scholarly journals The third and fourth dimensions of landscape: Towards conceptual models of topographically complex landscapes

2010 ◽  
Vol 22 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucian Drăguţ ◽  
Ulrich Walz ◽  
Thomas Blaschke
Keyword(s):  
Landscape Ecology ◽  
Matrix Model ◽  
Landscape Metrics ◽  
Landscape Patterns ◽  
Fourth Dimension ◽  
Discrete Elements ◽  
Ecological Processes ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Scales ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Dimension

Relating spatial patterns to ecological processes is one of the central goals of landscape ecology. The patch-corridor-matrix model and landscape metrics have been the predominant approach to describe the spatial arrangement of discrete elements ("patches") for the last two decades. However, the widely used approach of using landscape metrics for characterizing categorical map patterns is connected with a number of problems. We aim at stimulating further developments in the field of the analysis of spatio-temporal landscape patterns by providing both a critical review of existing techniques and clarifying their pros and cons as well as demonstrating how to extent common approaches in landscape ecology (e.g. the patch-corridor-matrix model). The extension into the third dimension means adding information on the relief and height of vegetation, while the fourth dimension means the temporal, dynamic aspect of landscapes. The contribution is structured around three main topics: the third dimension of landscapes, the fourth dimension of landscapes, and spatial and temporal scales in landscape analysis. Based on the results of a symposium on this theme at the IALE conference in 2009 in Salzburg and a literature review we emphasize the need to add topographic information into evaluations of landscape structure, the appropriate consideration of scales; and to consider the ambiguity and even contradiction between landscape metrics.

Future options in landscape ecology: development and research

2009 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiuzhen Li ◽  
Ülo Mander
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Landscape Ecology ◽  
Global Climate Change ◽  
Landscape Metrics ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Anthropogenic Factors ◽  
Landscape Development ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Scales ◽  
Research Fields ◽  
Interdisciplinary Field

The aim of this brief overview is to highlight some new and promising research fields in landscape ecology, which is essentially an interdisciplinary field of study. We also analyse the development of some classical branches of landscape ecology regarding pattern and process relationships at broad spatial and temporal scales, such as landscape metrics, the influence of anthropogenic factors and global climate change on landscape development, the fragmentation of ecosystems and disturbances of populations, and material and energy cycling in and between ecosystems.

To link landscape pattern with soil erosion risk at watershed scale based on SPSM model in the loess hilly area

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liding Chen
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Matrix Model ◽  
Landscape Pattern ◽  
Pattern Analysis ◽  
Sustainable Land Use ◽  
Landscape Patterns ◽  
Landscape Index ◽  
Risk Area ◽  
Ecological Processes ◽  
Landscape Pattern Analysis

<p>Linking landscape patterns to specific ecological processes has been and will continue to be a key topic in landscape ecology. However, the traditional landscape pattern analysis by landscape metrics inspired by patch-matrix model (PMM) may be difficult to reach such a requirement, and thus landscape pattern analysis to denote the significance of ecological process is strongly hindered. To find conceptual and methodological innovations integrating ecological processes with landscape patterns is important. In this paper, we proposed a conceptual model, i.e., the source-pathway-sink model (SPSM) by defining the role of each landscape unit to a specific process before conducting landscape pattern analysis. The traditional landscape matrices derived from the patch-matrix model is visual- or geometrical-oriented but lack of linkage to ecological significance. The source-pathway-sink model is process-oriented, dynamic, and scale dependent. This model as a complementary to the patch-corridor-matrix model can provide a simple and dynamic perspective on landscape pattern analysis. Based on the SPSM model, a landscape index was developed in term of the process of soil erosion, and further testified by using on-site measurements. It was found the new landscape index based on SPSM is useful in evaluating the risk of soil erosion from landscape pattern at watershed. Finally, a case study was conducted in the loess hilly areas to define the risk area of soil erosion that will be useful for sustainable land use management and optimization in future.</p>

scholarly journals An Assessment of Leporid Research and Landscape Ecology Metrics in a European Landscape

2013 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelsey Gilcrease
Keyword(s):  
Landscape Ecology ◽  
Landscape Metrics ◽  
Vegetation Structure ◽  
Habitat Type ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
European Rabbit ◽  
European Hare ◽  
Ecological Processes ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
And Function

Abstract Leporids play a dynamic role in the ecosystem and assessments must be undertaken in order to improve research efforts and methods. Landscape ecology metrics are used to quantify components of leporid habitat such as vegetation structure, vegetation cover, habitat type, and fragmentation; however, the degree to which the metrics are utilized in leporid research is relatively unknown. This paper assessed fifty-three published, peer reviewed papers on leporids from various European countries on where the study was done, the species of leporid that was studied, the content of the study (i.e. what the paper focused on), the length of the study, the size of the study area, and the method of study. The quantified landscape metrics within these papers were assessed. This study found that most of the studies occurred in Spain, the European rabbit and European hare were the most studied leporids, many papers were concerned with habitat relationships, many of the studies were conducted in a year or less, many papers utilized pellet surveys and trapping, and the most common landscape metric utilized was habitat type. This survey of research on leporids highlights that there is a lack of utilizing landscape structure and function metrics such as slope, fragmentation, and edge effect. These are important variables to help connect structure and function of ecological processes in the context of leporid habitat and landscapes. It is recommended that leporid researchers and landscape planners exchange research findings so that the best planning practices can occur on the ground for the leporids

scholarly journals Suitable methods for landscape evaluation and valorization: the third dimension in landscape metrics

2012 ◽  
Vol 159 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresa Batista ◽  
Paula Mendes ◽  
Luisa Carvalho ◽  
Carlos Vila-Viçosa ◽  
Carlos Pinto Gomes
Keyword(s):  
Landscape Metrics ◽  
Landscape Evaluation ◽  
The Third ◽  
Third Dimension

scholarly journals Den umenneskeligt menneskelige ondskab - Seriemorderen som paradoksal grænsefigur

2018 ◽  
pp. 91-116
Author(s):  
Anders Dræby Sørensen
Keyword(s):  
Popular Culture ◽  
Forensic Psychiatry ◽  
Serial Killer ◽  
Fourth Dimension ◽  
The Third ◽  
Historical Condition ◽  
History Of ◽  
Cultural Order ◽  
New Type ◽  
Third Dimension

The article discusses the paradoxical role that the serial killer has taken in our present socio-cultural order as a limit figure which at once represents the villain and the hero. In a historical perspective the article examines why the serial killer has been given this role through 5 tracks: First, it is argued that the historical condition of the modern idea of the serial killer is a particular kind of historicalmythologizing of the serial murders. Then it is shown how the idea of serial killer is made widely known because a new type of criminal is introduced by the FBI as an internal enemy of the state. In the third dimension it is shown how this introduction is linked to the conceptualization of the serial killer in criminology and forensic science. The fourth dimension in the history of the idea of the serial killer is the story of how the serial killer is identified as a modern version of a monster by forensic psychiatry and popular culture and is associated with a revitalization of the concept of evil. In the final dimension the spread of the idea of the serial killer is connected to our existential dealing with ourselves.

scholarly journals NLMR and landscapetools: An integrated environment for simulating and modifying neutral landscape models in R

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Sciaini ◽  
Matthias Fritsch ◽  
Cédric Scherer ◽  
Craig Eric Simpkins
Keyword(s):  
Landscape Ecology ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Landscape Patterns ◽  
List Type ◽  
Ecological Processes ◽  
Agent Based ◽  
Neutral Landscape Models ◽  
Comprehensive Collection ◽  
Landscape Models ◽  
Integrated Environment

AbstractNeutral landscape models (NLMs) simulate landscape patterns based on theoretical distributions and can be used to systematically study the effect of landscape structure on ecological processes. NLMs are commonly used in landscape ecology to enhance the findings of field studies as well as in simulation studies to provide an underlying landscape. However, their creation so far has been limited to software that is platform dependent, does not allow a reproducible workflow or is not embedded in R, the prevailing programming language used by ecologists.Here, we present two complementary R packages NLMR and land-scapetools, that allow users to generate, manipulate and analyse NLMs in a single environment. They grant the simulation of the widest collection of NLMs found in any single piece of software thus far while allowing for easy manipulation in a self-contained and reproducible workflow. The combination of both packages should stimulate a wider usage of NLMs in landscape ecology. NLMR is a comprehensive collection of algorithms with which to simulate NLMs. landscapetools provides a utility toolbox which facilitates an easy workflow with simulated neutral landscapes and other raster data.We show two example applications that illustrate potential use cases for NLMR and landscapetools: First, an agent-based simulation study in which the effect of spatial structure on disease persistence was studied. Here, spatial heterogeneity resulted in more variable disease outcomes compared to the common well-mixed host assumption. The second example shows how increases in spatial scaling can introduce biases in calculated landscape metrics.Simplifying the workflow around handling NLMs should encourage an uptake in the usage of NLMs. NLMR and landscapetools are both generic frameworks that can be used in a variety of applications and are a further step to having a unified simulation environment in R for answering spatial research questions.

scholarly journals Geometric approaches to computing 3D-landscape metrics

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mihai Sorin Stupariu ◽  
Ileana Georgeta Pàtru-Stupariu ◽  
Roxana Cuculici
Keyword(s):  
Landscape Metrics ◽  
Triangle Mesh ◽  
Ecological Processes ◽  
Digital Elevation ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Third Dimension ◽  
Elevation Model ◽  
Patterns And Processes ◽  
Modern Landscape ◽  
The Relationship

The relationships between patterns and processes lie at the core of modern landscape ecology. These dependences can be quantified by using indices related to the patch-corridor-matrix model. This model conceptualizes landscapes as planar mosaics consisting of discrete patches. On the other hand, relief variability is a key factor for many ecological processes, and therefore these processes can be better modeled by integrating information concerning the third dimension of landscapes. This can be done by generating a triangle mesh which approximates the original terrain. The aim of this methodological paper is to introduce two new constructions of triangulations which replace a digital elevation model. These approximation methods are compared with the method which was already used in the computation of 3D-landscape metrics (firstly for parameterized surfaces and secondly for two landscape mosaics). The statistical analysis shows that all three methods are of almost equal sensitivity in reflecting the relationship between terrain ruggedness and the patches areas and perimeters. In particular, either of the methods can be used for approximating the real values of these basic metrics. However, the two methods introduced in this paper have the advantage of yielding continuous approximations of the terrain, and this fact could be useful for further developments.

scholarly journals A ECOLOGIA DE PEIXES DE RIACHO SOB A PERSPECTIVA DA ECOLOGIA DE PAISAGENS

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (02) ◽  
pp. 475-493
Author(s):  
Gabriel Lourenço Brejão ◽  
◽  
Cecília Gontijo Leal ◽  
Pedro Gerhard ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Landscape Ecology ◽  
Spatial Organization ◽  
Human Impacts ◽  
Anthropogenic Impacts ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Theoretical Development ◽  
Temporal Scales ◽  
Ecological Processes ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Scales

Landscape ecology emphasizes the interaction between spatial patterns and ecological processes, i.e., the consequences of spatial heterogeneity across various scales. It is an interdisciplinary science that seeks to understand the relationships between ecological patterns and processes considering different spatial and temporal scales. This understanding has been supported by the rapid development of a methodological framework, largely based on Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Thus, it has allowed understanding how ecological processes are affected by anthropogenic activities that trigger profound changes in ecosystems, such as habitat loss and fragmentation. Although commonly applied to studies in terrestrial ecosystems, there is a time lag in both theoretical development and methodological adaptation of landscape ecology applied to studies in streams, especially in Brazil. Methodological adaptations are necessary considering the particularities of aquatic environments in relation to terrestrial ones. For example, streams have a hierarchical spatial organization that results in local conditions dependent on the regional context. In fact, streams are connected to the landscape in which they are inserted through multiple spatial and temporal scales. This hydrologic connectivity, and the low ratio/proportion of aquatic/terrestrial areas, in turn results in anthropogenic impacts accumulating along the hydrographic networks. Considering the above, the objectives of this chapter are: (1) Introduce the general concepts of landscape ecology; (2) Present the main methods of spatial data acquisition and management relevant to stream approaches; (3) Describe the spatial and temporal scales relevant to stream ecology and (4) Discuss the potential of landscape ecology to assess human impacts on streams. Landscape ecology has much to offer to the study of stream fish in Brazil and has shown to be a promising approach for advancing this frontier of knowledge.

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