scholarly journals Review of Wastewater Reuse in the Mediterranean Countries, Focusing on Regulations and Policies for Municipal and Industrial Applications

2013 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 333-350 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Mediterranean Region ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Specific Treatment ◽  
Industrial Applications ◽  
Reclaimed Wastewater ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Mediterranean Countries ◽  
The Mediterranean

The present paper reviews the wastewater reuse regulations, practices and applications of countries around the Mediterranean Region, particularly focusing on reuse practices for municipal and industrial uses. Water scarcity and water need is established in Mediterranean countries using international indexes for a cross-border comparison of water availability specifically for fresh water supply for municipal and industrial applications. Wastewater reuse criteria based on necessary, application specific, treatment output quality are presented. Data for each individual country is reviewed, and the regulations governing each country around reuse and applications are summarized, focusing, when appropriate, on the production and use of reclaimed wastewater for municipal and industrial applications. Also a critical overview of the guidelines and regulations governing these countries is presented. After considering multiple parameters associated with adoption of municipal and industrial wastewater reuse, such as water supply and scarcity, country and regional parameters, as well as possible applications, we note that adoption is accelerated in countries that have stronger economies and higher water needs. This development is fueled by favorable guidelines and regulations; conversely it is hindered by prohibitive guidelines and regulations. Wastewater reuse for municipal and industrial applications so far remains a whimsical game of culture, perception, religion, available technology and politics. An increasing trend in wastewater treatment plant construction and planning is seen in almost all the countries of the Mediterranean region. In addition, reuse water standards are in the process of being developed in a way that will clearly take into account the local conditions while reasonably safeguarding the public health. Wastewater reuse for municipal and industrial applications in Mediterranean countries remains at the beginning stages of adoption and the potential for improvement is open.

Necessity and basis for establishment of European guidelines for reclaimed wastewater in the Mediterranean region

1996 ◽  
Vol 33 (10-11) ◽  
pp. 303-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Helena F. Marecos do Monte ◽  
Andreas N. Angelakis ◽  
Takashi Asano
Keyword(s):  
Water Conservation ◽  
Mediterranean Region ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Reclaimed Wastewater ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Institutional Management ◽  
European Guidelines ◽  
Mediterranean Countries ◽  
The Mediterranean ◽  
Sound Policy

The use of reclaimed wastewater for irrigation contributes to water conservation and, therefore, is an important component of a sound policy for water resources management in the Mediterranean region. With the exception of France and Germany, European Mediterranean countries have not established guidelines for the use of reclaimed wastewater for irrigation. The existence of such guidelines means an important step in the planning and implementation of safe use of reclaimed wastewater for irrigation, because it contributes to a sustainable development of landscape and agricultural irrigation. Guidelines for reclaimed wastewater use for irrigation must clearly define what is allowed and what is forbidden to execute. This can be defined in great detail or in a broad manner, but must take into account some important specific local conditions, such as the quality of reclaimed wastewater, soil, climate, relevant crops and agricultural practices. Consequently, experimentation means a key-support to establishing guidelines. The experience from a research project with different type of reclaimed wastewater, crops and irrigation methods carried out for several years in the climatic Mediterranean region of Portugal brings some contribution to the technical content of possible European guidelines. Other aspects to be included in the proposed guidelines, such as monitoring and institutional management are also presented.

scholarly journals A survey of attitudes and acceptance of wastewater reuse in Iran: Shiraz City as a case study

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 511-519 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Ali Baghapour ◽  
Mohammad Reza Shooshtarian ◽  
Babak Djahed
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Treated Wastewater ◽  
Reclaimed Wastewater ◽  
Wastewater Treatment Process ◽  
Skin Contact ◽  
Willingness To Use

People's attitudes are a key issue in the use of reclaimed wastewater. Unfortunately, there is not enough research on the use of reclaimed wastewater in developing countries such as Iran. The present study aimed to investigate public acceptance and citizens' attitudes toward reclaimed wastewater in Shiraz, Iran. A two-part questionnaire, designed to collect demographic data and information about people's willingness to reuse wastewater, was distributed among 562 citizens of Shiraz. The results showed that most respondents knew nothing about the chemical quality (67.4%) or microbiological quality (81.5%) of the wastewater treatment plant effluent. The maximum acceptance of treated wastewater use was related to public consumption (87%), car washing (85%) and flush tank (80%), respectively. The minimum acceptance was related to cooking and drinking (8%). Also, a significant correlation was observed between citizens' willingness to use reclaimed wastewater and variables such as level of education, gender, awareness of wastewater treatment process and awareness of quality of reclaimed wastewater. Shiraz citizens, like other people in the world, were less willing to use reclaimed wastewater for cooking, drinking, laundry and bathing, but their willingness was obviously greater in applications with less skin contact.

Reclaimed wastewater quality enhancement by oxygen injection during transportation

2011 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 641-648 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. E. Rodríguez-Gómez ◽  
M. Álvarez ◽  
J. Rodríguez-Sevilla ◽  
M. C. Marrero ◽  
A. Hernández
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Water Reuse ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Organic Matter Content ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Matter Content ◽  
Injection System ◽  
Nitrite Accumulation ◽  
Reclaimed Wastewater ◽  
Oxygen Injection

In-sewer treatments have been studied in sewer systems, but few have been carried out on reclaimed wastewater systems. A study of oxygen injection has been performed in a completely filled gravity pipe, 0.6 m in diameter and 62 km long, in cast iron with concrete inside coating, which is part of the reclaimed wastewater reuse scheme of Tenerife (Spain). A high pressure oxygen injection system was installed at 16.0 km from pipe inlet and a constant dosage of 30 mg/L O2 has been injected during six months, under three different operational modes (low COD, 63 mg/L; high COD, 91 mg/L; and partially nitrified water). Oxygen has been consumed in nitrification and organic matter reduction. Generally, nitrification is clearly favored instead of the organic matter oxidation. Nitrification occurs, in general, with nitrite accumulation due to the presence of free ammonia above 1 mg/L. Denitrification is in all cases incomplete due to a limitation of easily biodegradable organic matter content, inhibiting the appearance of anaerobic conditions and sulfide generation. A notable reduction of organic matter parameters is achieved (TSS below 10 mg/L), which is significantly higher than that observed under the ordinary transport conditions without oxygen. This leads to a final cost reduction, and the oxygen injection system helps water reuse managers to maintain a final good water quality in the case of a treatment plant malfunction.

Pilot plant for reclaimed wastewater reuse in nurseries

2000 ◽  
Vol 42 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 221-226 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Gori ◽  
C. Lubello
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Plant ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Growth Parameters ◽  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Plant Production ◽  
Well Water ◽  
Reclaimed Wastewater ◽  
Wwtp Effluent

In this paper, after a brief introduction on irrigation wastewater reuse, we take a closer look at Pistoia, the most important nursery area in Italy, which specializes in production of woody ornamental plants. Groundwater resources are used for irrigation in competition with urban use, causing serious shortage problems in summer. Treated municipal wastewater can be a good alternative source of water and fertilizer nutrients for ornamental plant production. During 1998, we carried out an experiment along with local corporate bodies to evaluate the effects of Pistoia's wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent irrigation of the (Pistoia) area – compared with traditional well water irrigation – on three container-grown species, each of them characterized by different growth habits. Plants irrigated with the effluent, treated with UV irradiation in a disinfection pilot plant, showed better physiological and growth parameters than those irrigated with traditional well water.

Wastewater reclamation and reuse in Europe: a model-based potential estimation

2005 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Hochstrat ◽  
T. Wintgens ◽  
T. Melin ◽  
P. Jeffrey
Keyword(s):  
Water Availability ◽  
Mediterranean Region ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation ◽  
Reclaimed Wastewater ◽  
Future Projection ◽  
Treated Effluent ◽  
Wastewater Reclamation And Reuse

The basic aim of this paper is to present an approach to quantitatively assess the potential of municipal wastewater reclamation and reuse in a European context. The model developed is based on the analysis and interrelation of water management data like water availability, water demand and treated effluent. In conjunction with information about the current status of wastewater reuse simple key figures are deduced, which allow future projection of wastewater reclamation and reuse. The simulation points out that there is a significant potential for an increased utilisation of reclaimed wastewater in many European countries, specifically in the Mediterranean region driven by different factors like increased wastewater treatment capacity and higher demand for irrigation and groundwater recharge.

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