scholarly journals Scientific Opinion on the modification of the authorisation of a health claim related to plant sterol esters and lowering blood LDL-cholesterol; high blood LDL-cholesterol is a risk factor in the development of (coronary) heart disease pursuant to Article

EFSA Journal ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 3577 ◽  
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Heart Disease ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Plant Sterol ◽  
Ldl Cholesterol ◽  
Health Claim ◽  
Sterol Esters ◽  
Scientific Opinion

The effect of plant stanol- and sterol-enriched foods on lipid metabolism, serum lipids and coronary heart disease

2005 ◽  
Vol 42 (4) ◽  
pp. 254-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helena Gylling ◽  
Tatu A Miettinen
Keyword(s):  
Coronary Heart Disease ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Serum Cholesterol ◽  
Plant Sterol ◽  
Plant Sterols ◽  
Intestinal Cholesterol Absorption ◽  
Sterol Esters ◽  
Cholesterol Lowering ◽  
Plant Stanol ◽  
Plant Stanol Esters

Phytosterols are plant sterols, mainly campesterol and sitosterol, and their respective stanols (5α-saturated derivatives), which chemically resemble cholesterol. They are present in a normal diet and are absorbed proportionally to cholesterol, but to a much lesser extent, such that less than 0.1% of serum sterols are plant sterols. Phytosterols inhibit intestinal cholesterol absorption, and fat-soluble plant stanol esters were introduced as a functional food for lowering serum cholesterol in the early 1990s; plant sterol esters entered the market at the end of the 1990s. Inhibition of the intestinal absorption of cholesterol stimulates cholesterol synthesis, a factor which limits serum cholesterol lowering to about 10% with phytosterols. Enrichment of the diet with plant stanol esters reduces absorption and serum concentrations of both cholesterol and plant sterols, whereas enrichment of the diet with plant sterol esters, especially in combination with statins, lowers serum cholesterol but increases serum plant sterol levels. Recent studies have suggested that high-serum plant sterol levels may be associated with increased coincidence of coronary heart disease. Estimates of coronary heart disease reduction by 20-25% with plant sterols/stanols is based mainly on short-term studies. Long-term cholesterol lowering, needed for the prevention of coronary heart disease, may be successful with plant stanol esters, which lower serum cholesterol in both genders over at least a year.

scholarly journals CHD Risk Factors In African-Americans

Circulation ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 103 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. 1347-1347
Author(s):  
Daniel W Jones ◽  
Lloyd E Chambless ◽  
Aaron R Folsom ◽  
Richard G Hutchinson ◽  
Richey A Sharrett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Coronary Heart Disease ◽  
Risk Factor ◽  
Heart Disease ◽  
Black Women ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Racial Differences ◽  
Ldl Cholesterol ◽  
Traditional Risk Factors ◽  
Chd Risk Factors

0017 Few studies have reported the incidence of coronary heart disease and its relationship to risk factors in African-Americans. As part of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study, baseline risk factors were tested as predictors of incident coronary heart disease over 7-10 years of follow-up, 1987-1997, in four U.S. communities (Forsyth County, North Carolina; Jackson, Mississippi; Minneapolis, Minnesota; and Washington County, Maryland). The sample included 14,026 men and women (2,298 black women [BW]; 5,686 white women [WW]; 1,396 black men [BM]; and 4,682 white men [WM] aged 45-64 who were free of clinical coronary heart disease at baseline. Age-adjusted incidence rates for the 7-10 year period (95% confidence interval) for coronary heart disease were BW 5.0(4.1-6.1), WW 4.0(3.5-4.6), BM 10.7(8.9-12.8), and WM 12.6(11.5-13.8). In multivariate analysis, traditional risk factors were generally predictive in blacks as in whites. Hypertension was a particularly strong risk factor in black women, with hazard rate ratios (HR) being: BW 4.12, WW 2.0, BM 1.85, and WM 1.59. Diabetes was predictive, but HRs were somewhat less in blacks than in whites: BW 1.88, WW 3.34, BM 1.70, and WW 2.14. LDL cholesterol was similarly predictive in all race/gender groups, HR 1.19-1.36 per S.D. LDL cholesterol increment. HDL cholesterol appeared somewhat more protective in whites than in blacks. Although black/white differences in risk factor associations exist, there were more similarities than differences in coronary heart disease risk factors and incidence. Findings from this study, along with clinical trial evidence showing efficacy, support aggressive management of traditional risk factors in blacks as in whites. Understanding of the intriguing racial differences in risk factor prediction may be an important part of further understanding the causes of coronary heart disease and may lead to better methods of prevention and treatment.

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