scholarly journals Toxicity reduction in leather tanning wastewater by improved coagulation flocculation process

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-158

The wastewater of leather industry which is one of the most widespread industries having large amount of water consumption and very high pollution loads, may be characterized by several key parameters including toxic pollutants exhibiting toxicity. Therefore the effluent of leather tanning industry must be handled carefully during both treatment plant design and operation. The aim of this study was to improve the coagulation process for toxicity reduction of raw wastewater taken from a leather tanning district central treatment plant (Solofra, (Avellino, Southern Italy). A series of jar test experiments on three samples taken between February and July 2005, were performed using ferric chloride, ferrous chloride, aluminium sulphate and polyaluminium ferric chloride (PAFC). The optimum coagulation conditions for the first sample were determined as 8.5 pH and 900 mg l-1 dose of PAFC with the addition of Ca(OH)2 which resulted in a 76% COD and 98% TSS removal and more than 50% of D. magna immobilization (at 50% dilution) reduction. Coagulation experiments performed on second and third samples showed that PAFC resulted in the highest COD removal among the coagulants tested The results that PAFC, recently developed coagulant, is the most promising one for leather tanning wastewater, thus, improved coagulation followed by biological treatment can result in safe effluent to aquatic environment.

Author(s):  
Gilberto Jesús Colina Andrade ◽  
Sedolfo Carrasquero ◽  
Amelia Segovia ◽  
Gabriela Zambrano ◽  
Altamira Díaz

  Los efluentes industriales ocasionan graves impactos ambientales, su adecuado tratamiento y su posterior reutilización contribuye a un consumo sostenible del agua. En esta investigación se evaluó la efectividad de la bentonita (BT) como clarificante y se comparó con los coagulantes químicos tradicionales: sulfato de aluminio (SA) y cloruro férrico (CF) durante el tratamiento de los efluentes de un complejo industrial alimentario. Este estudio se llevó a cabo utilizando aguas residuales provenientes de industrias manufactureras de harina de trigo y pastas localizada en San Francisco, Venezuela. La caracterización del efluente se realizó mediante la medición de los parámetros: demanda bioquímica de oxígeno, demanda química de oxígeno, alcalinidad total, sólidos totales, sólidos suspendidos totales, sólidos sedimentables, color real, pH y turbidez. Los tratamientos se ejecutaron a través de corridas exploratorias con dosis que oscilaron entre 0 y 400 mg/L. El experimento se condujo con un diseño que toma muestras al azar y aplica tres tratamientos (SA, CF y BT), usando el equipo de la prueba de jarra, para reproducir las condiciones de una planta de tratamiento. Las dosis óptimas que permitieron obtener porcentajes de remoción de 98, 90 y 98% para el color y 92, 93 y 97% para la turbidez, fueron 260, 200 y 40 mg/L para el SA, CF y BT, respectivamente. Existieron diferencias significativas entre los tratamientos realizados, siendo la bentonita dosificada en húmedo la que arrojó las mayores remociones y generó un efluente que cumplió con la normativa venezolana vigente para descargas en cuerpos de agua.   Palabra clave: tratamiento fisicoquímico, aguas residuales industriales, bentonita, cloruro férrico, sulfato de aluminio.   Abstract Industrial effluents cause serious environmental impacts, proper treatment and subsequent reuse for multiple uses contributes to sustainable water consumption, which is why it is necessary to apply treatments to improve the conditions of the effluent. The effectiveness of bentonite (BT) as a clarifying agent was evaluated and compared with chemical coagulants: aluminum sulfate (AS) and ferric chloride (FC) by a physicochemical treatment of coagulation-flocculation in effluents of a food industrial complex. This study was carried out using wastewater from a manufacturing industrial complex of wheat flour and pastas. Wastewater characterization was performed by measuring the parameters: biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5,20), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total alkalinity, total solids (TS), total suspended solids (TSS), settleable solids (SS), true colour, pH and turbidity. The treatments were carried out by conducting exploratory runs with doses of coagulants ranging between 0 and 300 mg/L. The experiment was conducted by using a completely randomized design with a total of three treatments (SA, CF y BT) and the jar test equipment, which reproduces the treatment plant conditions. Optimal doses obtained for the clarifying agents were 260, 200, and 40 mg/L, for a removal of 98, 90, and 98% for colour and 92, 93, and 97% for turbidity, respectively. There were significant differences between the treatments performed, being the wet bentonite the one that produced the highest elimination percentages. The effluent quality obtained from the treatments fulfilled the Venezuelan standards for discharge in water bodies.   Keywords: physicochemical treatment, coagulation, industrial wastewater, effluent, bentonite, ferric chloride, aluminum sulfate.  


2009 ◽  
Vol 36 (7) ◽  
pp. 1272-1283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel Citulski ◽  
Khosrow Farahbakhsh ◽  
Fraser Kent

In-line addition of alum and ferric chloride was conducted at a hollow-fibre immersed ultrafiltration (UF) membrane pilot plant, using secondary effluent from a municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) as the feed. The objective of such pretreatment was to remove phosphorus from the feed from an initial concentration of approximately 5 mg/L to below 0.3 mg/L. The simplified in-line coagulant addition process involved hydraulic mixing of the coagulant into the feed and subsequent flocculation, and a greatly reduced (12–14 min) flocculation time relative to conventional coagulation-flocculation-settling treatment. Both alum and ferric chloride effectively removed phosphorus to below the 0.3 mg/L threshold when applied as a pretreatment at optimized doses, both of which were below the WWTP’s current coagulant dose (as ferrous chloride). This simplified pre-treatment scheme provided consistent enhanced removal of phosphorus and organic compounds. These results suggest that simplified in-line coagulant addition in advance of immersed UF membranes enhances the ability to produce treated effluent suitable for water-reuse applications.


2003 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Coulton ◽  
Chris Bullen ◽  
John Dolan ◽  
Clive Hallett ◽  
Jim Wright ◽  
...  

2017 ◽  
Vol 120 (3) ◽  
pp. 303-322
Author(s):  
D. Pienaar ◽  
B.M. Guy ◽  
C. Pienaar ◽  
K.S. Viljoen

Abstract Mineralogical and textural variability of ores from different sources commonly leads to processing inefficiencies, particularly when a processing plant is designed to treat ore from a single source (i.e. ore of a relatively uniform composition). The bulk of the Witwatersrand ore in the Klerksdorp goldfield, processed at the AngloGold Ashanti Great Noligwa treatment plant, is derived from the Vaal Reef (>90%), with a comparatively small contribution obtained from the Crystalkop Reef (or C-Reef). Despite the uneven contribution, it is of critical importance to ensure that the processing parameters are optimized for the treatment of both the Vaal and C-Reefs. This paper serves to document the results of a geometallurgical study of the C-Reef at the Great Noligwa gold mine in the Klerksdorp goldfield of South Africa, with the primary aim of assessing the suitability of the processing parameters that are in use at the Great Noligwa plant. The paper also draws comparisons between the C-Reef and the Vaal Reef A-facies (Vaal Reef) and attempts to explain minor differences in the recovery of gold and uranium from these two sources. Three samples of the C-Reef were collected in-situ from the underground operations at Great Noligwa mine for mineralogical analyses and metallurgical tests. Laboratory-scale leach tests for gold (cyanide) and uranium (sulphuric acid) were carried out using dissolution conditions similar to that in use at the Great Noligwa plant, followed by further diagnostic leaching in the case of gold. The gold in the ore was found to be readily leachable with recoveries ranging from 95% to 97% (as opposed to 89% to 93% for the Vaal Reef). Additional recoveries were achieved in the presence of excess cyanide (96% to 98%). The recovery of uranium varied between 72% and 76% (as opposed to 30% to 64% for the Vaal Reef), which is substantially higher than predicted, given the amount of brannerite in the ore, which is generally regarded as refractory. Thus, the higher uranium recoveries from the C-Reef imply that a proportion of the uranium was recovered by the partial dissolution of brannerite. As the Vaal Reef contain high amounts of chlorite (3% to 8%), which is an important acid consumer, it is considered likely that this could have reduced the effectiveness of the H2SO4 leach in the case of the ore of the Vaal Reef. Since the gold and uranium recoveries from the C-Reef were higher than the recoveries from the Vaal Reef, the results demonstrate that the processing parameters used for treatment of the Vaal Reef are equally suited to the treatment of the C-Reef. Moreover, small processing modifications, such as increased milling and leach retention times, may well increase the recovery of gold (particularly when e.g. coarse gold, or unexposed gold, is present).


1987 ◽  
Vol 113 (3) ◽  
pp. 567-584 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark R. Wiesner ◽  
Charles R. O'Melia ◽  
Jared L. Cohon

1978 ◽  
Vol 104 (2) ◽  
pp. 289-303
Author(s):  
James C. Young ◽  
John L. Cleasby ◽  
E. Robert Baumann

1999 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 237-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Tünay ◽  
I. Kabdaşlı ◽  
D. Orhon ◽  
G. Cansever

Minimization of water use and reuse applications within industry has recently gained importance within the context of water conservation efforts. The leather tanning industry is one of the subject industries due to large amount of water to be disposed of together with a high pollution load. The leather tanning industry has a complex structure in terms of materials, processes and manufacturing practices. Therefore a systematic approach is required to assess water use practice. In this study, bovine leather processing was taken as an example. An extensive study was conducted as on-site evaluations and questionnaires in the İstanbul Organized Leather Tanning District to assess water use practices, patterns and minimization trends. Results of the study were discussed and important aspects of water minimization practices have been pointed out.


2008 ◽  
Vol 57 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Sani ◽  
E. Basile ◽  
C. Lubello ◽  
L. Rossi

A new Magnetic Ion EXchange resin for DOC (Dissolved Organic Carbon) removal (MIEX®DOC Resin) has been evaluated as water pre-treatment at the Drinking Water Treatment Plant (DWTP) of Florence in order to reduce the oxidant demand and disinfection by-products (DBPs) formation potential. This pre-treatment leads to several effects on downstream treatment processes. In this experimental study the effects of MIEX® pre-treatment on clariflocculation process were evaluated with respect to coagulant demand reduction and characteristics of flocs formed. The analysis was conducted using traditional jar test procedures and a Photometric Dispersion Analyser (PDA2000) which provided continuous information about the aggregation state of particles during the jar tests. For a fixed turbidity goal in clarified water, ion exchange pre-treatment led to coagulant dosage reduction up to 60% and PDA results shown that flocs formed in pre-treated water were bigger and more resistant to shearing effects than those formed by conventional clariflocculation.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 30
Author(s):  
Nadhila Aulia Dwiputri ◽  
Mia Azizah ◽  
Nurlela Nurlela

The water of the Ciliwung river used as raw water for PDAM Depok contains iron and manganese, which levels were quite high and exceeded the quality standard. The purposes of the research are to determine the effectiveness of caporite to reduce levels of iron and manganese to reach levels that meet the standards of Government Regulation Number 82 of 2001. The sample used in this study was the water of the Ciliwung river used as a source of raw water for PDAM Depok with two different water treatment plant (WTP) locations, location 1 in Legong WTP and location 2 in Citayam WTP. Raw water was taken using a submersible water pump located at the bottom of the Ciliwung river. The analytical method used as a reference for determining iron levels was based on the FerroZine Rapid Liquid Method 1970, and for manganese levels was based on 1- (2-Pyridylazo) -2-Naphthol PAN Method 1977, both methods using the Spectrophotometric method. The results showed that iron and manganese levels were quite high, exceeding the standards of Government Regulation No.82 of 2001 with a maximum standard of iron content is 0.3 mg/L, and a maximum standard of manganese level is 0.1 mg/L. After adding a certain dose of chlorine to Ciliwung river water in the Legong and Citayam WTPs, it was found that chlorine effectively reduced Fe and Mn levels because it was able to reduce levels up to 80% and meet the quality standards.Keywords: Caporite, Iron, Manganese, Ciliwung River, RegulationABSTRAKEfektivitas kaporit untuk menurunkan kadar besi dan mangan dalam air sungai Ciliwung sebagai air baku PDAMAir sungai Ciliwung yang digunakan sebagai air baku PDAM Depok terdapat zat besi dan mangan dengan kadarnya cukup tinggi serta melebihi ambang baku mutu. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui efektivitas kaporit dalam menurunkan kadar besi dan mangan sehingga memenuhi standar baku mutu Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 82 Tahun 2001 untuk kelas 1. Sampel air yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini diambil dari 2 titik lokasi Instalasi Pengolahan Air (IPA) yang berbeda, yaitu  dari IPA Legong dan  IPA Citayam. Sampel air baku diambil dengan menggunakan pompa air submersible (pompa celup) yang berada di dasar sungai Ciliwung. Penelitian dilakukan dengan eksperimen jar test di laboratorium. Metode analisis untuk menentukan kadar besi  mengacu pada FerroZine Rapid Liquid Method tahun 1970 dan mangan berdasarkan 1-(2-Pyridylazo)-2-Napthol PAN Method tahun 1977 dengan menggunakan metode Spektrofotometri. Hasil penelitian menunjukan kadar besi dan mangan yang cukup tinggi hingga melebihi standar yang telah ditetapkan dalam PP No.82 Tahun 2001 dengan kadar Fe maksimal 0,3 mg/L dan kadar Mn maksimal 0,1 mg/L. Setelah dilakukan penambahan bahan kimia kaporit ke dalam sampel air sungai Ciliwung  dari  IPA Legong dan Citayam, dengan dosis 10 mg/L untuk penurunan Fe dan 30 mg/L untuk penurunan Mn dapat efektif menurunkan konsentrasi Fe dan Mn  hingga 80%, dan memenuhi  standar baku mutu yang digunakan.Kata Kunci: Kaporit, Besi, Mangan, Sungai Ciliwung, Baku Mutu


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