scholarly journals The cisterns of the Bisti promontory at Hermione. With a preliminary description of the Roman aqueduct

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 135-155
Author(s):  
Patrik Klingborg
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Water Supply System ◽  
Urban Fabric ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
The City ◽  
Preliminary Description ◽  
Empirical Material

This article reports the findings of the fieldwork exploring the cisterns at the Bisti promontory of Hermione, executed as part of a collaboration between the Ephorate of Antiquities of the Argolid and the Swedish Institute at Athens. In order to better understand the function of the cisterns within the water supply system, the article begins by presenting an overview of existing water resources in the area, primarily the naturally occurring sources and the city’s 2nd-century AD Roman aqueduct. Following this the study describes the remains of the 14 potential cisterns on the Bisti. Based on the empirical material the similarities and contrasts between these are explored, as well as what they can tell us about the history and life in ancient Hermione. In particular, the article suggests that the presence of the cisterns contributes to our understanding of the urban fabric of the city, and reveals important information about when the city was moved from the Bisti to the nearby Pron Hill.

DETERMINATION OF ARSENIC, CADMIUM, LEAD, COOPER AND ZINC IN DRINKING WATER FROM R. MACEDONIA

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 1259-1264
Author(s):  
Kiril Lisichkov ◽  
Katerina Atkovska ◽  
Neven Trajchevski ◽  
Orce Popovski ◽  
Nadica Todorovska
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Atomic Absorption ◽  
Absorption Spectroscopy ◽  
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Water Supply System ◽  
Bottled Water ◽  
Cadmium Lead ◽  
The City

The presence of some chemical compounds at higher levels than maximum permissible concentrations (MPC) in the drinking water, suggests of water resources pollution. In this paper the following elements were analyzed: total arsenic, cadmium, lead, cooper and zinc. Twelve samples of water from the water supply system from the city of Skopje were examined during one year from three different springs. Also, ten samples of bottled water from three producers from the Macedonian market were tested.The determined average mass concentrations of total As, Cd(II), Pb(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) in the analyzed water samples from the water supply system are 1.35 μg/l, 0.06 μg/l, 0.6 μg/l, 0.9 μg/l and 1,12 μg/l, respectively, and for the tested bottled water, the mean values ranges from 0.56 - 0.83 μg total As / l, 0.053 - 0.056 μg Cd(II)/l, 0.51 - 0.54 μg Pb(II)/l , 0.6 - 0.87 μg Cu(II)/l and 0.68 - 0.8 μg Zn(II)/l water.The following instrumental analytical methods and techniques were used for the analysis of the tested samples of drinking water: flame atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), atomic absorption spectroscopy with hydride cеll, electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy.The obtained results are shown in tables and graphic form. According to the obtained results a comparative analysis was carried out indicate that it is a water of good quality that can be used in different branches of the process industry.The obtained results in this paper do not exceed the values of the MPC of the Republic of Macedonia prescribed by the legal regulations for the drinking water, which confirm the health safety of the drinking water from the water supply system in the city of Skopje and the packed waters from the Macedonian market in relation to the tested elements.

Architect Sinan's Kırkçeşme water supply system outside the city of Istanbul and city network

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 626-637
Author(s):  
Ali Uyumaz ◽  
İsmail Dabanlı
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Water System ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Water Supply System ◽  
The Other ◽  
Supply Line ◽  
Byzantine Period ◽  
City Network ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The City

The city of Istanbul has important water system remnants from old civilizations among which water line systems begun with Byzantine period and continued during Ottoman era, including Kırkçeşme water supply system. The original gallery structure within the Kırkçeşme system has been altered with time at some places as a result of necessary planning activities, restoration and repair works. All these activities helped to keep almost the system originality. Since its first opening in 1564, its discharge increased steadily as a result of additional drainage feeding line connections to the main gallery. However, through time only a couple of the 570 additional lines have remained in operation. Although other similar establishments have perished in time without leaving even traces, the Kırkçeşme system is its vivid and harmonious appearance in front of eyes even today. Four dams were constructed at the most convenient locations along the water supply lines from 1620 to 1818. The water from the streams was collected during the rainy season and discharged to the city at times of need with increasing capacity. In general, the Kırkçeşme system has two branches: one extends towards the east, which seemed to have more water, due to its feedback from the Kirazlı, Topuz and Paşa tributaries of the Kağıthane stream; the other branch is westwards which is fed by the Ayvad Deresi, Orta Dere and Bakraç Dere tributaries of the Kağıthane stream. All the water are brought together at Başhavuz (main pool) south of Kemerburgaz, where they collectively enter the main supply line crossing the Alibey Stream over the Mağlova Aqueduct, and then joining a branch from the Cebeciköy Stream and finally flow in towards the south. In a historical document called Tezkiret'ül Bünyan, (The Book of Structures) the author states that Sinan pledged to the Sultan about the existence of some old waterways. However, the Roman waterway still remains in the vicinity of Cebeciköy, which is located at a higher elevation than the Kırkçeşme water supply line but ran parallel to it. The water supply system should have integrated perspective for operation and maintenances. On the other hand, standing structures give to humanity the impression that the stability and design carry not only water, but also valuable cultural heritage. Moreover, they connect many civilizations with each other and also past as well as future.

Protection and performance of the ancestral water supply system ‘Khettara’ as a sustainable alternative for arid regions

2013 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1452-1462 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Benqlilou ◽  
S. Bensaid
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Unified Modeling Language ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Water Supply System ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Diagnostic Study ◽  
The South ◽  
Cultural Aspects ◽  
Semi Arid Region

Located in a semi-arid region in the south and east of the country, the Moroccan oases are characterized by severe aridity and scarcity of water resources. However, the ancestral populations have shown a major form of adaptation to aridity constraints through the development of knowledge and heuristic expertise on a traditional water supply system called ‘Khettara’. Currently, the effects of climate change on the one hand and the deep social, cultural and economic transformations on the other, have caused the productivity of traditional agriculture to no longer match population needs with progressive vanishing of Khettara as its consequence. A diagnostic study of the situation of oases conducted in the south of Morocco makes it possible to address the socio-economic, environmental and cultural aspects by developing and using a specific methodology to assess fragile ecosystems (DPSIR: Driving Force-Pressure-State-Impact-Response). The main aim of the present work is to provide a methodology allowing the formulation of the required knowledge for the mobilization of traditional water resources techniques such as Khettaras, in order to maintain the national heritage of oases. The modeling formalism of UML (Unified Modeling Language) is borrowed from information technology for the purpose of standardization. The developed methodology enhances these traditional water supply systems by combining traditional and modern techniques to increase their performance in terms of reduced maintenance costs and increased productivity. The developed methodology has been applied to a real case characterized by extreme aridity.

scholarly journals Emergency Water Supply of Rzeszow / Kryzysowe Zaopatrzenie Rzeszowa W Wodę

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-116
Author(s):  
Janusz R. Rak ◽  
Izabela Piegdoń ◽  
Karolina Homa
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Crisis Management ◽  
Energy Systems ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Water Supply System ◽  
Gas Network ◽  
Systemic Crisis ◽  
Emergency Water Supply ◽  
The City

Abstract In this study the methodology of balancing water needs in a crisis situation was presented. The example was done for city of Rzeszow. The municipal infrastructure: water supply system, sewage system, gas network, heating and energy systems was shortly characterized. The research undertaken in this study was related to Systemic Crisis Management and protection of the inhabitants of the city. The balance of emergency water supply Rzeszow in drinking water for the 29 neighborhoods of the city was shown.

scholarly journals Historical Water Supply System of the City of Brno—Social-Environmental Consequences

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (24) ◽  
pp. 3550
Author(s):  
David Honek ◽  
Milena Forejtníková ◽  
Miloš Rozkošný ◽  
Aleš Vyskočil
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
River Flow ◽  
Water Quality Monitoring ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Water Supply System ◽  
River Catchment ◽  
The City

This paper provides a detailed look into the historical development of the water supply system of a big industrial city and its impact on the river environment and needs of the wastewater treatment system. The city of Brno, Czech Republic, was chosen for this study because it has a long history in the field of water supply, and the city has changed rapidly over the last 200 years. The city’s development necessitated an adaptation of drinking water sources, most significantly the use of the Březová nad Svitavou facility, which resulted in a change of condition of the Svitava River. The notable decrease in river flow, aided by industrial development of settlements within the Svitava River catchment between 1850 and 1950, strongly contributed to the spread of river pollution. However, the construction of wastewater treatment plants during recent decades led to a restoration of river quality and, consequently, of the entire environment of the Svitava River catchment. This paper also presents a view on activities connected with the long term surface water quality monitoring and improvement with regard to water quality conditions in spring areas and the river network influenced by the water supply system.

scholarly journals APPLICATION OF NEW TECHNOLOGIES IN THE WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (22) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanel Buljubašić
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Water Management ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Water Supply System ◽  
Integrated Water Management

Freshwater water resources are not inexhaustible [1]. In recent decades, more and more facts point to this statement from the European Charter for Water. Uncontrolled drinking water interventions, losses in water supply and climate change indicate the problem of sufficient quantities of drinking water [2]. Looking at this problem, it is hard to believe that new quantities of drinking water can be produced. The model of integrated water management has been increasingly used in recent years. The application of new technologies in water supply creates conditions for the controlled management of water intakes and losses in water supply. Each water sapply system needs to develop its own model for integrated water management.

scholarly journals Implementation of Decision Support System for Moscow River Water Supply System Management

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
River Water ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Water Supply System ◽  
Water Inflow ◽  
Information Support ◽  
System Management ◽  
Water Reservoirs ◽  
Moscow River

Centre of registry and cadaster provides with the developed DSS information support for management of the Moscow River water supply system since 2009. Information support includes hydrological and water resources analysis, inflow predictions, evaluation of the current state of MRWSS and development of recommendations for water reservoirs management pattern for a next operation term. The developed recommendations are regularly presented at the sessions of interdepartmental working group of the Moscow-Oka river basin authorities. Analysis of current hydrological state is provided on the base of GIS-technologies. Water inflow is calculated by ECOMAG hydrological model describing the full hydrological cycle of the Moscow River watershed. The technique for prediction of water inflow to reservoirs, based on use of a set of weather scenarios, is presented. Water regimes for 5 water reservoirs and downstream branches of the Moscow, Ruza, Ozerna and Istra rivers for a next planning term, are developed with use of VOLPOW water resources system simulation model. Finally the ways of improvement of the discussed DSS for Moscow River water supply system management are proposed.

scholarly journals Machine Learning, Urban Water Resources Management and Operating Policy

Resources ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evangelos Rozos
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Programming ◽  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Network Flow ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Water Supply System ◽  
Urban Water ◽  
Bayesian Decision ◽  
Operating Policy ◽  
Classical Statistics

Meticulously analyzing all contemporaneous conditions and available options before taking operations decisions regarding the management of the urban water resources is a necessary step owing to water scarcity. More often than not, this analysis is challenging because of the uncertainty regarding inflows to the system. The most common approach to account for this uncertainty is to combine the Bayesian decision theory with the dynamic programming optimization method. However, dynamic programming is plagued by the curse of dimensionality, that is, the complexity of the method is proportional to the number of discretized possible system states raised to the power of the number of reservoirs. Furthermore, classical statistics does not consistently represent the stochastic structure of the inflows (see persistence). To avoid these problems, this study will employ an appropriate stochastic model to produce synthetic time-series with long-term persistence, optimize the system employing a network flow programming modelling, and use the optimization results for training a feedforward neural network (FFN). This trained FFN alone can serve as a decision support tool that describes not only reservoir releases but also how to operate the entire water supply system. This methodology is applied in a simplified representation of the Athens water supply system, and the results suggest that the FFN is capable of successfully operating the system according to a predefined operating policy.

Analysis of a large-scale water supply system of the Byzantine period using modern fluid mechanics

2007 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 183-190
Author(s):  
B. Haut ◽  
D. Viviers
Keyword(s):  
Water Supply ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Water Flow Rate ◽  
Quantitative Description ◽  
Supply System ◽  
Water Supply System ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Byzantine Period ◽  
The City

In this paper, the flow of water in several elements of the water supply system of the city of Apamea is simulated. The studied elements were used at the end of the 6th century AD (Byzantine period). These simulations allow for the analysis of the water supply system from a modern point of view, in terms of water flow rate, energy loss, etc. This analysis provides a quantitative description of the water supply system of the city, supplementing the field observations.

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