scholarly journals Zmiany przestrzennego zróżnicowania poziomu życia ludności w Polsce w latach 2003-2012

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 211
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Maria Dudek ◽  
Tomasz Sowiński ◽  
Paulina Kalert ◽  
Ilona Gosztyła
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Spatial Econometrics ◽  
Spatial Diversity ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Diagnostic Features ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Spatial Dependencies ◽  
Level Of Living

ObjectiveThe level of living of  individual countries and their regions is largely conditional on the level of socio-economic development represented by the country concerned. For the majority of developed and developing countries the general standard of living has been improving. At the same time, the distance between the countries and regions with the lowest and highest level of economic development has been growing. In Poland, the level of living varies across different regions (voivodships) due to, for example, cultural, historical, social and economic reasons. Like the other EU Member States, Poland has been taking measures aimed at eliminating the disparities in the level of living amongst the country’s population, and has been striving for its improvement. Those measures are taken, inter alia, within the framework of the EU cohesion policy.            The focus of the study, whose results are presented in this paper, was to verify the hypothesis on the improvement of the level of living and the decline of disparities in this respect across different voivodships at the time before and after Poland’s accession to the European Union. Moreover, the study was also concerned with the assessment of interrelations existing between the location of a given voivodship and its level of living.Research method            In the study, statistical and econometric methods were applied. In order to compare the level of living in the voivodships across Poland in the years 2003-2012, a modified version of Hellwig’s measure of development was utilised. To determine the nature and degree of spatial dependencies  of the level of living across the country, global Moran’s spatial autocorrelation statistic was employed. Next, based on the original set of diagnostic features, an analysis of similarity was conducted and homogenous groups of voivodships were determined. For this, Ward’s method was used based on a variance analysis to estimate the distances between individual clusters. Data of the Central Statistical Office in Warsaw, covering the year 2003 and 2012,  provided the basis for the analyses.ConclusionsThe studies presented in the paper suggest that in the period under discussion there was an improvement  in the standard of living of the population across all voivodships, and simultaneously their polarization occurred in terms of the category investigated. What also emerged was a new growth pole – Dolnośląskie (Lower Silesian) voivodship. The rejection of the hypothesis on the declining disparities amongst Poland’s population across individual voivodships implies that the measures our country have been implementing have not met their objectives entirely,  thus providing the need for discussing their relevance and efficiency.Originality/ value of the paper, contribution to science developmentThe paper employs the tools of spatial econometrics which enhance the analysis of the spatial diversity of people’s  level of living, and facilitate the drawing of correct and important conclusions as regards the issue under discussion.

THE STANDARD OF LIVING OF HOUSEHOLDS IN POLAND COMPARED TO OTHER EU MEMBER STATES

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 634-638
Author(s):  
Joanna Szwacka Mokrzycka
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Economic Condition ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
Consumption Expenditure ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Financial Condition ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Structure Of Consumption ◽  
The Eu

The objective of this article is to present the standard of living of households in Poland in comparison with other EU member states. The starting point for analysis was the economic condition of Poland against the background of other EU member states. The next step consisted of assessment of the standard of living of inhabitants of individual EU member states on the basis of financial condition of households and the structure of consumption expenditure. It was found that the differences within the EU in terms of economic development and the standard of living of households still remain substantial.

scholarly journals La influencia de los textos no vinculantes del Consejo de Europa sobre independencia judicial en el TEDH y en la UE

2021 ◽  
pp. 161
Author(s):  
Rafael Bustos Gisbert
Keyword(s):  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Case Law ◽  
Eastern European ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Council Of Europe ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
European Court ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Eastern European Countries ◽  
Basic Standards

El artículo examina los documentos elaborados sobre independencia judicial por distintos órganos del Consejo de Europa. Tiene en cuenta la diferente aproximación en los mismos antes y después de la crisis del Estado de Derecho en algunos de los Estados europeos a partir de 2010. Tras resumir los estándares básicos elaborados en tales textos, se estudia su influencia en el Consejo de Europa y en la UE. En el primer sentido se examina su presencia en la jurisprudencia del TEDH. Respecto a la UE se examina el modo en que ha condicionado la labor de la Comisión en la supervisión del respeto al Estado de Derecho por los Estados miembros desde que comenzara a usarlos para evaluar las candidaturas de los países del Este a ingresar en la UE a finales del pasado siglo, hasta su incorporación al Informe sobre el Estado de Derecho en la UE aprobado en octubre de 2020.This essay focuses on the documents on judicial independence drafted by Council of Europe bodies. It takes into account its diverse approaches before and after the rule of Law backsliding in some European States since 2010. The basic standards elaborated are summarized. Its influence is addressed both at the Council of Europe and at the European Unión. In the first sense it examines the influence of this soft law in the European Court of Human Rights case law. Secondly it focuses in the way it has conditioned the European Commission task of monitoring the effectiveness of rule of law in EU member states. This influence began when they were used to evaluate the candidatures of Eastern European countries to join the EU at the end of the last century but it has kept inspiring the Commision’s activities until the Report on Rule of Law issued in October 2010.

scholarly journals Central and Eastern European Countries before and after the 2008 Financial Crisis: Economic Overview and Transportation Companies

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 221
Author(s):  
Lembo Tanning ◽  
Toivo Tanning
Keyword(s):  
Economic Crisis ◽  
Labour Productivity ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Crisis Theory ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The 2008 Financial Crisis ◽  
Eastern European Countries

<p><em>One of the main aims of the European Union (EU) is the European competitiveness. To achieve this goal, it is important to study the lessons of the economic crisis. This in turn allows the development of measures.</em></p> <p><em>The aim of this article is to analyse the economic crisis lessons of the transportation and storage<strong> </strong>enterprises of Poland and other new EU Member States from Central and Eastern Europe (CEE-8), and to compare them on the EU level.</em></p> <p><em>The purpose </em><em>is to analyse the labour productivity<strong> </strong>before and after the economic crisis by<strong> </strong>gross value added per person employed and employee and turnover per person employed.</em></p> <p><em>We will look at how the economic crisis has affected the labour productivity of transportation companies and analyze the changes in the companies. </em></p> <p><em>In the background, we look at the countries’ economic (GDP) development and quality of life. </em></p> <p><em>What are the lessons learned from the economic crisis?</em></p> <p><em>The literature review shows the </em><em>crisis theory. </em></p> <p><em>We present for discussion the objective and subjective factors of the economic crisis of the companies.</em></p> <p><em>Based on this and previous publications, we will offer a number of generalized suggestions.</em></p>

CLUSTER ANALYSIS OF THE EUROPEAN UNION GENDER EQUALITY AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (02) ◽  
pp. 373-388
Author(s):  
Oksana Vinska ◽  
Volodymyr Tokar
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
Policy Research ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Cohesion Policy ◽  
Member States ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
And Gender

Purpose – The article aims at discovering classes and clusters of EU member-states considering their levels of economic development and gender equality to foster the enhancement of EU cohesion policy. Research methodology – The methodology includes the grouping by two parameters, economic development and gender equality, and the cluster analysis, the “far neighbor principle”, agglomerative hierarchical classification algorithm and the usual Euclidean distance as the distance between objects. Findings – There are no gender equality laggards among EU member-states. More developed countries belong to gender equality leaders, while there are two gender equality leaders and one gender equality adopter among transition countries. The group of less developed countries consists of six gender equality leaders and seven gender equality adopters. Research limitations – The results of cluster analysis may be impacted by off-shore activity of Ireland and Luxembourg. Practical implications – The EU supranational bodies can use our results to develop more efficient cohesion policy tools to ensure the adherence to the principle of gender equality. Originality/Value – The study is a pioneer one in determining nine classes and five clusters of EU member-states considering their levels of economic development and gender equality, as well as in introducing three types of countries depending on their level of gender equality, namely gender equality leaders, adopters, and laggards.

scholarly journals Changes in electronic cigarette use and label awareness among smokers before and after the European Tobacco Products Directive implementation in six European countries: findings from the EUREST-PLUS ITC Europe Surveys

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. iii62-iii67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katerina Nikitara ◽  
Charis Girvalaki ◽  
Christina N Kyriakos ◽  
Pete Driezen ◽  
Filippos T Filippidis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Cigarettes ◽  
Safety Information ◽  
Tobacco Product ◽  
Binary Outcomes ◽  
Cigarette Use ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Warning Labels ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Design Attributes ◽  
Before And After

Abstract Background Article 20 of the European Tobacco Product Directive (TPD), which went into effect in May 2016, regulates electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) in the European Union (EU). The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in e-cigarette use, design attributes of the products used and awareness of e-cigarette labelling and packaging among smokers from six EU Member States (MS) before and after TPD implementation. Methods Data come from Wave 1 (2016, pre-TPD) and Wave 2 (2018, post-TPD) of the ITC Six European Country Survey among a sample of smokers and recent quitters who use e-cigarettes from six EU MS. Weighted logistic generalized estimating equations regression models were estimated to test the change in binary outcomes between Waves 1 and 2 using SAS-callable SUDAAN. Results In 2018, current daily/weekly e-cigarette use among adult smokers was just over 2%, but this varied from the highest in Greece (4%) to lowest in Poland (1.2%). From Waves 1 to 2, there was a significant increase in respondents reporting noticing and reading health and product safety information on leaflets inside e-cigarette packaging (8.39–11.62%, P &lt; 0.001). There were no significant changes between waves of respondents reporting noticing or reading warning labels on e-cigarette packages/vials. Conclusions e-cigarette use among smokers in these six EU countries is low. Although reported noticing and reading leaflets included in the packaging of e-cigarettes increased significantly from before to after the TPD, there was no significant change in reported noticing and reading of warning labels. Findings indicate the importance of continued monitoring of TPD provisions around e-cigarettes.

scholarly journals The Changing Health Convergence For Life Expectancy and Spatial Interactions

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene González Rodríguez ◽  
Marta Pascual Sáez ◽  
David Cantarero Prieto
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Spatial Econometrics ◽  
Spatial Regression ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Spatial Interactions ◽  
Spatial Error ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
European Union Countries ◽  
Spatial Dependencies

Abstract Background: Health convergence between the European Union countries and Spanish provinces is studied considering the spatial interactions among several territories. Health status measured through life expectancy in four ways: life expectancy at birth, life expectancy at age 65, disabilityadjusted life expectancy and healthy life expectancy based on self-perceived health. The period analyzed differs from one indicator to another, for the period 1998-2018. Methods: Two kinds of convergence are studied: σ-convergence, through standard deviation, and absolute β-convergence, estimating a determined regression. Furthermore, the Moran Test is performed in order to know the degree of spatial dependencies and two models of spatial regression (Spatial Lag Model and Spatial Error Model) are used to include these dependencies in the absolute β-convergence estimation. Results: Our findings suggest that there is a convergence process, both in σ and β, between the European Union countries and between the Spanish provinces. Therefore, dispersion is reduced, and growth rates have been higher where had lower life expectancy values at the beginning. On the other hand, β-convergence is higher in women among European countries and in men among Spanish provinces, whether we consider the model without spatial dependencies or the one which include them. Conclusion: In general, there have been convergence processes (both in sigma and beta) inside Europe and Spain. Otherwise, the rise of the dispersion means that there is not a clear evidence about the trend in the following period. This study has a double contribution. First, it provides an updated vision of the health convergence. Secondly, it contributes to consider spatial econometrics in Health Economics research. These insights can be considered to reduce health population inequalities.

scholarly journals APPLICATION OF THE TOPSIS PROCEDURE FOR EVALUATION OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE WEST POMERANIAN VOIVODESHIP DISTRICTS IN YEARS 2004-2017

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (49) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maciej Oesterreich ◽  
Joanna Perzyńska ◽  
Emilia Bareja-Kaczmarek
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Economic Development ◽  
Empirical Study ◽  
Diagnostic Value ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The West ◽  
Diagnostic Features ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
Modified Topsis ◽  
Theoretical Considerations

The article presents the problem of local socio-economic development. An illustration of theoretical considerations is an empirical study on evaluation of the West Pomeranian Voivodship districts' development since Poland's accession to the European Union. In the research, a taxonomic measure of development was used to assess the level and rate of districts' development. The empirical study was carried out in four main stages: collection of initial characteristics, reduction of the initial set of diagnostic features (to ensure their highest diagnostic value), calculations of synthetic measures using the modified TOPSIS procedure and construction of rankings of districts on that basis, creation of typological groups of districts characterized by a similar level and the pace of development. The study showed the existence of large diversification of economic development of the surveyed districts. The highest level of socio-economic development in both: 2004 and 2017 was characteristic for the Kamieński district and the lowest level of development in 2004 was observed in the Wałecki district and in 2017 in the Gryficki district. The highest pace of changes in the level of socio-economic development between 2004 and 2017 was recorded for the Białogardzki district, while the lowest for the Świdwiński district.

scholarly journals Spatial Diversity of Tourism in the Countries of the European Union

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (7) ◽  
pp. 2713 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michał Roman ◽  
Monika Roman ◽  
Arkadiusz Niedziółka
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Spatial Diversity ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Cluster Analysis Method ◽  
World Tourism Organization ◽  
Tourism Organization

The aim of the article is to present the spatial diversity of tourism in the countries of the European Union (EU). The main objective of the article can be divided into three immediate goals, each of which is to determine countries that are similar by means of: (1) accommodation base; (2) tourism traffic; and (3) tourism-related expenditures and revenues. In order to group countries, Ward’s cluster analysis method is used. The aim is verified with the use of 2017 United Nations World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) and Eurostat data. The analysis covers all EU member states. The research conducted confirms, inter alia, the key role of the accommodation base in the development of tourism in those countries.

scholarly journals The Changing Health Convergence for Life Expectancy and Spatial Interactions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene González Rodríguez ◽  
Marta Pascual Sáez ◽  
David Cantarero Prieto
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Spatial Econometrics ◽  
Spatial Regression ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Spatial Interactions ◽  
Spatial Error ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
European Union Countries ◽  
Spatial Dependencies

Abstract BackgroundHealth convergence between the European Union countries and Spanish provinces is studied considering the spatial interactions among several territories. Health status measured through life expectancy in four ways: life expectancy at birth, life expectancy at age 65, disability-adjusted life expectancy and healthy life expectancy based on self-perceived health. The period analyzed differs from one indicator to another, for the period 1998-2018.MethodsTwo kinds of convergence are studied: σ-convergence, through standard deviation, and absolute β-convergence, estimating a determined regression. Furthermore, the Moran Test is performed in order to know the degree of spatial dependencies and two models of spatial regression (Spatial Lag Model and Spatial Error Model) are used to include these dependencies in the absolute β-convergence estimation.ResultsOur findings suggest that there is a convergence process, both in σ and β, between the European Union countries and between the Spanish provinces. Therefore, dispersion is reduced, and growth rates have been higher where had lower life expectancy values at the beginning. On the other hand, β-convergence is higher in women among European countries and in men among Spanish provinces, whether we consider the model without spatial dependencies or the one which include them. ConclusionIn general, there have been convergence processes (both in sigma and beta) inside Europe and Spain. Otherwise, the rise of the dispersion means that there is not a clear evidence about the trend in the following period. This study has a double contribution. First, it provides an updated vision of the health convergence. Secondly, it contributes to consider spatial econometrics in Health Economics research. These insights can be considered to reduce health population inequalities.

scholarly journals Mobility and working opportunities in the EU and Slovakia

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-115
Author(s):  
Ľubica Bajzíková ◽  
Peter Bajzik
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Labour Mobility ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Work Related ◽  
Foreign Labour ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Eu

Current globalisation processes witness the mobility and migration of labour as their characteristic features. The free movement of people and workers is one of the rights of citizens of the European Union (EU), and includes the right to move, to reside and to work in an EU member state without discrimination. The aim of this paper is to analyse the labour mobility within the EU with special attention to Slovakia. In its historical development, Slovakia belonged to countries with population migrating predominantly to foreign countries and was not a traditional destination country for migrants. However, today it has gradually become a state that employs foreign labour, especially in production plants. This change has not only been contributed to by Slovakia’s accession to the EU, but especially by the economic development of the state and the creation of new job opportunities for both domestic and foreign labour. The study analyses the intra-mobility in Slovakia and focuses on analysis of the trends in employment of foreign workers from EU and non-EU member states between 2007 and 2019. For the purposes of this paper, data were extracted from a relatively large number of prominent sources, for example: the European Commission, Eurostat, and the International Labour Organization (ILO) reports, and the Slovak Statistical Office resources related to labour mobility. In the desk research, the collected information were analysed and subjected to critical multidimensional assessment from quantitative, absolute, and relative, as well as cross-sectional perspectives. Special attention was paid to analysis of documentation that accompanied these data. The significance of the examined topic is underlined by the fact that Slovakia is currently a recipient of foreign labour due to insufficient qualification of domestic labour. It therefore introduces new legislative measures to speed up the employment process, remove administrative barriers and, in cooperation with employers, accelerate the process of adaptation to new work-related conditions, especially for workers from non-EU countries. In addition, employment of third-country nationals in Slovakia is a relatively demanding and lengthy process. On the one hand, the employment of foreigners contributes to economic development. On the other hand, this process stirs various problems, which are mainly related to cultural and social integration, and the removal of which cannot be achieved only through the legal regulations.

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