scholarly journals Characterization of Lignin Precipitated From The Soda Black Liquor of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Fibers by Various Mineral Acids

2017 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 57 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.N Mohamad Ibrahim ◽  
S.B Chuah ◽  
W.D. Wan Rosli
Keyword(s):  
Phosphoric Acid ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Black Liquor ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunch ◽  
Nitrobenzene Oxidation ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Mineral Acids ◽  
Ft Ir ◽  
Soda Lignin

Soda lignin from oil palm empty fruit bunch was directly isolated by various mineral acids i.e. sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, phosphoric acid and nitric acid at three levels of concentration (20% v/v, 60%v/v and concentrated). A comparison study was performed through physicochemical properties and structural features using FT-IR, UV, 13C-NMR and nitrobenzene oxidation. The FT-IR results showed that there is no significant difference between the main structures of the lignin isolated by various acids. However, low concentration of phosphoric acid is preferable because of its highest yield. The S: V: H ratio of 7-15:6-11:1 as evaluated by the nitrobenzene oxidation procedure suggests that soda lignin can be classified as belonging to either the cereal straw on grass type. The UV results indicate that phosphoric acid consistently gave the highest absorbance value among the four acids tested in this study regardless of its concentration level. The C13-FTNMR spectra, suggest that the lignin structure is independent of the type of acid used for precipitation.

scholarly journals Effect of various pretreatments of oil palm empty fruit bunch fibres for subsequent use as substrate on the performance of cellulase production by Aspergillus terreus

BioResources ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 291-307
Author(s):  
Mahdi Shahriarinour ◽  
Mohd Noor Abdul Wahab ◽  
Shuhaimi Mustafa ◽  
Rosfarizan Mohamad ◽  
Arbakariya B. Ariff
Keyword(s):  
Phosphoric Acid ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Aspergillus Terreus ◽  
Cellulase Production ◽  
Cellulose Content ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunch ◽  
Effective Microorganisms ◽  
Chemical Pretreatments ◽  
Main Components ◽  
High Cellulose

The possibility of using treated oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) fibres as substrate for cellulase production by Aspergillus terreus was studied using shaking flask fermentation. The effect of different chemical pretreatments, i.e. formic acid, acetic acid, propylamine, phosphoric acid, and n-butylamine, on the suitability of OPEFB fibres as fermentation substrate was investigated. The findings revealed that pretreatment with these chemicals significantly (P<0.05) increased the cellulose and reduced the lignin contents prior to enzymatic hydrolysis. However, fermentation using OPEFB fibres pretreated with phosphoric acid gave the highest cellulase production, which was related to high cellulose content. Further improvement in cellulase production was obtained when the chemically pretreated OPEFB fibres were subsequently treated hydrothermally (autoclaved at 160oC for 10 min) and then biologically (using effective microorganisms). The final activity of the three main components of cellulase (FPase, CMCase, and β-glucosidase) obtained in fermentation by A. terreus using optimally treated OPEFB fibres was (0.77 U mL−1, 8.5 U mL-1, and 6.1 U mL-1), respectively. The production of all these three major components of cellulase using pretreated OPEFB fibres (i.e. chemical, hydrothermal, and biological) were about three times higher than those obtained from fermentation using untreated OPEFB fibres.

scholarly journals Carboxymethyl Cellulose Hydrogel from Biomass Waste of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Using Calcium Chloride as Crosslinking Agent

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (23) ◽  
pp. 4056
Author(s):  
Nur Fattima’ Al-Zahara’ Tuan Mohamood ◽  
Abdul Hakam Abdul Halim ◽  
Norhazlin Zainuddin
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Chloride ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Carboxymethyl Cellulose ◽  
Metal Removal ◽  
Heavy Metal Removal ◽  
Crosslinking Agent ◽  
Industrial Effluent ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunch ◽  
Biomass Waste ◽  
Ft Ir

Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is modified cellulose extracted from oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) biomass waste that has been prepared through etherification using sodium monochloroacetate (SMCA) in the presence of sodium hydroxide. In this research, CMC hydrogel was prepared using calcium chloride (CaCl2) as the chemical crosslinker. Throughout the optimization process, four important parameters were studied, which were: (1) CMC concentration, (2) CaCl2 concentration, (3) reaction time, and (4) reaction temperature. From the results, the best gel content obtained was 28.11% at 20% (w/v) of CMC with 1% (w/v) of CaCl2 in 24 h reaction at room temperature. Meanwhile, the degree of swelling for CMC hydrogel was 47.34 g/g. All samples were characterized using FT-IR, XRD, TGA, and FESEM to study and compare modification on the OPEFB cellulose. The FT-IR spectrum of CMC hydrogel showed a shift of COO− peaks at 1585 cm−1 and 1413 cm−1, indicating the substitution of Ca2+ into the CMC molecular chains. The XRD diffractogram of CMC hydrogel showed no observation of sharp peaks, which signified an amorphous hydrogel phase. The CrI value also proved the decrement of the crystalline nature of CMC hydrogel. TGA–DTG thermograms showed that the Tmax of CMC hydrogel at 293.33 °C is slightly better in thermal stability compared to CMC. Meanwhile, the FESEM micrograph of CMC hydrogel showed interconnected pores indicating the crosslinkages in CMC hydrogel. CMC hydrogel was successfully synthesized using CaCl2 as a crosslinking agent, and its swelling ability can be used in various applications such as drug delivery systems, industrial effluent, food additives, heavy metal removal, and many more.

scholarly journals Lignin isolation from black liquor from oil palm empty fruit bunch using acid

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 11382-11391
Author(s):  
Sri Hidayati ◽  
Wisnu Satyajaya ◽  
Ahmad Fudholi
Keyword(s):  
Oil Palm ◽  
Black Liquor ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunch

scholarly journals OPTIMIZATION OF NOODLE FORMULATION USING COMMERCIALIZED EMPTY FRUIT BUNCH PALM OIL CARBOXYLMETHYL CELLULOSE (CMC) AND FLOURS WITH DIFFERENT PROTEIN CONTENT

2018 ◽  
Vol 80 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nur Izzatun Nasriah Nasruddin ◽  
Mohd Suzeren Md Jamil ◽  
Ikhwan Zakaria ◽  
Saiful Irwan Zubairi
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Physicochemical Analysis ◽  
High Protein ◽  
Palm Tree ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunch ◽  
Acceptance Level ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Protein Flour

Carboxylmethyl cellulose (CMC) is extracted from empty fruit bunches of oil palm, which usually comes from industrial waste. The focus of this research is to recycle cellulose from the oil palm tree to produce a food product which is noodles. In this research, the noodles were produced from commercialized CMC (0 – 2%) by using 15 different formulations with different types of flour such as high protein flour, wheat flour and low protein flour which provides an added factor to improve texture. Proximate, physicochemical analysis and sensory test were conducted in order to determine the noodle’s nutrient content, colour, texture and acceptance level among the consumer panels. Based on the proximate analysis, high protein flour produced noodles that were similar to the positive control product which was a commercialized yellow noodles (Mi Kuning Rakyat). Fat, crude fiber, moisture and ash content did not show a significant difference among the formulation tested (p>0.05) because the CMC used and different types of flour with different protein content used did not affect them. The compression test that was used to analyze texture in the physicochemical analysis revealed that Formulation 3 (F3), which was made up from high protein flour and 1% (w/w) CMC, had highest hardness with a mean score of 3.13 ± 0.06N and was significantly different (p<0.05) in comparison with other 14 formulations. This indicates that the use of high protein flour helps in the formation of gluten network in the noodles while an optimum amount of CMC (1.0%) gives a good texture to the noodles. For hedonic test, Formulation 4 (F4), which was made up of 1.5% (w/w) CMC and high protein flour which contain 11.5-13.5% of protein, has a highest acceptance level for consumer due to a good taste and a better texture. Therefore, the integration of high fibrous flour from an empty fruit bunch of oil palm in the form of commerciallized CMC with flours with different protein content into noodle formulation can produce an improved noodles' quality that have higher acceptance level among the consumers. 

scholarly journals STUDI ISOLASI DAN RENDEMEN LIGNIN DARI TANDAN KOSONG KELAPA SAWIT (TKKS)

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Harmaja Simatupang ◽  
Andi Nata ◽  
Netti Herlina
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Black Liquor ◽  
Oil Industry ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunches ◽  
Extractive Substances ◽  
Ft Ir

Oil palm empty fruit bunches (TKKS) is one of the solid waste generated by the palm oil industry that contain lots of fiber. Based from its chemical composition, TKKS has the potential to be used as a source of chemicals that lignin. Lignin can be used commercially as binders, adhesives, fillers, surfactants, polymer products, dispersants and other chemicals. This study used fiber powder TKKS cleared of extractive substances to extract them using benzene: 96% ethanol (2:1, v / v) for 6 hours. Fiber powder is then cooked with a variety of cooking 1,2,3 hours with the addition of NaOH variation of 10%, 15%, and 20% to obtain the black liquor, black liquor and dilution variations during lignin isolation. The results showed that the optimum yield of lignin obtained is 16.42% with 84.21% purity lignin in cooking 2 hour treatment with the addition of 20% NaOH and diluting the black liquor 1:2. The test results showed FT-IR has wavelengths lignin constituent functional groups in according with the standard lignin.

scholarly journals Alkaline Delignification of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Using Black Liquor from Pretreatment

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 ◽  
pp. 99-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muryanto ◽  
Eka Triwahyuni ◽  
Haznan Abimayu ◽  
Agung Cahyono ◽  
Effendi Tri Cahyono ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oil Palm ◽  
Black Liquor ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunch ◽  
Alkaline Delignification
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