scholarly journals La langue française au Rwanda. Chronique d’une mort programmée

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (7) ◽  
pp. 25-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Obed Nkunzimana
Keyword(s):  
Information Technologies ◽  
Private Institutions ◽  
Language Of Instruction ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Second Languages ◽  
Nouvelles Technologies ◽  
Politique Économique ◽  
The Status ◽  
Il Y A ◽  
Langue Seconde

En 2009, le Rwanda, ancienne colonie belge et pays francophone, passe officiellement et sans états d’âme « de Voltaire à Shakespeare » ( Ouazani), en s’affiliant au Commonwealth, au terme d’ un intense lobbying auprès des membres influents de ce club réservé essentiellement aux anciennes colonies britanniques. L’anglais devient langue unique de formation du primaire à l’université, reléguant ainsi le français au rang de simple langue seconde parmi tant d’autres proposées dans les programmes de formation publique ou privée. Eu égard à cette quête de changement d’alliances, d’autres pays tels que le Gabon, le Burundi, le Madagascar seraient des exemples intéressants à examiner, mais nous proposons de nous concentrer sur le cas particulier et sans précédent du Rwanda. En jetant un regard critique sur certains aspects de l’entreprise coloniale belge notamment sa stratégie éducative, nous tenterons de montrer que le déclin du français, c’est-à-dire sa perte de statut de langue officielle et peut-être un jour sa disparition pure et simple comme langue d’usage par les Rwandais, était programmé d’avance, inscrit non seulement dans les gènes mêmes de son implantation par l’autorité coloniale belge, il y a environ un siècle de cela, mais surtout dans la singularité du contexte farouchement et exclusivement monolingue du Rwanda traditionnel ; que même si le rebond de la langue française n’est pas impossible, le chemin est parsemé d’obstacles presque infranchissables, en raison de la nouvelle donne géostratégique, linguistique du Rwanda et une politique économique axée sur les nouvelles technologies de l’information où l’anglais reste prédominant. Abstract In 2009, Rwanda, former belgian colony and francophone country, switches, in Ouazani’s terms, from Voltaire to Shakespeare, becoming officially and unapologetically affiliated with the Commonwealth, after intensely lobbying the influential members of that club, whose membership is essentially composed of former british colonies. English become the sole language of instruction from elementary school to university, while French joined the rank of other optional second languages taught in both public and private institutions. Although some other countries like Gabon, Burundi and Madagascar, which are apparently tempted by the same affiliation, are interesting cases in point, I will rather focus on this singular and unprecedented shift operated by Rwanda. By pointing out some aspects of the belgian colonial enterprise, particularly its instruction rationale and strategies, I will attempt to argue that the actual decline of French - its loss of the status of official language and, perhaps, its pure and simple disappearance in Rwanda one day- was programmed in advance, written not only in the very genes of its colonial inception a century ago, but also in the nationalistic context of traditional Rwanda with its prevailing and self-sufficent monolingualism. I shall also point out that even though the rebirth of French language is not impossible, the path remains mined by daunting obstacles, related to the new geostrategic and linguistic road Rwanda has taken, as well as the actual government’ economic plan, centered on information technologies in which English is predominant.

What Women Entrepreneurs Need to Succeed in Emerging Economies?

2018 ◽  
pp. 212-238
Author(s):  
Purna Prabhakar Nandamuri ◽  
J. S. K. Chakravarthi ◽  
Gnanamkonda Vijayudu
Keyword(s):  
Social Development ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Emerging Economies ◽  
Effect Size ◽  
Private Institutions ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Women Entrepreneurship ◽  
The Status ◽  
Entrepreneurial Competencies

Many efforts have successfully been implemented by both public and private institutions to advance women entrepreneurship, recognized to be an indicator of overall social development. Despite several efforts, women still represent a minority share of entrepreneurship, specifically among the emerging economies. A study conducted to understand the status of entrepreneurial competencies among the male and female genders in India has proved that women were equally competent to men on the required entrepreneurial competencies. Among the 10 entrepreneurial competencies tested, women were found to be marginally inferior only on three competencies. The degree of difference is very marginal, and the effect size is quantified to be only up to 25% of the sample, which would easily be overcome with further efforts. In view of the observations, the chapter proposes to concentrate on the gender gap rather than skill gap to improve women entrepreneurship, specifically among the emerging economies.

scholarly journals THE PERCEIVED STATUS OF STRATEGIC PLANNING IN PORTUGUESE HIGHEREDUCATION INSTITUTIONS

2004 ◽  
Vol 4 (11) ◽  
pp. 167
Author(s):  
Maria Lourdes Machado ◽  
James Stover Taylor ◽  
Minoo Farhangmehr.
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Strategic Planning ◽  
Survey Methodology ◽  
Private Institutions ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Institutional Planning ◽  
Catholic University ◽  
The Status ◽  
Portuguese Higher Education ◽  
The University

This study examined the status of planning within the various types of higher education institutions in Portugal. Higher education in Portugal is a binary system with university and non- university sectors. The university sector integrates public and private universities and the Catholic university. The nonuniversity sector integrates public polytechnic institutes and other establishments, the latter being private institutions. A survey methodology was used to measure perceptions from rectors and presidents within the entire system. Results suggest that institutional planning in Portuguese higher education is in its beginning phases, but there is a desire to expand that participation. While public institutions appear to be most active in attempting to establish such a process, many are doing less than strategic planning. The authors report details of the findings and make recommendations for advancing strategic planning within the system of Portuguese higher education.

scholarly journals Brazilian climate normals for 1981-2010

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco de Assis Diniz ◽  
Andrea Malheiros Ramos ◽  
Expedito Ronald Gomes Rebello
Keyword(s):  
Global Climate ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Private Institutions ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Previous Edition ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Government ◽  
Government Body ◽  
Earth’S Climate ◽  
Guidance Information

Abstract: In the last decades, especially since 2000, the natural vulnerability of Earth’s climate system has been a cause of great concern as to the status of global climate change due to the interference of natural and/or anthropic activities. Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia (Inmet), the government body officially responsible for monitoring weather and climate in Brazil, and also a member of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), is proud to release the new edition of the climate normals for the period of 1981-2010. The new edition aims to analyze and register the climate changes that occurred during the two decades following the previous edition of 1961-1990. For that purpose, Inmet created a working group to prepare and edit these normals, as a basis of knowledge for different spheres of meteorology, aiming to strengthen the study and research of climate variability, as well as the Paris Agreement, which limits global warming to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels. Finally, the publication intends to offer guidance, information, and assistance to the communities of climate sciences, agribusiness, and public and private institutions, both national and international. Overall, activities related to climate have expanded in practically every sphere of human life, especially in the fields of science and public policies.

scholarly journals Analysis of physical therapy education in Brazil during the COVID-19 pandemic

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur de Almeida Medeiros ◽  
Adriane Pires Batiston ◽  
Laís Alves de Souza ◽  
Fernando Pierette Ferrari ◽  
Isabelle Ribeiro Barbosa
Keyword(s):  
Physical Therapy ◽  
Educational Institution ◽  
Teaching Experience ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Private Institutions ◽  
Physical Therapy Education ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
The Status ◽  
Therapy Education

Abtract Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic brought the need for social distancing as a strategy to control the disease, prompting most countries to te.,mporarily suspend educational activities at all levels. Objective: To analyze the status of physical therapy education in Brazilian public and private institutions during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: A cross-sectional study with professors from physical therapy courses in Brazil. The study was conducted using an electronic form distributed via a social media application, containing questions on the characteristics of the professor, educational institution and work process. Associations were analyzed by the chi-squared test at 5% significance. Results: A total of 313 professors from 22 Brazilian states participated, with 62.94% from private institutions and 73.80% reporting that activities were conducted via emergency remote teaching (ERT). Among the professors who shifted to ERT, 63.20% did so with no prior planning and 28.13% had received no training for this this teaching format. An association was observed between the type of institution (public or private) and professors’ age (p < 0.001), sex (p < 0.001), teaching experience (p < 0.001) and adopting ERT (p < 0.001). Conclusion: In Brazil, the COVID-19 pandemic prompted most institutions to switch to ERT, more prevalent at private facilities, with no prior planning for the transition from in-person to remote teaching.

scholarly journals The Partial Deinstitutionalization of Affirmative Action in U.S. Higher Education, 1988-2014

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Hirschman ◽  
Ellen Berrey
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Affirmative Action ◽  
State Level ◽  
Colleges And Universities ◽  
Private Institutions ◽  
Organizational Policy ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Undergraduate Admissions ◽  
Admissions Policies ◽  
The Status

Race-conscious admissions policies are politically controversial yet pragmatically effective for improving access for people of color to selective U.S. colleges and universities. While the admissions policies of elite institutions get the most political, scholarly, and media attention, little is known about the use of affirmative action in admissions across the broader field of selective higher education. Based on analysis of longitudinal panel data of almost 1,000 selective status colleges and universities, we find a dramatic shift in stated organizational policy starting in the mid-1990s. In 1994, 60% of institutions publicly declared that they considered race in undergraduate admissions; by 2014, just 35% did. Yet there is substantial variation depending on schools’ status (competitiveness) and sector (public or private). Notably, race-conscious admissions remain the stated organizational policy of almost all of the most elite public and private institutions. The retreat from race-conscious admissions occurs largely among schools relatively lower in the status hierarchy: very competitive public institutions and competitive public and private institutions. These patterns are not explained by the implementation of state-level bans. The findings suggest that both the diversity imperative and the diffuse impact of the anti-affirmative action movement are not consistent across strata of American higher education.

PECULIARITIES AND CONDITIONS OF ACTIVITY OF BOOK PUBLISHING HOUSES OF UKRAINE IN THE MODERN MEDIA SPACE

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tetyana Jezhyzhanska
Keyword(s):  
Information Technologies ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Book Publishing ◽  
Cultural Development ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Modern Media ◽  
Media Space ◽  
The World ◽  
The Status ◽  
Book Publishers

In the information society the status of information is changing: this main value of global civilization becomes an important resource of socio- economic, technological and cultural development. The rapid development of virtual technologies and the growing number of Internet users in Ukraine and in the world causes the new challenges to communication of each organization. The book publishers are also obliged to respond to these processes. However, the works devoted directly to publishers’ communication in the modern media space are still lacking in Ukraine. The objective of the article is to clarify peculiarities and conditions of the activities of Ukrainian book publishers in today’s media space which is an important issue today. It is analyzed the literature and sources on this issue and it is ascertained the theoretical and practical possibilities to take into account the trends in the world of modern media in the PR-activity of book publishers. Also the prospects for further scientific study and practical use of PR-communications in the activity of publishers are determined. The analysis of current changes in the modern information space allows us to trace the general tendencies: the new subject and object areas are formed; the number of subjects is expanded; the new formats of interaction within the system of communications of the organization and in society as a whole are created. That means that publishing house’s PR-communications are complicated by the emergence of new elements, such as active audience, social networks as communication channels, promotions on the Internet and others. PR communication in the Internet space is the most effective and inexpensive tool for interaction of publishers with active audiences. Thus, the activation of PR communication in the modern media space is associated with the emergence of the latest information technologies, online media as well as development of Internet. The use of online channels of Internet for communication with the target audience of publishing organizations has certain advantages over traditional media. At the same time, it is necessary to take into account the information saturation of media space, which complicates the way of PR-messages of book publishers to the reader.

scholarly journals The Role of Place of Delivery in Preventing Neonatal and Infant Mortality Rate in India

Geographies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-62
Author(s):  
Ujjwal Das ◽  
Barkha Chaplot ◽  
Hazi Mohammad Azamathulla
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Neonatal Mortality ◽  
Public Hospitals ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Private Institutions ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Place Of Delivery ◽  
At Home

Skilled birth attendance and institutional delivery have been advocated for reducing maternal, neonatal mortality and infant mortality (NMR and IMR). This paper examines the role of place of delivery with respect to neo-natal and infant mortality in India using four rounds of the Indian National Family Health Survey conducted in 2015–2016. The place of birth has been categorized as “at home” or “public and private institution.” The role of place of delivery on neo-natal and infant mortality was examined by using multivariate hazard regression models adjusted for clus-tering and relevant maternal, socio-economic, pregnancy and new-born characteristics. There were 141,028 deliveries recorded in public institutions and 54,338 in private institutions. The esti-mated neonatal mortality rate in public and private institutions during this period was 27 and 26 per 1000 live births respectively. The study shows that when the mother delivers child at home, the chances of neonatal mortality risks are higher than the mortality among children born at the health facility centers. Regression analysis also indicates that a professionally qualified provider′s antenatal treatment and assistance greatly decreases the risks of neonatal mortality. The results of the study illustrate the importance of the provision of institutional facilities and proper pregnancy in the prevention of neonatal and infant deaths. To improve the quality of care during and imme-diately after delivery in health facilities, particularly in public hospitals and in rural areas, accel-erated strengthening is required.

scholarly journals Wastewater Surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 on College Campuses: Initial Efforts, Lessons Learned, and Research Needs

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 4455
Author(s):  
Sasha Harris-Lovett ◽  
Kara L. Nelson ◽  
Paloma Beamer ◽  
Heather N. Bischel ◽  
Aaron Bivins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Information Needs ◽  
Community Dynamics ◽  
The United States ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Private Institutions ◽  
Community Members ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
College And University ◽  
University Systems

Wastewater surveillance for the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an emerging approach to help identify the risk of a coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak. This tool can contribute to public health surveillance at both community (wastewater treatment system) and institutional (e.g., colleges, prisons, and nursing homes) scales. This paper explores the successes, challenges, and lessons learned from initial wastewater surveillance efforts at colleges and university systems to inform future research, development and implementation. We present the experiences of 25 college and university systems in the United States that monitored campus wastewater for SARS-CoV-2 during the fall 2020 academic period. We describe the broad range of approaches, findings, resources, and impacts from these initial efforts. These institutions range in size, social and political geographies, and include both public and private institutions. Our analysis suggests that wastewater monitoring at colleges requires consideration of local information needs, sewage infrastructure, resources for sampling and analysis, college and community dynamics, approaches to interpretation and communication of results, and follow-up actions. Most colleges reported that a learning process of experimentation, evaluation, and adaptation was key to progress. This process requires ongoing collaboration among diverse stakeholders including decision-makers, researchers, faculty, facilities staff, students, and community members.

scholarly journals The Fragmentation of Global Governance Architectures: A Framework for Analysis

2009 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 14-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Biermann ◽  
Philipp Pattberg ◽  
Harro van Asselt ◽  
Fariborz Zelli
Keyword(s):  
Global Governance ◽  
Empirical Studies ◽  
World Politics ◽  
Private Institutions ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Governance Challenges ◽  
Alternative Hypotheses ◽  
Governance Architecture

Most research on global governance has focused either on theoretical accounts of the overall phenomenon or on empirical studies of distinct institutions that serve to solve particular governance challenges. In this article we analyze instead “governance architectures,” defined as the overarching system of public and private institutions, principles, norms, regulations, decision-making procedures and organizations that are valid or active in a given issue area of world politics. We focus on one aspect that is turning into a major source of concern for scholars and policy-makers alike: the “fragmentation” of governance architectures in important policy domains. The article offers a typology of different degrees of fragmentation, which we describe as synergistic, cooperative, and conflictive fragmentation. We then systematically assess alternative hypotheses over the relative advantages and disadvantages of different degrees of fragmentation. We argue that moderate degrees of fragmentation may entail both significant costs and benefits, while higher degrees of fragmentation are likely to decrease the overall performance of a governance architecture. The article concludes with policy options on how high degrees of fragmentation could be reduced. Fragmentation is prevalent in particular in the current governance of climate change, which we have hence chosen as illustration for our discussion.

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