scholarly journals Enzymes of industrial interest

2017 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 74-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arnold L. Demain ◽  
Sergio Sánchez
Keyword(s):  
Recombinant Dna ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Strain Improvement ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Industrial Enzymes ◽  
Recombinant Enzymes ◽  
Recombinant Dna Technology ◽  
Microbial Enzymes ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World

For many years, industrial enzymes have played an important role in the benefit of our society due to their many useful properties and a wide range of applications. They are key elements in the progress of many industries including foods, beverages, pharmaceuticals, diagnostics, therapy, personal care, animal feed, detergents, pulp and paper, textiles, leather, chemicals and biofuels. During recent decades, microbial enzymes have replaced many plant and animal enzymes. This is because microbial enzymes are widely available and produced economically in short fermentations and inexpensive media. Screening is simple, and strain improvement for increased production has been very successful. The advances in recombinant DNA technology have had a major effect on production levels of enzymes and represent a way to overproduce industrially important microbial, plant and animal enzymes. It has been calculated that 50-60% of the world enzyme market is supplied with recombinant enzymes. Molecular methods, including genomics and metagenomics, are being used for the discovery of new enzymes from microbes. Also, directed evolution has allowed the design of enzyme specificities and better performance.

Enzymatic Synthesis of 15N-L-aspartic Acid Using Recombinant Aspartase from Escherichia Coli K12

2008 ◽  
Vol 59 (11) ◽  
Author(s):  
Iulia Lupan ◽  
Sergiu Chira ◽  
Maria Chiriac ◽  
Nicolae Palibroda ◽  
Octavian Popescu
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Aspartic Acid ◽  
Enzymatic Synthesis ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Recombinant Dna ◽  
Industrial Enzymes ◽  
Recombinant Dna Technology ◽  
Bacterial Fermentation ◽  
Natural Protein ◽  
Novel Method

Amino acids are obtained by bacterial fermentation, extraction from natural protein or enzymatic synthesis from specific substrates. With the introduction of recombinant DNA technology, it has become possible to apply more rational approaches to enzymatic synthesis of amino acids. Aspartase (L-aspartate ammonia-lyase) catalyzes the reversible deamination of L-aspartic acid to yield fumaric acid and ammonia. It is one of the most important industrial enzymes used to produce L-aspartic acid on a large scale. Here we described a novel method for [15N] L-aspartic synthesis from fumarate and ammonia (15NH4Cl) using a recombinant aspartase.

Interaction of an annexin V homodimer (Diannexin) with phosphatidylserine on cell surfaces and consequent antithrombotic activity

2007 ◽  
Vol 97 (03) ◽  
pp. 478-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Larkin ◽  
Jef Emeis ◽  
Anthony Allison ◽  
Frans Kuypers
Keyword(s):  
Blood Coagulation ◽  
Serine Proteases ◽  
Recombinant Dna ◽  
Anticoagulant Activity ◽  
Annexin V ◽  
Recombinant Dna Technology ◽  
Antithrombotic Activity ◽  
Human Red Blood Cells ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Novel Drug

SummaryAnnexin V(AV), a protein with anticoagulant activity, exerts antithrombotic activity by binding to phosphatidylserine (PS), inhibiting activation of serine proteases important in blood coagulation. The potential use of this protein as an anticoagulant is limited as it rapidly passes from the blood into the kidneys due to its relatively small size (36 kDa). We used recombinant DNA technology to produce a homodimer of human AV (DAV, 73 kDa), which exceeds the renal filtration threshold, and has a 6.5-hour half-life in the rat circulation. Human red blood cells with externalized PS were used to show that DAV had a higher affinity for PS-exposing cells than AV. DAV labeling sensitively identifies PS-exposing cells, was found to be a potent inhibitor of the activity of the prothombinase complexes and inhibits the ability of secretory phospholipase A2 to hydrolyze phospholipids of PS-exposing cells, reducing the formation of mediators of blood coagulation and reperfusion injury. DAV exerts dose-dependent antithrombotic activity in ratveins. This combination of activities suggests that DAV is a valuable probe to measure PS exposure and may be efficacious as a novel drug in a wide range of clinical situations.

Interferons in the treatment of human cancer.

1984 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 336-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
J M Kirkwood ◽  
M S Ernstoff
Keyword(s):  
Recombinant Dna ◽  
Human Cancer ◽  
Clinical Results ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Current Phase ◽  
Recombinant Dna Technology ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Wide Range

The interferons are the best known of biologic antineoplastic agents. Progress with the clinical application of interferons to cancer has been slow and complicated by the need for attention to a new spectrum of therapeutic and toxic effects manifest by the interferons. This summary of current phase I and II trial results with the interferons establishes their clinical potential. The maximally tolerated dosages of the most common species of interferon alpha produced in eukaryotic cells as well as by recombinant DNA technology in bacteria are now described in a variety of different disease states. "Naturally" produced eukaryotic as well as bacterially synthesized interferons have a similar, wide range of biologic effects in vitro and in vivo. Antiviral, antiproliferative, immunologic, and enzymologic functions of the interferons relevant to antineoplastic functions are under study. Knowledge of these mechanisms should improve the clinical results obtained in human cancer. Species and subspecies differences in the activity of interferons may lead to selective use of the pure interferon subspecies, alone or in combination. The use of the interferons and other antineoplastic biologics, such as antibody or chemotherapy, are subsequent goals that are now on the horizon.

scholarly journals Exploitation of for the Heterologous Production of Cellulases and Hemicellulases

2008 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 167-175 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.H. Rose ◽  
W.H. van Zyl
Keyword(s):  
Enzyme Production ◽  
Recombinant Strain ◽  
Recombinant Dna ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Recombinant Dna Technology ◽  
Native Soil ◽  
Food And Beverage ◽  
Industrial Strains ◽  
Paper And Pulp ◽  
Protease Deficient

Filamentous fungi of the group are native soil saprophytic fungi. Industrial strains of this group have been extensively used for the production of plant degrading enzymes for the food and beverage, animal feed and paper-and-pulp industries. Recombinant DNA technology allows for the overproduction of these enzymes in copious amounts. The advantages and limitations of A. niger as recombinant host for enzyme production are briefly discussed. Specific attention is devoted to the overproduction of several cellulases and hemicellulases to high homogeneity in the protease-deficient strain A. niger D15. The size, temperature and pH optima of the heterologous enzymes were shown to be similar to that of their natively produced counter parts. The optimization of enzyme production in dilute sugar cane molasses, using a recombinant strain producing the xylanase II of Trichoderma reesei as example, was also demonstrated.

scholarly journals Natural synthesis: Biologics, biosimilars and biobetters in protein hormone therapy

2012 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-15
Author(s):  
Sarbendra Pradhananga ◽  
Jon R. Sayers
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Protein Production ◽  
Recombinant Dna ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Medicinal Products ◽  
Recombinant Dna Technology ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Production Technologies

Hormone therapies have been used since the early 20th Century and belong to a group of drugs that has recently become known as ‘biologics’. Biologics are medicinal products that have been produced by biological processes as opposed to chemically synthesized drugs. The term biologics spans a wide range of products that include therapeutics such as organs, tissue, cells, blood or blood components, vaccines and proteins. This ‘proteins’ subgroup can be further subdivided into therapeutics such as antibodies, enzymes and hormones. The first hormone therapeutics were extracted from human or animal sources; however, with the advent and development of cloning and protein production technologies from the late-20th Century onwards, protein hormone therapeutics are now produced by recombinant DNA technology.

Enzymatic Research Having Pharmaceutical Significance

2018 ◽  
pp. 141-158
Author(s):  
Ishan H. Raval ◽  
Arvind Kumar Singh Chandel
Keyword(s):  
Activation Energy ◽  
Pharmaceutical Industry ◽  
Molecular Biology ◽  
Recombinant Dna ◽  
Recombinant Enzymes ◽  
Recombinant Dna Technology ◽  
Biochemical Investigation ◽  
Treatment Information ◽  
Dna Technology ◽  
Therapeutic Enzymes

The enzymes' biocatalysts act by lowering the activation energy without getting consumed in the reaction. The immense number of enzymes acts as a correctly matched orchestra to ensure that enormously complex life mechanisms and processes occur in a right direction. Sufficient quantity and accurate function of enzymes results in proper functional maintenance of body. The enzymes play a major role in the diagnosis, curing, biochemical investigation, and monitoring of many dreaded diseases of the century. The development of recombinant DNA technology had a significant impression on production levels of enzymes. Around 50% of the enzyme market is covered by recombinant enzymes. Because of development in molecular biology tools, several pharmaceutically enzymes have been identified and are being actively used in the pharmaceutical industry either for diagnostic or treatment. Information on this topic is very insufficient, and thus, the present chapter is an attempt to compile information on the sources, properties and applications of important therapeutic enzymes.

Crop Plant Genetic Engineering: Science Fiction to Science Fact

1987 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 111-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
John H. Dodds ◽  
Jesse M. Jaynes
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Engineering ◽  
Science Fiction ◽  
Research Laboratory ◽  
Recombinant Dna ◽  
Engineering Science ◽  
Recombinant Dna Technology ◽  
Plant Genetic Engineering ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Dna Technology ◽  
The University

Recombinant DNA technology covers a wide range of biochemical techniques used to cut, splice, and move DNA from one organism to another. Genetic engineering began as a basic scientific study to learn more about gene expression and gene structure in bacteria. In the last 10 years the techniques of recombinant DNA technology have moved from the university research laboratory to the industrial production level. The techniques are applicable to all organisms and studies have been made of the genomes of viruses, bacteria, yeasts, animals, and plants. It is the latter, genetic engineering of plants, which is covered in this article.

scholarly journals Genetic engineering: from a clone to a protein

Genetika ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 34 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 73-84
Author(s):  
Goran Ljubijankic
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Genetic Engineering ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Recombinant Dna ◽  
New Technology ◽  
Human Growth ◽  
Share Price ◽  
Recombinant Human Insulin ◽  
Recombinant Dna Technology ◽  
The World

October 15, 1980, was a date when the highest increase of the share price of one company was recorded on the world most powerful New York change - rates of shares of the company Genetech jumped by more than 2.5 times in only 20 minutes. This event was a grand entrance of a new technology into the global economy and it irreversibly established a brand new status of biology within the development of civilization. Genetech is one of the first companies within the field of molecular biotechnology that accomplished such an enormous commercial success no more than seven years upon the last discoveries in the series of scientific findings that had provided formulation of a new technology designated as genetic engineering or a recombinant DNA technology. Today, 20 years later, it can be rightfully claimed that expectations of the new technology are fulfilled: even if the qualitative shift it provided to fundamental research is disregarded, its direct commercial effects are very convincing - the total value of sold products produced by this technology exceeded the sum of 60 billions dollars in 2000. Let us cite market parameters of only some products manufactured by the application of genetic engineering: annual global consumption of recombinant human insulin amounts to approximately 4.6 tons only in the industrialized part of the world, while the annual sale of recombinant human erythropoietin, interferon's and a human growth hormone amount to 2, i.e. 1.5 billions dollars, respectively.

Bioengineering: From Mechanics and Devices to Tissue Engineering and Genetics

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Winfred M. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Recombinant Dna ◽  
Orthopedic Implants ◽  
The United States ◽  
Recombinant Dna Technology ◽  
Trade Surplus ◽  
Interdisciplinary Field ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
The World

Abstract The National Institutes of Health (NIH) defines bioengineering as an interdisciplinary field that applies physical, chemical, and mathematical sciences and engineering principles to the study of biology, medicine, behavior, and health. Bioengineering advances knowledge from the molecular to the organ systems level, and develops new and novel biologics, materials, processes, implants, devices, and informational approaches for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disease, for patient rehabilitation, and for improving health. Enormous contributions to the advancement of health care have been made through bioengineering. It has been instrumental in establishing the United States as the world leader in health care technology, as evidenced by a $4.6 billion trade surplus for this sector in 1993. The field, through basic and applied research and technology assessment, has given us such devices as the pacemaker, orthopedic implants, and noninvasive diagnostic imaging. Bioengineers have developed new processes for manufacturing products in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industries. An example is the manufacturing of human insulin, the first product based on recombinant DNA technology, where bioengineering was critical to the ability to commercialize the product. These continuing contributions and unprecedented growth, focus, and opportunity in bioengineering will be a continuing frontier and opportunity for the United States and the world.

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