed. The force of lines impact (η²x) was second; it was on milk yield 6.1-24.5%, fat content – 4.1-17.1 and fat yield – 5.8-23.5%. The force of breeds impact (η²x) was last; it was on milk yield 0.3-2.9%, fat content – 0.2-0.3% and fat yield – 0.6-2.7%. So, the comparative studies of milk productivity of Ukrainian Red-and-White and Black-and-White Dairy cattle with Holsteins indicate that under similar conditions of feeding and keeping, these native breeds can compete with Holstein cattle. The milk yield for 305 days of higher lactation was 6650 kg of milk in Ukrainian Red-and-White Dairy cows, 6541 kg in Ukrainian Black-and-White Dairy cows and 6469 kg in Holsteins. It was found the inverse correlation r = -0.025-0.316 between milk yield and fat content in milk in most cases. Selection and matching of animals in the herd should be carried out simultaneously on these traits. It was found positive repeatability of milk yields between the first and second, the third and higher lactations (rs = 0.036-0.741), indicating the reliability of forecasting increase in milk productivity during the next lactations in all herd. Bulls have the greatest impact (η²x) on milk productivity among the factors taken into account: milk yield – 15.4-47.9%, fat content in milk – 22.0-43.4% and fat yield – 14.9-47.7%.

The improvement of the type Karatomar of Black-and-White cattle breed under the conditions of Northern Kazakhstan

2020 ◽  
pp. 23-31
Author(s):  
L. Ovchinnikova ◽  
E. Babich
Keyword(s):  
Research Work ◽  
Cattle Breed ◽  
Reproductive Traits ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Development Indicators ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Breed Type ◽  
Northern Kazakhstan ◽  
White Breed ◽  
White Cattle

In the Republic of Kazakhstan over the past decade positive changes have been observed in increasing the number of farm animals, increasing their productivity, and increasing the gross production of milk, meat and other products. At the same time the development of dairy cattle breeding is mainly due to the breeding of Black-and-White, Red Steppe, Simmental breeds and their intra-breed types as well as imported from abroad Holstein breed. The purpose of the research was to analyze ways to improve the intra-breed type Karatomar of Black-and-White breed in Northern Kazakhstan. Research work has been carried out on breeding animals such as Karatomar type cattle of Black-and-White breed in LLP “Experimental farm Zarechnoe” in the Kostanay district in the Kostanay region. The dynamics of growth and development indicators, reproductive traits of heifers of a new intra-breed type Karatomar of Black-and-White cattle have been studied. A comprehensive assessment of their economically useful traits in the first lactation, determined by the resistance of animals to climatic and forage conditions, the efficiency of breeding of animals of different genotypes has been conducted. It has been found that the replacement heifers – daughters of American breeding sires inherited precocity and showed higher growth energy after 6 months of age and continued to grow rapidly until 18 months. The advantage in metabolism was in the daughters of Holstein sires of the American selection Orbit 4078, and the increased immune status of the organism in the daughters of the sire of the domestic selection Yamal 975 as the most adapted to the conditions of Northern Kazakhstan. The best ability to increasing the milk yield, stable lactation activity, high milk productivity, gross content of dry matter and nonfat milk solids have been characterized by the daughters of sires of the American selection Orbit 4078 and Lowrider 4129. Analysis of economic indicators of milk production has been shown that from cows – daughters of sires Orbit 4078 and Lowrider 4129 for 305 days of lactation received 15,8 and 15,2 % more milk of base fat, the expenditures of EFU per 1 kg of production was lower by 10,2 and 5,9 %. A higher level of profitability has been observed in the group of daughters of the sires Orbit 4078 – 35,5 % and Lowrider 4129 – 33,1 %, which was 8,5 and 10,8 % higher than in the group of daughters of the sire Yamal 975.

A statistical approach to pollutant emissions from combined sewer systems

1997 ◽  
Vol 36 (8-9) ◽  
pp. 95-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robin G. Veldkamp ◽  
Jan B. M. Wiggers
Keyword(s):  
Suspended Solids ◽  
Statistical Approach ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Pollutant Emissions ◽  
Frequency Of Occurrence ◽  
Single Event ◽  
Sewer Systems ◽  
Impervious Area ◽  
Combined Sewer ◽  
Kjeldahl Nitrogen

This research is based on CSO emissions from Dutch sewer systems. During the years 1982 to 1989 research was done on several sewer systems, all of them equiped with a single overflow weir. Pollutant emissions were calculated from the measurements, whereby each storm was considered as a single event. Extreme emissions have a detrimental, sometimes even desastrous effect on water quality. Such extreme emissions are the result of heavy storms, giving it a low frequency of occurrence. From the measurements a statistical model was developed enabling the user to forecast extreme waste emissions with a certain return period in a range of 2 to 10 years. Five pollutants are put in the model: BOD, COD, Kjeldahl nitrogen, total phosphate and suspended solids. The model operates with standardized emission values in kg per ha of impervious area. When the model is used in practice the runoff area to the specific overflow under consideration has to be known.

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