scholarly journals Images of scales

Jezikoslovlje ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-84
Author(s):  
Gašper Ilc ◽  
Frančiška Lipovšek

The paper investigates the syntactic, semantic, and cultural properties of minimizers and maximizers from a contrastive perspective. Minimizers and maximizers are scalar constructions whose function is to strengthen the speaker’s (negative) assertion by pointing to the minimal (minimizers) or the maximal (maximizers) point on a pragmatic scale. The syntactic analysis reveals that these items are predominantly sub-clausal (V+NP/PP or NP/PP), and polarity sensitive, requiring the presence of a polarity licenser. The lexical analysis identifies three possibilities with regard to lexical selections in the two languages: a complete, partial, and a non-existent lexico-semantic overlap. Furthermore, the corpus data indicate that there is considerable variation in the lexical items appearing in minimizers and maximizers (e.g., give a damn/shit/toss/fuck/monkey’s/fig/rat’s ( arse , ass, fart)/hoot). Even though minimizers and maximizers in both languages involve the metaphor more is up, less is down / good is up, bad is down and part-for-whole metonymy, the analysis shows that the lexical selection in the two languages diverges due to different cultural conceptualisations and cultural background. The observation and results of the analysis presented herein aim at contributing to a better understanding of idiomatic expressions from the viewpoint of contrastive linguistics, cultural studies, and cultural conceptualisation.

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 136
Author(s):  
Ali Al-Halawani

<p>This paper is an attempt to illustrate the importance of understanding the religious and cultural background of the ST in the translation process in order to reach an accurate and precise translation product in the TL. The paper affirms that differences between cultures may cause complications which are even more serious for the translator than those arising from differences in language structures. The sample of the study is concerned with an Islamic term, namely <em>al-fat-<span style="text-decoration: underline;">h</span> al-Islami-</em>commonly rendered into English as <em>Islamic Conquest</em> or <em>Invasion-</em> a religiously and culturally bound term/concept. The paper starts by defining culture, and then follows with an extensive lexical analysis of the selected term/concept. The study proves that it is difficult to translate this concept into the TL simply due to the lack of optimal or even near optimal cultural equivalents. The skill and the intervention of the translator are most crucial in this respect because, above all, translation is an act of communication. It is hoped that this study will provide a more precise equivalent of this significant concept; a matter which may better reflect the innate peaceful nature of Islam as a religion. The in-depth descriptive analytical method this study follows can be used to analyze other religiously and culturally bound terms/concepts.</p>


Babel ◽  
1971 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-21
Author(s):  
Anatole Sliosberg

Summary The technical translator needs to possess three fundamental qualities: a complete mastery of his own language; a cultural background enabling him to translate clearly what are often poorly drafted original texts; a thorough knowledge of the language translated, with its variations and idiomatic expressions. These often vary from one country to another, as well as from one historical period to another. Many terms of English origin are often mistranslated into other languages, and there are also certain peculiarities of language employed by groups of individuals, for example, drug-addicts' slang. Technical knowledge is obviously essential and in medicine and pharmacy involves a wide range of science. Designations can vary from one language to another, even in anatomical descriptions and in certain clinical syndromes. Difficulty may arise in the case of words derived from the same root, but not having the same meaning, depending on the language used. This is illustrated by examples in the tables of the text. The designation of diseases and symptoms by proper names also constitutes a difficulty for the translator, as such terms have different meanings according to the language concerned. Abbreviations are ever increasing in number and often confusing as they are not identical in the different languages; furthermore, each may have several meanings. Authors should use a clear style, devoid of vernacular terms and popular words, as well as of eponyms and arbitrary abbreviations. Kurzf assung Der technische Übersetzer mußüber drei wesent-liche Fähigkeiten verfügen: eine vollkommene Beherrschung seiner Muttersprache; eine Allge-meinbildung, die ihm erlaubt, die oft schlecht geschriebenen Texte in eine klare Form zu über-tragen; gründliche Kenntnis der übersetzten Sprache, ihrer Variationen und idiomatischen Be-griffe, die sich oft von einem Land zum anderen und von Epoche zu Epoche andern. Viele Aus-drücke englischen Ursprungs sind oft schlecht in andere Sprachen übersetzt und auch charakteri-stische Spracheigenheiten einiger Personengruppen, wie z. B. die Sprache der Süchtigen. Fall der Medizin und der Pharmazie umfassen sie eine ganze Reihe verschiedener Wissenschafts-bereiche. Die Bezeichnungen andern sich von ei-ner Sprache zur anderen, selbst für die Anatomie und für gewisse klinische Syndrome. Hinzu kommen Ausdrücke, die zwar denselben Stamm, in verschiedenen Sprachen jedoch verschiedene Be-deutungen besitzen; der Text enthalt Tabellen mit Beispielen. Eine weitere Schwierigkeit für den Übersetzer bildet die Bezeichnung von Krankheiten und Symptomen mit Eigennamen; auch hier sind die Ausdrücke in den verschiedenen Idiomen nicht dieselben. Als letztes sind die immer haufiger auftretenden Abkürzungen zu erwahnen, die oft verwirren, da sie in den verschiedenen Sprachen nicht iden-tisch sind und da autëerdem jede einzelne Ab-kürzung mehrere Bedeutungen haben kann. Autoren sollen klar schreiben, ohne mundartliche Sprachbegriffe, ohne triviale Worte, ohne Epo-nyme oder willkürlich geformte Abkürzungen zu verwenden.


Author(s):  
J. B. Deręgowski

Cross-cultural studies are of interest primarily because they demonstrate the extent of perceptual variation that would not be observable if the samples were derived from a single population. They are also of interest because they show how variation of factors such as age, gender, environment, cultural background, and genetics affects perception. Topics addressed include horizontal-vertical illusions, the Muller-Lyer illusion, and the Sander parallelogram. Perceptual processes are explored including perception of depth.


1912 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hideyo Noguchi

I have described the successful cultivation of two distinct species of Treponema from the oral cavity of man. The species differ from one another morphologically and in respect to their cultural properties. As the two species have now been clearly separated and cultivated for the first time, I propose for them the names Treponema microdentium and macrodentium, respectively. Division along the longitudinal axis has been demonstrated for both Treponema macrodentium and microdentium. When the micro- and macrodentium are cultivated under imperfect anaerobic conditions, they undergo involution, but still continue to vegetate to some extent. Finally, a spiral organism has been cultivated and described that may be merely an involuted form of the macrodentium, or it may be a new species altogether.


2006 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-149 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Xiao ◽  
Tony McEnery ◽  
Yufang Qian

This article combines the corpus-based and contrastive approaches, seeking to provide a systematic account of passive constructions in two typologically distinct languages, namely British English and Mandarin Chinese. We will first explore, on the basis of written and spoken corpus data, a range of characteristics of passives in the two languages including various passive constructions, long vs. short passives, semantic, pragmatic and syntactic features as well as genre variations. On the basis of this exploration, passive constructions in the two languages are contrasted in a structured way. Methodologically, this study demonstrates that comparable monolingual corpora can be exploited fruitfully in contrastive linguistics.


Author(s):  
Juliane Schwab ◽  
Mingya Liu ◽  
Jutta L. Mueller

AbstractExisting work on the acquisition of polarity-sensitive expressions (PSIs) suggests that children show an early sensitivity to the restricted distribution of negative polarity items (NPIs), but may be delayed in the acquisition of positive polarity items (PPIs). However, past studies primarily targeted PSIs that are highly frequent in children’s language input. In this paper, we report an experimental investigation on children’s comprehension of two NPIs and two PPIs in German. Based on corpus data indicating that the four tested PSIs are present in child-directed speech but rare in young children’s utterances, we conducted an auditory rating task with adults and 11- to 12-year-old children. The results demonstrate that, even at 11–12 years of age, children do not yet show a completely target-like comprehension of the investigated PSIs. While they are adult-like in their responses to one of the tested NPIs, their responses did not demonstrate a categorical distinction between licensed and unlicensed PSI uses for the other tested expressions. The effect was led by a higher acceptance of sentences containing unlicensed PSIs, indicating a lack of awareness for their distributional restrictions. The results of our study pose new questions for the developmental time scale of the acquisition of polarity items.


2012 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 161-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hanne M. Eckhoff ◽  
Peter de Swart ◽  
Olga Thomason

AbstractUsing a quantitative methodology based on extensively annotated corpus data from the PROIEL corpus, we examine the distribution of απο and &epsi;&kappa; in the NT Greek Gospels. The original semantic opposition between these two prepositions in terms of an ablative-elative distinction started fading during the historical development of Greek and has been argued to be already much weaker at the time of the New Testament. To explore this we generate a semantic map without semantic pre-analysis on the basis of four parallel language samples. We then use statistical techniques to interpret this map. We ind that there is still a fairly clean separation between &epsi;&kappa; and απο largely based on semantic role. However, απο is quite frequently used in elative contexts. A lexical analysis clarifies that the use of απο in this environment amounts to the preposition specialising with certain lexical items, some of them with variable interpretations, as seen in the case of toponyms.


2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (23) ◽  
pp. 177
Author(s):  
Evelien Keizer

This paper deals with a special type of anaphoric relation that consists in a reference through/to a part of a fixed idiomatic experience. It is proved that, contrary to what is generally assumed, such references are not necessarily grammatically or stylistically marked. Instead, they are part of several productive usage patterns. With corpus data and a discursive-functional grammatical approach, I provide a theoretically-substantiated analysis of each of these patterns. This analysis shows their production and interpretation processes, accounts for their systematicity and productivity, and puts forth an explanatory proposal of the cognitive effort and communicative advantages of their use.


2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 177-211 ◽  
Author(s):  
Venera Suleymanova ◽  
Jack Hoeksema

Abstract Azerbaijani, like many other languages, has a class of negative polarity items denoting minimal measures (along dimensions such as size, length, duration, value, weight etc.), called minimizers. This paper presents an overview of this group of expressions, compares them to minimizers in the western European languages, in particular English and Dutch, identifies the various domains in which these minimizers may be used, and discusses their distribution across polarity-sensitive contexts such as negation, conditional clauses, questions, etc. The distribution we found, on the basis of both corpus data and native speaker judgments, is very similar to that of minimizers in English or Dutch, especially when differences are factored out which are due to the fact that Azerbaijani has strict negative concord, whereas English and Dutch do not. To this end, we distinguish two types of minimizers for Azerbaijani, negated minimizers preceded by heç bir ‘not one’, and minimizers preceded by bir only.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document