scholarly journals Impaired Choroidal Blood Flow in Adolescents with Essential Arterial Hypertension

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 91-95
Author(s):  
Yu. N. Savina ◽  
S. I. Zhukova ◽  
A. V. Korolenko ◽  
D. A. Averyanov
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Arterial Hypertension ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Color Doppler ◽  
Oscillatory Potentials ◽  
Choroidal Blood Flow ◽  
Choroidal Ischemia ◽  
Essential Arterial Hypertension ◽  
Few Data

Arterial hypertension is a problem not only for adults, but also for children, but there are very few data on changes in the organ of vision under the influence of an elevated level of blood pressure in children.The aim of the work is to identify disturbances of the choroidal blood flow in children and adolescents with essential arterial hypertension.Methods. Fifty patients with essential arterial hypertension were examined. The age of patients ranged from 10 to 17 years, the duration of the disease ranged from 2 months to 8 years. All patients underwent color Doppler mapping of the orbital vessels, registration of the oscillatory potentials of the ERG.Results. It was revealed that increased arterial pressure causes retinal and choroidal ischemia, which is accompanied primarily by impaired blood flow in the orbital vessels and is reflected in a decrease in the amplitude and deformation of the peaks of the ERG oscillatory potentials.Conclusion. Hypertension causes and supports retinal and choroidal ischemia, which is accompanied primarily by impaired blood flow in the orbital vessels, functional depression of photoreceptors, ganglion cells and neuroglia of the retina, aggravating the identified changes as the experience of essential hypertension increases. A marker of chorioretinal ischemia is amplitude depression, a change in the shape of the teeth of the oscillatory potentials of the ERG, which indicates a decrease in the functional activity of the retinal ganglion complex.That is, these changes can be considered as a predictor of hypertensive angioretinopathy in children and adolescents with essential arterial hypertension.

scholarly journals Salt and Sugar: Two Enemies of Healthy Blood Pressure in Children

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 697
Author(s):  
Simonetta Genovesi ◽  
Marco Giussani ◽  
Antonina Orlando ◽  
Francesca Orgiu ◽  
Gianfranco Parati
Keyword(s):  
Arterial Hypertension ◽  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Eating Habits ◽  
Clinical Problem ◽  
Sweet Taste ◽  
Pediatric Age ◽  
Wide Availability ◽  
Essential Arterial Hypertension ◽  
Hypertension In Children

The prevalence of essential arterial hypertension in children and adolescents has grown considerably in the last few decades, making this disease a major clinical problem in the pediatric age. The pathogenesis of arterial hypertension is multifactorial, with one of the components being represented by incorrect eating habits. In particular, excessive salt and sugar intake can contribute to the onset of hypertension in children, particularly in subjects with excess weight. Babies have an innate predisposition for sweet taste, while that for salty taste manifests after a few weeks. The recent modification of dietary styles and the current very wide availability of salt and sugar has led to an exponential increase in the consumption of these two nutrients. The dietary intake of salt and sugar in children is in fact much higher than that recommended by health agencies. The purpose of this review is to explore the mechanisms via which an excessive dietary intake of salt and sugar can contribute to the onset of arterial hypertension in children and to show the most important clinical studies that demonstrate the association between these two nutrients and arterial hypertension in pediatric age. Correct eating habits are essential for the prevention and nondrug treatment of essential hypertension in children and adolescents.

Autonomic Regulation of the Eye

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul J. May ◽  
Anton Reiner ◽  
Paul D. Gamlin
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Retinal Ganglion Cells ◽  
Aqueous Humor ◽  
Motor Neurons ◽  
Parasympathetic Nervous System ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Reflex Response ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Choroidal Blood Flow

The functions of the eye are regulated by and dependent upon the autonomic nervous system. The parasympathetic nervous system controls constriction of the iris and accommodation of the lens via a pathway with preganglionic motor neurons in the Edinger-Westphal nucleus and postganglionic motor neurons in the ciliary ganglion. The parasympathetic nervous system regulates choroidal blood flow and the production of aqueous humor through a pathway with preganglionic motor neurons in the superior salivatory nucleus and postganglionic motor neurons in the pterygopalatine (sphenopalatine) ganglion. The sympathetic nervous system controls dilation of the iris and may modulate the outflow of aqueous humor from the eye. The sympathetic preganglionic motor neurons lie in the intermediolateral cell column at the first level of the thoracic cord, and the postganglionic motor neurons are found in the superior cervical ganglion. The central pathways controlling different autonomic functions in the eye are found in a variety of locations within the central nervous system. The reflex response of the iris to changes in luminance levels begins with melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cells in the retina that project to the olivary pretectal nucleus. This nucleus then projects upon the Edinger-Westphal preganglionic motoneurons. The dark response that produces maximal pupillary dilation involves the sympathetic pathways to the iris. Pupil size is also regulated by many other factors, but the pathways to the parasympathetic and sympathetic preganglionic motoneurons that underlie this are not well understood. Lens accommodation is controlled by premotor neurons located in the supraoculomotor area. These also regulate the pupil, and control vergence angle by modulating the activity of medial rectus, and presumably lateral rectus, motoneurons. Pathways from the frontal eye fields and cerebellum help regulate their activity. Blood flow in the choroid is regulated with respect to systemic blood pressure through pathways through the nucleus of the tractus solitarius. It is also regulated with respect to luminance levels, which likely involves the suprachiasmatic nucleus, which receives inputs from melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cells, and other areas of the hypothalamus that project upon the parasympathetic preganglionic neurons of the superior salivatory nucleus that mediate choroidal vasodilation.

scholarly journals Metabolism of quantity elements and essential trace elements in patients with essential arterial hypertension in different ecological settings

2013 ◽  
Vol 94 (6) ◽  
pp. 798-803 ◽  
Author(s):  
Z R Khabibrakhmanova ◽  
T P Makarova ◽  
D I Sadykova
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Arterial Hypertension ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Blood Pressure Monitoring ◽  
Essential Elements ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Residential Areas ◽  
Pressure Monitoring ◽  
Industrial Areas ◽  
Essential Arterial Hypertension

Aim. To study the specifics of lead, zinc, copper, magnesium and calcium metabolism in children and adolescents with essential arterial hypertension living in different ecological settings. Methods. 100 children and adolescents aged 13-17 years with arterial hypertension, living in «industrial» (52 patients) and «residential» (48 patients) areas were examined in cardiology ward. 33 healthy children and adolescents comparable by age and gender were included as healthy controls. According to 24-hour blood pressure monitoring, groups with stable, labile arterial hypertension and «white coat hypertension» were formed. The levels of elements in 24-hour urine and in serum were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Results. In children and adolescents with stable arterial hypertension living in industrial areas, parameters of 24-hour blood pressure monitoring (mean 24-hour and mean daytime systolic blood pressure values, time of systolic hypertension, mean 24-hour and mean daytime blood pressure values) were higher compared to the same parameters in children from residential areas, the difference was statistically significant. The study of elements metabolism revealed increased lead exposure in children with essential arterial hypertension living in industrial areas, and misbalance of essential elements in those patients compared to the same parameters in children from residential areas. Conclusion. Results suggest increased exposure to arterial hypertension and marked misbalance of essential elements in children and adolescents with essential arterial hypertension living in industrial areas.

scholarly journals The status of element homeostasis in children and adolescents with essential arterial hypertension

2012 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 184-190
Author(s):  
T P Makarova ◽  
Z R Khabibrakhmanova ◽  
D I Sadykova ◽  
Yu M Chilikina
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Arterial Hypertension ◽  
Blood Serum ◽  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Arterial Blood Pressure ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Functional Variants ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Essential Arterial Hypertension ◽  
Metabolic Type

Aim. To study the features of element homeostasis in children and adolescents with different variants of essential arterial hypertension. Methods. The clinical and functional variant of arterial hypertension was established based on the data of 24-hour monitoring of the arterial blood pressure. Investigation of the element content in the blood serum and daily urine was performed using the method of atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The clearance and the excreted fraction of the investigated elements were measured. Results. Revealed was an increase of the content of lead in the blood serum, an increase in lead excretion with urine, an increase in its clearance and excreted fraction in patients with stable arterial hypertension. It has been shown that for children and adolescents with a variety of clinical and functional variants of arterial hypertension characteristic is an excess of the serum content of a toxic element (lead) over the content of an essential element (zinc), and these changes are most pronounced in the group with stable arterial hypertension. In children and adolescents with the increase in arterial blood pressure registered was a decrease in the content of zinc and magnesium in the blood serum, whereas the disturbances of element homeostasis relate to the metabolic type. The increase in the content of copper and calcium in blood serum of patients with high blood pressure is also a manifestation of the metabolic type of element homeostasis disturbances. Conclusion. The increased level of lead in blood serum in combination with its enhanced excretion may be a cofactor in the development of essential arterial hypertension in childhood and adolescence.

scholarly journals Diabetic mice have retinal and choroidal blood flow deficits and electroretinogram deficits with impaired responses to hypercapnia

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. e0259505
Author(s):  
Eric R. Muir ◽  
Divya Narayanan ◽  
Saurav B. Chandra ◽  
Nikolay P. Akimov ◽  
Jeong-Hyeon Sohn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Regional Blood Flow ◽  
Oscillatory Potentials ◽  
Diabetic Mouse ◽  
Retinal Blood Flow ◽  
Diabetic Mice ◽  
Neuronal Function ◽  
Choroidal Blood Flow ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Diabetic Retina

Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate neuronal and vascular functional deficits in the retina and their association in a diabetic mouse model. We measured electroretinography (ERG) responses and choroidal and retinal blood flow (ChBF, RBF) with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in healthy and diabetic mice under basal conditions and under hypercapnic challenge. Methods Ins2Akita diabetic (Diab, n = 8) and age-matched, wild-type C57BL/6J mice (Ctrl, n = 8) were studied under room air and moderate hypercapnia (5% CO2). Dark-adapted ERG a-wave, b-wave, and oscillatory potentials (OPs) were measured for a series of flashes. Regional ChBF and RBF under air and hypercapnia were measured using MRI in the same mice. Results Under room air, Diab mice had compromised ERG b-wave and OPs (e.g., b-wave amplitude was 422.2±10.7 μV in Diab vs. 600.1±13.9 μV in Ctrl, p < 0.001). Under hypercapnia, OPs and b-wave amplitudes were significantly reduced in Diab (OPs by 30.3±3.0% in Diab vs. -3.0±3.6% in Ctrl, b-wave by 17.9±1.4% in Diab vs. 1.3±0.5% in Ctrl). Both ChBF and RBF had significant differences in regional blood flow, with Diab mice having substantially lower blood flow in the nasal region (ChBF was 5.4±1.0 ml/g/min in Diab vs. 8.6±1.0 ml/g/min in Ctrl, RBF was 0.91±0.10 ml/g/min in Diab vs. 1.52±0.24 ml/g/min in Ctrl). Under hypercapnia, ChBF increased in both Ctrl and Diab without significant group difference (31±7% in Diab vs. 17±7% in Ctrl, p > 0.05), but an increase in RBF was not detected for either group. Conclusions Inner retinal neuronal function and both retinal and choroidal blood flow were impaired in Diab mice. Hypercapnia further compromised inner retinal neuronal function in diabetes, while the blood flow response was not affected, suggesting that the diabetic retina has difficulty adapting to metabolic challenges due to factors other than impaired blood flow regulation.

scholarly journals Polymorphism A1166C of AGTR1 Gene and the State of Intrarenal Blood Flow in Patients with Essential Arterial Hypertension 1–2 Degrees

Kardiologiia ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (3) ◽  
pp. 5-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. V. Melnikova ◽  
E. V. Osipova ◽  
O. A. Levashova
Keyword(s):  
Blood Flow ◽  
Arterial Hypertension ◽  
Renal Arteries ◽  
Hypertensive Nephropathy ◽  
Acceleration Time ◽  
Ckd Stage ◽  
Essential Arterial Hypertension ◽  
Intrarenal Blood Flow ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Group 1

Aim: to study relationship between genetic disorders and features of intrarenal blood flow in patients with essential arterial hypertension (AH) of 1–2 degree. Materials and methods. We examined 100 patients (60 women, 40 men) aged 35 to 58 years with 1–2‑degree essential arterial hypertension (AH) and chronic kidney disease (CKD) stages I–III. Examination included triplex scanning of renal arteries on the ultrasound scanner Vivid-7 Dimension, genotyping of single-nucleotide polymorphism А1166С of the AGTR1 gene by real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), estimation of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) using CKD-EPI formula. Patients were divided into 2 groups: group 1 included persons with I and II stage CKD (n=65, 25 men and 40 women), group 2 included patients with stages IIIA and IIIB CKD (n=35, 15 men and 20 women). Results. Among patients of group 1 prevailed genotype AA, while among group 2 patients prevailed genotype AC. Speed of blood flow in interlobar renal arteries was higher in the group 1 compared with group 2, while in the group 2 time of acceleration of blood flow was higher than in the group 1. Discussion. The data obtained are indicative of the decrease of systolic, diastolic, and averaged maximal blood flow velocity and the lengthening of acceleration time in patients with higher CKD stage. Conclusions. The presence in the genotype of patients with 1–2‑degree AH of AGTR1 1166С allele may be considered a risk factor of early development of CKD. Lowering of speed characteristics of blood flow and lengthening of the acceleration time in patients with AH can be a criterion of hypertensive nephropathy development.

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