scholarly journals Natural synthesis: Biologics, biosimilars and biobetters in protein hormone therapy

2012 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-15
Author(s):  
Sarbendra Pradhananga ◽  
Jon R. Sayers
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Protein Production ◽  
Recombinant Dna ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Medicinal Products ◽  
Recombinant Dna Technology ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Production Technologies

Hormone therapies have been used since the early 20th Century and belong to a group of drugs that has recently become known as ‘biologics’. Biologics are medicinal products that have been produced by biological processes as opposed to chemically synthesized drugs. The term biologics spans a wide range of products that include therapeutics such as organs, tissue, cells, blood or blood components, vaccines and proteins. This ‘proteins’ subgroup can be further subdivided into therapeutics such as antibodies, enzymes and hormones. The first hormone therapeutics were extracted from human or animal sources; however, with the advent and development of cloning and protein production technologies from the late-20th Century onwards, protein hormone therapeutics are now produced by recombinant DNA technology.

The Life of Movement: From Microcinematography to Live-Cell Imaging

2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 378-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hannah Landecker
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Live Cell Imaging ◽  
Cell Imaging ◽  
Live Cell ◽  
Biological Research ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Present Moment ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
Wide Range

How do we see life after the century of the gene? This article argues that the post-2000 postgenomic turn was and is a thoroughly visual turn, as well as a theoretical and practical shift away from the central dogma of DNA as master molecule. Live-cell imaging is a rapidly expanding area of scientific visualization of living things whose practice is central in postgenomic biological research and theory. Fluorescent probes enable the visualization of the movement in vivo, over time, of a wide range of vital molecules, for example the movement of motor proteins along the cellular skeleton. Despite its prominence in the life sciences, these moving images have attracted little critical attention outside the scientific community. Comparison with microcinematography of the early 20th century, another time-based medium that also placed the capture of movement at the center of the technique, is used here to frame the emergence of live-cell imaging in the late 20th century and discuss its theoretical significance. This article argues that live-cell imaging was at its origins an animation of a theory of life dominated by the gene. However, focused as it is on the life of proteins, the practice actually facilitated a move away from such dominance, with a rise of a ‘molecular vitalism’: an interest in all cellular molecules as knitted together in a complex moving net in the time and space of the cell. As such, the present moment echoes early 20th-century tensions between the study of structure and function in cellular anatomy versus physiology and puts the focus on molecular movement just as cellular movement was central to earlier practices. Contemporary live-cell imaging does not depict a structure described in a unique moment that explains a life process, but rather visualizes a continuity of movement that constitutes life processes.

Ende der Neuen Musik

2021 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 201-213
Author(s):  
Christoph Von Blumröder
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Music Theory ◽  
Contemporary Music ◽  
Current Theory ◽  
Musical Composition ◽  
The Political ◽  
German Language ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
A Current

The term "Neue Musik" was coined for a special concept of fundamental musical innovation within Austro-German music theory of the early 20th century, and it found no terminological equivalent beyond the German language. Established by Paul Bekker with his lecture “Neue Musik” in 1919, composers such as Stockhausen or Ligeti embraced the term with its emphatic claim to innovation and new departures. However, one hundred years on the term "Neue Musik" is often used mainly as a synonym for any type of contemporary music. This article questions whether the term "Neue Musik" is still an appropriate framework for a current theory of musical composition. Not only have the specific musical circumstances changed within the course of the 20th century, but also the political and social conditions have altered drastically after two world wars which had given special impulses to those composers who strove for a new foundation of music after 1918 and 1945 respectively. This article argues that the age of "Neue Musik" has come to an end in the late 20th century, and thus it is now necessary to introduce alternative terminological concepts and methodical directions for music historiography.

Interaction of an annexin V homodimer (Diannexin) with phosphatidylserine on cell surfaces and consequent antithrombotic activity

2007 ◽  
Vol 97 (03) ◽  
pp. 478-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Larkin ◽  
Jef Emeis ◽  
Anthony Allison ◽  
Frans Kuypers
Keyword(s):  
Blood Coagulation ◽  
Serine Proteases ◽  
Recombinant Dna ◽  
Anticoagulant Activity ◽  
Annexin V ◽  
Recombinant Dna Technology ◽  
Antithrombotic Activity ◽  
Human Red Blood Cells ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Novel Drug

SummaryAnnexin V(AV), a protein with anticoagulant activity, exerts antithrombotic activity by binding to phosphatidylserine (PS), inhibiting activation of serine proteases important in blood coagulation. The potential use of this protein as an anticoagulant is limited as it rapidly passes from the blood into the kidneys due to its relatively small size (36 kDa). We used recombinant DNA technology to produce a homodimer of human AV (DAV, 73 kDa), which exceeds the renal filtration threshold, and has a 6.5-hour half-life in the rat circulation. Human red blood cells with externalized PS were used to show that DAV had a higher affinity for PS-exposing cells than AV. DAV labeling sensitively identifies PS-exposing cells, was found to be a potent inhibitor of the activity of the prothombinase complexes and inhibits the ability of secretory phospholipase A2 to hydrolyze phospholipids of PS-exposing cells, reducing the formation of mediators of blood coagulation and reperfusion injury. DAV exerts dose-dependent antithrombotic activity in ratveins. This combination of activities suggests that DAV is a valuable probe to measure PS exposure and may be efficacious as a novel drug in a wide range of clinical situations.

scholarly journals The Siberian Polonia in the second half of the 19th - early 20th century in the Polish historiography

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 11-20
Author(s):  
Vladimir Shaidurov
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Historical Memory ◽  
Economic Life ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
Revolutionary Movement ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Russian Empire

The period between the 19th – early 20th century witnessed waves of actively forming Polish communities in Russia’s rural areas. A major factor that contributed to the process was the repressive policy by the Russian Empire towards those involved in the Polish national liberation and revolutionary movement. Large communities were founded in Siberia, the Volga region, Caucasus, and European North of Russia (Arkhangelsk). One of the largest communities emerged in Siberia. By the early 20th century, the Polonia in the region consisted of tens of thousands of people. The Polish population was engaged in Siberia’s economic life and was an important stakeholder in business. Among the most well-known Polish-Siberian entrepreneurs was Alfons Poklewski-Koziell who was called the “Vodka King of Siberia” by his contemporaries. Poles, who returned from Siberian exile and penal labor, left recollections of their staying in Siberia or notes on the region starting already from the middle of the 19th century. It was this literature that was the main source of information about the life of the Siberian full for a long time. Exile undoubtedly became a significant factor that was responsible for Russia’s negative image in the historical memory of Poles. This was reflected in publications based on the martyrological approach in the Polish historiography. Glorification of the struggle of Poles to restore their statehood was a central standpoint adopted not only in memoirs, but also in scientific studies that appeared the second half of the 19th – early 20th century. The martyrological approach dominated the Polish historiography until 1970s. It was not until the late 20th century that serious scientific research started utilizing the civilizational approach, which broke the mold of the Polish historical science. This is currently a leading approach. This enables us to objectively reconstruct the history of the Siberian Polonia in the imperial period of the Russian history. The article is intended to analyze publications by Polish authors on the history of the Polish community in Siberia the 19th – early 20th century. It focuses on memoirs and research works, which had an impact on the reconstruction of the Siberian Polonia’s history. The paper is written using the retrospective, genetic, and comparative methods.re.

A Review of Chinese Eastern Railway Study in China

2021 ◽  
pp. 63
Author(s):  
Weiyun Mа
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Far East ◽  
The United States ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Qing Empire ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic

The article reviews research on Chinese Eastern Railway in China. The research on Chinese Eastern Railway in China began in the early 20th century, has a history of more than 100 years. The existing research results mainly focus on the construction of Chinese Eastern Railway and Tsarist Russia's expansion policy, negotiation between China and Russia (Soviet Union) on the railway issue, the contradictions and struggles of Japan and the United States around the railway problem and so on. These documents cover a wide range of issues which almost involve the political, diplomacy, economy and trade, culture and other fields of international relations in the Far East from the end of the 19th century to the beginning of 20th century, provide a broad vision for the study of Chinese Eastern Railway. But there are problems in the research. Although there are many works on Chinese Eastern Railway, but most discussions are limited to a certain stage, there are few works on the whole history of Chinese Eastern Railway. Not only should we pay attention to the study of the early 20th century in other words the period of the Qing Empire, moreover, we should strengthen the research in the period of the Republic of China and the new China period, this is of great significance to the study of the whole history of Sino — Soviet relations. In addition due to specific historical conditions, part of the Russian data of Chinese Eastern Railway in China was lost, in addition, there is no detailed and authoritative reference book for Russian archives of Chinese Eastern Railway, this situation makes the cited materials in Chinese works appear too old the materials cited in the book seem too old. The authors thank for proofreading and examining the translation A.I. Kobzev, Ph.D. (Philosophy), professor, director of China Department, Institute of Oriental Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences, director of TSC of Humanities and Social Sciences and director of Philosophy Department of MIPT (SRI), director of TSC «Oriental Philosophy» of RSUH, Chief researcher of Russian language, literature and culture research center of Heilongjiang University.

Interferons in the treatment of human cancer.

1984 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 336-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
J M Kirkwood ◽  
M S Ernstoff
Keyword(s):  
Recombinant Dna ◽  
Human Cancer ◽  
Clinical Results ◽  
Common Species ◽  
Current Phase ◽  
Recombinant Dna Technology ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Wide Range

The interferons are the best known of biologic antineoplastic agents. Progress with the clinical application of interferons to cancer has been slow and complicated by the need for attention to a new spectrum of therapeutic and toxic effects manifest by the interferons. This summary of current phase I and II trial results with the interferons establishes their clinical potential. The maximally tolerated dosages of the most common species of interferon alpha produced in eukaryotic cells as well as by recombinant DNA technology in bacteria are now described in a variety of different disease states. "Naturally" produced eukaryotic as well as bacterially synthesized interferons have a similar, wide range of biologic effects in vitro and in vivo. Antiviral, antiproliferative, immunologic, and enzymologic functions of the interferons relevant to antineoplastic functions are under study. Knowledge of these mechanisms should improve the clinical results obtained in human cancer. Species and subspecies differences in the activity of interferons may lead to selective use of the pure interferon subspecies, alone or in combination. The use of the interferons and other antineoplastic biologics, such as antibody or chemotherapy, are subsequent goals that are now on the horizon.

Does It Work? The Outcomes of Medical Interventions

1990 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 326-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernard S. Bloom
Keyword(s):  
Medical Care ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Quality Measurement ◽  
Care Quality ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
Medical Interventions ◽  
The One

The focus of this article is on contemporary roots of medical care quality measurement, while it also examines some of the most important historical precedents. Specifically, it singles out Dr. Ernest Avery Codman and his early 20th-century work emphasizing the assessment of outcome as the paramount indicator of medical care quality. The standard that he set for himself and others is the one that late 20th-century researchers must uphold, and to which we must answer.

Nurseries as a special form of social care in the Tambov Governorate in the early 20th century

2020 ◽  
pp. 136-145
Author(s):  
Inna A. Shikunova ◽  
Pavel P. Shcherbinin
Keyword(s):  
20Th Century ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Social Care ◽  
Social Institutions ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Russian Society ◽  
Scientific Problem ◽  
The Social ◽  
Wide Range

We consider the formation and development features of the nurseries as a special social institution in the Tambov Governorate in the early of 20th century. The governorate and county levels of declared scientific problem consideration allows to conduct the successful reconstruction of the formation and activities of infant nurseries for foundlings, orphans in both urban and rural areas, which reflected the practice of social care and charity of “trouble children”. We reveal the implementation features of county initiatives for the social protection of foundlings and orphans, as well as the levels and forms of such support for such categories of Russian society by local authorities. We clarify the possibilities of organizing nurseries for foundlings at the governorate and county hospitals and maternity wards. We note the role of particular medical workers in the development of civic initiatives and public service in the rescue of foundlings. We identify the historiographic traditions of both domestic and foreign historians in the study of the orphans charity in the context of the social work organization and the social institutions development, including nurseries. Based on the analysis of a wide range of historical sources, it was possible to identify the most successful and effective practices of organizing nurseries both in the peaceful years and in the periods of Russian-Japanese War of 1904–1905 and World War I 1914–1918, which allowed us to consider various little-studied aspects of the stated scientific problem. We reveal the regional features of the social protection system for orphans through the prism of nursery care. We clarify the position and role of the Orthodox Church on the organization of orphan charity in monasteries during the war years of 1914–1918. We reveal the main posing issues of the prospects for studying a wide range of problems in the history of orphanhood in the Tambov Governorate in the early 20th century. We pay attention to the importance of taking into account regional specifics and specific historical manifestations of social policy when conducting a study of charitable support and private public initiatives of the considered period.

Dental Enamel Biomineralization: A Prospectus

1989 ◽  
Vol 174 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harold C. Slavkin ◽  
Malcolm L. Snead ◽  
Margarita Zeichner-David ◽  
Eduardo C. Lau ◽  
Alan G. Fincham
Keyword(s):  
Physical Chemistry ◽  
Recombinant Dna ◽  
Dental Enamel ◽  
Biological Processes ◽  
Recombinant Dna Technology ◽  
Dna Technology

AbstractIt is becoming increasingly evident that recombinant DNA technology, physical-chemistry and selected biological processes can be coupled leading to the development of new “synthetic” biomaterials. This summary and prospectus will highlight selected features related to dental enamel biomineralization towards the development of human dental enamel as a restorative biomaterial.

A Community Art Center for Harlem: The Cultural Politics of “Negro Art” Initiatives in the Early 20th Century

Prospects ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 155-183
Author(s):  
Mary Ann Calo
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Special Interest ◽  
Black Press ◽  
Early 20Th Century ◽  
Art Exhibitions ◽  
Community Art ◽  
American Artist ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
African American Artists

During the interwar decades, African American artists grew in number and visibility, and a wide range of publications featured stories on so-called Negro art. Notices on Negro art exhibitions and educational initiatives appeared in the black press and the mainstream mass media, as well as in special interest publications ranging from Art News to the Club Candle (the newsletter of the New Rochelle Women's Club). Though small in number, collectively these events served as opportunities to measure the overall progress or pulse of the African American artist.

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