Inedxing as Problem Solving: A Cognitive Approach to Consistency

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. David ◽  
L. Giroux ◽  
S. Bertrand-Gastaldy ◽  
D. Lanteigne
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Psychology ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Strategic Behavior ◽  
Comprehensive Model ◽  
Verbal Reports ◽  
Cognitive Approach ◽  
Factors Associated

Indexers differ in their judgment as to which terms reflect adequately the content of a document. Studies on interindexers' consistency identified several factors associated with low consistency, but failed to provide a comprehensive model of this phenomenon. Our research applies theories and methods from cognitive psychology to the study of indexing behavior. From a theoritical standpoint, indexing is considered as a problem solving situation. To access to the cognitive processes of indexers, three kinds of verbal reports are used. We will present results of an experiment in which four experienced indexers indexed the same documents. It will be shown that the three kinds of verbal reports provide complementary data on strategic behavior, and that it is of prime importance to consider the indexing task as an ill-defined problem, where the solution is partly defined by the indexer him(her)self.Résumé: Afin de mieux cerner l'origine des différences relevées par les études sur la cohérence inter-indexeurs, nous adjoignons les théories et méthodes issues de la psychologie cognitive (spécifiquement celles qui considèrent une tâche comme une situation de résolution de problème) à l'étude des processuscognitifs impliqués lors de l'indexation. Cette approche permet d'identifier les stratégies cognitives élaborées et utilisées par les indexeurs. Afin d'avoir accès à leurs processus cognitifs, trois types de verbalisations sont recueillis. Nous présenterons les résultats d'une expérimentation pour laquelle quatre indexeurs expérimentés ont analysé les mêmes documents. Les résultats avancés démontreront la complémentarité des données issues des trois types de verbalisations et l'importance de considérer l'indexation en tant que problème mal- défini; la solution étant définie en partie par l'indexeur.

Cognitive Models of Design Ideation

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noe Vargas Hernandez ◽  
Jami J. Shah ◽  
Steven M. Smith
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Psychology ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
Mental Imagery ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Cognitive Model ◽  
Cognitive Models ◽  
Visual Thinking ◽  
Human Problem ◽  
Design Ideation

The objective of this paper is to present a series of proposed cognitive models for specific components of design ideation. Each model attempts to explain specific cognitive processes occurring during ideation. Every model presented here is constructed with elements (i.e. cognitive processes) and theories available from cognitive psychology, human problem solving, mental imagery, and visual thinking. Every model in turn is an element of a higher-level cognitive model of design ideation. These models provide a better understanding of the components involved during ideation and their relationships.

scholarly journals Meaningful Events in Cognitive and Behavioral Psychology Research Approaches: A 6-Year Literature Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marileide A. Oliveira ◽  
Erik Arntzen
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Psychology ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Web Of Science ◽  
Explanatory Models ◽  
Cognitive Approach ◽  
Behavioral Psychology ◽  
Final Sample ◽  
The Relationship

The concept of meaning has been a traditional object of scientific study over recent decades within the behavioral and cognitive psychology fields. The former defines meaningful events in terms of their existing or acquired behavioral functions. The latter focuses on explanatory models to describe the role of meaningful events in cognitive performance. We performed a literature review of research studies that were published between 2012 and 2017 that investigated the relationship between meaningful events and cognitive processes that are related to language acquisition and behavioral processes, specifically the formation of stimulus equivalence classes. The final sample included 33 articles that were identified by searching three different databases (Web of Science, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar) using specific keywords. The results showed that meaningful events play an important role in cognitive/behavioral processes. More studies were found within the cognitive approach, whereas a stronger effect of meaningful events was observed in studies that employed a behavioral approach.Keywords: Behavioral psychology, cognitive psychology, meaningful events, meaning. 

A cognitive approach to cumulative technological culture is useful and necessary but only if it also applies to other species

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thibaud Gruber
Keyword(s):  
Social Learning ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Learning Processes ◽  
Cognitive Approach ◽  
Technological Culture ◽  
Social Learning Processes

Abstract The debate on cumulative technological culture (CTC) is dominated by social-learning discussions, at the expense of other cognitive processes, leading to flawed circular arguments. I welcome the authors' approach to decouple CTC from social-learning processes without minimizing their impact. Yet, this model will only be informative to understand the evolution of CTC if tested in other cultural species.

Metaphor and Intertextuality: A Cognitive Approach to Intertextual Meaning-Making in Metafictional Fantasy Novels

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary-Anne Shonoda
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Meaning Making ◽  
Explanatory Power ◽  
Cognitive Poetics ◽  
Cognitive Approach ◽  
Mapping Model ◽  
Fantasy Novels ◽  
Narrative Functions ◽  
The Cross ◽  
Metaphoric Expression

Scholars in children's literature have frequently commented on the humorous and ideological functions of intertextuality. There has however, been little discussion of the cognitive processes at work in intertextual interpretation and how they provide readers with more interpretive freedom in the meaning-making process. Drawing on research from the field of metaphor studies and the interdisciplinary area of cognitive poetics, this article suggests that the interpretation of foregrounded intertextuality is analogous to the interpretation of metaphoric expression. Current models of metaphor interpretation are discussed before I outline my own intertextuality-based variant. The cross-mapping model developed is then applied to literary intertexts in Inkheart and cultural intertexts in Starcross in order to show how the model might work with intertexts of varying degrees of specificity and that serve different narrative functions. The explanatory power of the cross-mapping model is not limited to cases where elements in the primary storyworld can be directly matched with those in the intertext, but extends to instances that involve a recasting of the intertext and thus retelling as in Princess Bride.

scholarly journals Remote Virtual Simulation for Incident Commanders—Cognitive Aspects

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (14) ◽  
pp. 6434
Author(s):  
Cecilia Hammar Wijkmark ◽  
Maria Monika Metallinou ◽  
Ilona Heldal
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Research Methodology ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Learning Objectives ◽  
Virtual Simulation ◽  
Practical Training ◽  
Case Research ◽  
Action Case

Due to the COVID-19 restrictions, on-site Incident Commander (IC) practical training and examinations in Sweden were canceled as of March 2020. The graduation of one IC class was, however, conducted through Remote Virtual Simulation (RVS), the first such examination to our current knowledge. This paper presents the necessary enablers for setting up RVS and its influence on cognitive aspects of assessing practical competences. Data were gathered through observations, questionnaires, and interviews from students and instructors, using action-case research methodology. The results show the potential of RVS for supporting higher cognitive processes, such as recognition, comprehension, problem solving, decision making, and allowed students to demonstrate whether they had achieved the required learning objectives. Other reported benefits were the value of not gathering people (imposed by the pandemic), experiencing new, challenging incident scenarios, increased motivation for applying RVS based training both for students and instructors, and reduced traveling (corresponding to 15,400 km for a class). While further research is needed for defining how to integrate RVS in practical training and assessment for IC education and for increased generalizability, this research pinpoints current benefits and limitations, in relation to the cognitive aspects and in comparison, to previous examination formats.

Overcoming Barriers To a Cognitive Psychology of Religion

2000 ◽  
Vol 12 (1-4) ◽  
pp. 141-161
Author(s):  
Robert N. Mccauley
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Psychology ◽  
Psychology Of Religion ◽  
Cognitive Approach ◽  
The Face ◽  
Cognitive Approaches ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractThe aims of this paper are to identify three barriers to the development of cognitive approaches to the study of religion and to suggest how each might be circumvented. The first of these barriers is methodological and lurks amid two issues that, historically, have dominated anthropologists' reflections on the relationship of their discipline to psychology. The older of the two can be characterized as the "psychic unity" controversy (see Shore 1995). The second issue is the controversy over the "autonomy of culture". Advocates of the latter thesis are usually unsympathetic to psychological explanations of religious phenomena. In the first section, I shall begin by briefly examining each of those issues and then exploring the connections between the two as well as interesting logical tensions that arise in the face of popular responses to each. In section two, I shall consider a pair of barriers to a cognitive psychology of religion rooted in two strategies that have dominated many psychologists' approaches to the study of religion. I will argue that for some purposes, at least, both strategies should be relaxed. Finally, in section three, I shall briefly sketch one sort of cognitive approach to religious phenomena, suggesting how it handles the two strategic barriers in particular.

scholarly journals Does Exposure to Multicultural Experience Enhance All Individuals’ Creative Problem-Solving Ability?

2017 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehrdad Fazeli Falavarjani ◽  
Forozan Irandust
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Interactive Effect ◽  
Openness To Experience ◽  
Interactive Effects ◽  
Creative Problem Solving ◽  
Multicultural Experience ◽  
Diverse Community ◽  
Creative Problem ◽  
Cultural Cues

Today’s diverse community often includes culturally rich environments that contain cues pertaining to more than one culture. These cultural cues can shape cognitive processes, such as creativity. This study aims to investigate the interactive effects of Openness to Experience, Extroversion and Multicultural Experience (including the real and desired experiences) on creative problem-solving ability using the quantitative method on a diverse sample of international students (N= 102). The findings indicate that the interactive effect of extensive multicultural experience and Openness to Experience predict the creative solution. It means the multicultural experience is beneficial for individuals to foster creative ability when they are highly open to experience, whereas, among those who are not open, more extensive multicultural experience do not lead to enhancement of creating the correct solution. Furthermore, this interaction term was not pronounced among the extroverted individuals. Implications of these findings for promoting creativity in learning environments are discussed.

scholarly journals Fascinatin’ Rhythm – and Pauses in Translators’ Cognitive Processes

2018 ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Ricardo Muñoz Martín ◽  
Celia Martín de Leon
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Sustained Attention ◽  
Initial Phase ◽  
Lower Threshold ◽  
Log Files ◽  
Information Searches ◽  
Log File

The Monitor Model fosters a view of translating where two mind modes stand out and alternate when trying to render originals word-by-word by default: shallow, uneventful processing vs problem solving. Research may have been biased towards problem solving, often operationalized with a pause of, or above, 3 seconds. This project analyzed 16 translation log files by four informants from four originals. A baseline minimal pause of 200 ms was instrumental to calculate two individual thresholds for each log file: (a) A low one – 1.5 times the median pause within words – and (b) a high one – 3 times the median pause between words. Pauses were then characterized as short (between 200 ms and the lower threshold), mid, and long (above the higher threshold, chunking the recorded activities in the translation task into task segments), and assumed to respond to different causes. Weak correlations between short, mid and long pauses were found, hinting at possible different cognitive processes. Inferred processes did not fall neatly into categories depending on the length of possibly associated pauses. Mid pauses occurred more often than long pauses between sentences and paragraphs, and they also more often flanked information searches and even problem-solving instances. Chains of proximal mid pauses marked cases of potential hesitations. Task segments tended to happen within 4–8 minute cycles, nested in a possible initial phase for contextualization, followed by long periods of sustained attention. We found no evidence for problem-solving thresholds, and no trace of behavior supporting the Monitor Model. 

scholarly journals E-working: Country Versus Culture Dimension

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 23-34
Author(s):  
Michal Beňo
Keyword(s):  
Problem Solving ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Cultural Diversity ◽  
National Culture ◽  
Power Distance ◽  
Cultural Dimensions ◽  
Comprehensive Model ◽  
Cultural Backgrounds ◽  
Geert Hofstede ◽  
Different Cultures

Globalisation and increasing digitisation mean that companies must increasingly orientate themselves internationally in order to become (more) competitive or to remain competitive. Promoting e-working can revitalise rural development. The issue involved is always interaction between people from different cultures, between people who, according to their cultural backgrounds, feel, think and act differently. When cultural diversity and differences are taken into account, greater creativity, more diverse ideas and faster problem solving are achieved. The cultural dimensions, according to Geert Hofstede, offer a comprehensive model for capturing the various expressions of intercultural values. This paper examines the motives for applying e-working in selected European countries in 2018 according to Hofstede’s six dimensions of national culture. Twenty-eight countries from the Eurostat database were analysed (Finland and the Netherlands were excluded, and software detected them in the e-working variable as outliers). Correlation with e-working is statistically significant at PDI (power distance index - negative: the lower the PDI index, the higher the proportion of e-working) and IVR index (indulgence versus restraint - positive: the higher the IVR index, the higher the proportion of e-working).

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