scholarly journals Transplantation of NTPDase2-positive Sorted M�ller Glial Cells into the Mouse Retina

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert M Hoek ◽  
Berend Hooibrink ◽  
Jan Wijnholds ◽  
Peter M Quinn
Keyword(s):  
Glial Cells ◽  
Mouse Retina

Glial cell fate specification modulated by the bHLH gene Hes5 in mouse retina

Development ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 127 (12) ◽  
pp. 2515-2522 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Hojo ◽  
T. Ohtsuka ◽  
N. Hashimoto ◽  
G. Gradwohl ◽  
F. Guillemot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glial Cell ◽  
Cell Fate ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Cell Number ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Mouse Retina ◽  
Cell Fate Specification ◽  
Bhlh Gene ◽  
Fate Specification

Neurons and glial cells differentiate from common precursors. Whereas the gene glial cells missing (gcm) determines the glial fate in Drosophila, current data about the expression patterns suggest that, in mammals, gcm homologues are unlikely to regulate gliogenesis. Here, we found that, in mouse retina, the bHLH gene Hes5 was specifically expressed by differentiating Muller glial cells and that misexpression of Hes5 with recombinant retrovirus significantly increased the population of glial cells at the expense of neurons. Conversely, Hes5-deficient retina showed 30–40% decrease of Muller glial cell number without affecting cell survival. These results indicate that Hes5 modulates glial cell fate specification in mouse retina.

scholarly journals HDAC2 Regulates Glial Cell Activation in Ischemic Mouse Retina

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (20) ◽  
pp. 5159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mi Sun Sung ◽  
Hwan Heo ◽  
Gwang Hyeon Eom ◽  
So Young Kim ◽  
Helong Piao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mouse Model ◽  
Histone Acetylation ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Histone Deacetylases ◽  
Cell Activation ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Trichostatin A ◽  
Ischemia Reperfusion ◽  
Glial Activation ◽  
Mouse Retina

The current study was undertaken to investigate whether histone deacetylases (HDACs) can modulate the viability of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and the activity of glial cells in a mouse model of retinal ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury. C57BL/6J mice were subjected to constant elevation of intraocular pressure for 60 min to induce retinal IR injury. Expression of macroglial and microglial cell markers (GFAP and Iba1), hypoxia inducing factor (HIF)-1α, and histone acetylation was analyzed after IR injury. To investigate the role of HDACs in the activation of glial cells, overexpression of HDAC1 and HDAC2 isoforms was performed. To determine the effect of HDAC inhibition on RGC survival, trichostatin-A (TSA, 2.5 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally. After IR injury, retinal GFAP, Iba1, and HIF-1α were upregulated. Conversely, retinal histone acetylation was downregulated. Notably, adenoviral-induced overexpression of HDAC2 enhanced glial activation following IR injury, whereas overexpression of HDAC1 did not significantly affect glial activation. TSA treatment significantly increased RGC survival after IR injury. Our results suggest that increased activity of HDAC2 is closely related to glial activation in a mouse model of retinal IR injury and inhibition of HDACs by TSA showed neuroprotective potential in retinas with IR injuries.

Retinal glucose metabolism in mice lacking the L-glutamate/aspartate transporter

2004 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 637-643 ◽  
Author(s):  
VIJAY P. SARTHY ◽  
V. JOSEPH DUDLEY ◽  
KOHICHI TANAKA
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Glucose Uptake ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Glutamate Transporter ◽  
Lactate Production ◽  
Müller Cells ◽  
Mouse Retina ◽  
Muller Cells ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Lactate Release

The conventional view that glucose is the substrate for neuronal energy metabolism has been recently challenged by the “lactate shuttle” hypothesis in which glutamate cycling in glial cells drives all neuronal glucose metabolism. According to this view, glutamate released by activated retinal neurons is transported into Müller (glial) cells where it triggers glycolysis. The lactate released by Müller cells serves as the energy substrate for neuronal metabolism. Because the L-Glutamate/aspartate transporter (GLAST) is the predominant, Na+-dependent, glutamate transporter expressed by Müller cells, we have used GLAST-knockout (GLAST−/−) mice to examine the relationship between lactate release and GLAST activity in the retina. We found that glucose uptake and lactate production by the GLAST−/− mouse retina was similar to that observed in the wild type mouse retina. Furthermore, addition of 1 mM glutamate and NH4Cl to the incubation medium did not further stimulate glucose uptake in either case. When lactate release was measured in the presence of the lactate uptake inhibitor, α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate, there was no significant change in the amount of lactate released by retinas from GLAST−/− mice compared to the wild type. Finally, lactate release was similar under both dark and light conditions. These results show that lactate production and release is not altered in retinas of GLAST−/− mice, which suggests that metabolic coupling between photoreceptors and Müller cells is not mediated by the glial glutamate transporter, GLAST.

scholarly journals BAC-Dkk3-EGFPTransgenic Mouse: AnIn VivoAnalytical Tool forDkk3Expression

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuki Muranishi ◽  
Takahisa Furukawa
Keyword(s):  
Transgenic Mice ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Wnt Signaling Pathway ◽  
Mouse Retina ◽  
Retinal Regeneration ◽  
Adult Retina ◽  
Müller Glial Cells ◽  
Mature Mouse ◽  
Precise Expression ◽  
Embryonic Retina

Dickkopf (DKK) family proteins are secreted modulators of the Wnt signaling pathway and are capable of regulating the development of many organs and tissues. We previously identifiedDkk3to be a molecule predominantly expressed in the mouse embryonic retina. However, which cell expressesDkk3in the developing and mature mouse retina remains to be elucidated. To examine the precise expression of theDkk3protein, we generatedBAC-Dkk3-EGFPtransgenic mice that express EGFP integrated into theDkk3gene in a BAC plasmid. Expression analysis using theBAC-Dkk3-EGFPtransgenic mice revealed thatDkk3is expressed in retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) at embryonic stages and in Müller glial cells in the adult retina. Since Müller glial cells may play a potential role in retinal regeneration,BAC-Dkk3-EGFPmice could be useful for retinal regeneration studies.

Neuron-glia relationship during the early postembryonic development of the nervous system in some oligochaetes

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 600-601
Author(s):  
Wiktor Djaczenko ◽  
Carmen Calenda Cimmino
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Early Period ◽  
Postembryonic Development ◽  
Ruthenium Red ◽  
The Body ◽  
Tubifex Tubifex ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Cell Processes ◽  
Cytoplasmic Processes

The simplicity of the developing nervous system of oligochaetes makes of it an excellent model for the study of the relationships between glia and neurons. In the present communication we describe the relationships between glia and neurons in the early periods of post-embryonic development in some species of oligochaetes.Tubifex tubifex (Mull. ) and Octolasium complanatum (Dugès) specimens starting from 0. 3 mm of body length were collected from laboratory cultures divided into three groups each group fixed separately by one of the following methods: (a) 4% glutaraldehyde and 1% acrolein fixation followed by osmium tetroxide, (b) TAPO technique, (c) ruthenium red method.Our observations concern the early period of the postembryonic development of the nervous system in oligochaetes. During this period neurons occupy fixed positions in the body the only observable change being the increase in volume of their perikaryons. Perikaryons of glial cells were located at some distance from neurons. Long cytoplasmic processes of glial cells tended to approach the neurons. The superimposed contours of glial cell processes designed from electron micrographs, taken at the same magnification, typical for five successive growth stages of the nervous system of Octolasium complanatum are shown in Fig. 1. Neuron is designed symbolically to facilitate the understanding of the kinetics of the growth process.

High-voltage electron microscopy of subretinal scar formation

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 486-487
Author(s):  
G.E. Korte ◽  
M. Marko ◽  
G. Hageman
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
Retinal Pigment Epithelium ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
High Voltage ◽  
Pigment Epithelium ◽  
Retinal Pigment ◽  
Sodium Iodate ◽  
High Voltage Electron Microscopy ◽  
Voltage Electron

Sodium iodate iv. damages the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) in rabbits. Where RPE does not regenerate (e.g., 1,2) Muller glial cells (MC) forma subretinal scar that replaces RPE. The MC response was studied by HVEM in 3D computer reconstructions of serial thick sections, made using the STEREC0N program (3), and the HVEM at the NYS Dept. of Health in Albany, NY. Tissue was processed for HVEM or immunofluorescence localization of a monoclonal antibody recognizing MG microvilli (4).

Ultrasturcture of cerebellar cells and neuropil in rats subjected to partial global cerebral ischemia

1986 ◽  
Vol 44 ◽  
pp. 126-127
Author(s):  
R.V.W. Dimlich ◽  
M.H. Biros
Keyword(s):  
Purkinje Cells ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Granule Cells ◽  
Molecular Layer ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Global Cerebral Ischemia ◽  
Forebrain Ischemia ◽  
Substantial Evidence ◽  
Cerebellar Cells

Although a previous study in this laboratory determined that Purkinje cells of the rat cerebellum did not appear to be damaged following 30 min of forebrain ischemia followed by 30 min of reperfusion, it was suggested that an increase in rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) and/or polysomes had occurred in these cells. The primary objective of the present study was to morphometrically determine whether or not this increase had occurred. In addition, since there is substantial evidence that glial cells may be affected by ischemia earlier than other cell types, glial cells also were examined. To ascertain possible effects on other cerebellar components, granule cells and neuropil near Purkinje cells as well as neuropil in the molecular layer also were evaluated in this investigation.

Extracellular filaments in the perineurium of the florida lobster, Panulirus argus

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 784-785
Author(s):  
Roy J. Baerwald ◽  
Lura C. Williamson
Keyword(s):  
Blood Brain Barrier ◽  
Glial Cells ◽  
Tannic Acid ◽  
Nerve Cord ◽  
Ventral Nerve Cord ◽  
Florida Keys ◽  
Panulirus Argus ◽  
Brain Barrier ◽  
Cacodylate Buffer ◽  
Nerve Cords

In arthropods the perineurium surrounds the neuropile, consists of modified glial cells, and is the morphological basis for the blood-brain barrier. The perineurium is surrounded by an acellular neural lamella, sometimes containing scattered collagen-like fibrils. This perineurial-neural lamellar complex is thought to occur ubiquitously throughout the arthropods. This report describes a SEM and TEM study of the sheath surrounding the ventral nerve cord of Panulirus argus.Juvenile P. argus were collected from the Florida Keys and maintained in marine aquaria. Nerve cords were fixed for TEM in Karnovsky's fixative and saturated tannic acid in 0.1 M Na-cacodylate buffer, pH = 7.4; post-fixed in 1.0% OsO4 in the same buffer; dehydrated through a graded series of ethanols; embedded in Epon-Araldite; and examined in a Philips 200 TEM. Nerve cords were fixed for SEM in a similar manner except that tannic acid was not used.

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