scholarly journals Two-layer modal logics: from fuzzy logics to a general framework

10.29007/jpxr ◽  
2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petr Cintula ◽  
Carles Noguera

The idea of two-layer modal logics is inspired by the treatment of probability inside mathematical fuzzy logic, pioneered by Hajek and recentlystudied by numerous authors in numerous papers. Such logics are used in order to deal with a certain property of formulas of the base logic using a suitable `upper' logic (the seminal example being the probability of classical events formalized inside Lukasiewicz logic). The primary aim of this paper is to provide a new general framework for two-layer modal logics that encompasses the current state of the art and paves the way for future development. Diverting for the area of mathematical fuzzy logic, we show how one can construct such modal logic over an arbitrary non-classical logic (under certain technical requirements) with a modality interpreted by an arbitrary measure. We equip the resulting logics with a semantics of measured Kripke frames and prove corresponding completeness theorems. As an illustration of our results, we reprove Hajek's completeness result for Fuzzy Probability logic over Lukasiewicz logic.

1998 ◽  
Vol 95 (3) ◽  
pp. 369-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sukhamay Kundu ◽  
Jianhua Chen

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Di Nola ◽  
Revaz Grigolia ◽  
Nunu Mitskevich ◽  
Gaetano Vitale

AbstractIt is introduced an immune dynamic n-valued Łukasiewicz logic $$ID{\L }_n$$ I D Ł n on the base of n-valued Łukasiewicz logic $${\L }_n$$ Ł n and corresponding to it immune dynamic $$MV_n$$ M V n -algebra ($$IDL_n$$ I D L n -algebra), $$1< n < \omega $$ 1 < n < ω , which are algebraic counterparts of the logic, that in turn represent two-sorted algebras $$(\mathcal {M}, \mathcal {R}, \Diamond )$$ ( M , R , ◊ ) that combine the varieties of $$MV_n$$ M V n -algebras $$\mathcal {M} = (M, \oplus , \odot , \sim , 0,1)$$ M = ( M , ⊕ , ⊙ , ∼ , 0 , 1 ) and regular algebras $$\mathcal {R} = (R,\cup , ;, ^*)$$ R = ( R , ∪ , ; , ∗ ) into a single finitely axiomatized variety resembling R-module with “scalar” multiplication $$\Diamond $$ ◊ . Kripke semantics is developed for immune dynamic Łukasiewicz logic $$ID{\L }_n$$ I D Ł n with application in immune system.


2020 ◽  
pp. 350-360
Author(s):  
V. Bolshakov ◽  
Yu. Maznichenko ◽  
Yu. Holub ◽  
M. Molyboha ◽  
I. Samoilenko

The systematic analysis of the world experience of civilian use of knives not as cold weapons showed that at present the knife did not become the main attribute of equipping tourists, fish men and even hunters. In particular, today there are very few types of hunting, during which the knife is used to finish off the beast or to protect against it. At the same time, as the practice of hunting management proves, during hunting there are many uses for the knife, even without considering it as a means for cooking. This, in particular, sharpening various stakes (for a tent, a hut, a campfire), skinning a game, preparing chips for a fire, scraping ice from skis or marsh mud from shoes. To do this, in accordance with current state technical standards, any folding knife must have a lock, and the blades of all knives must be of sufficient thickness so as not to break from the load. Handles of hunting knives should be comfortable to hold so that your hand will not get tired during long-term work. For all knives, according to the technical requirements, the length and thickness of the blade must be consistent, as well as the angle of inclination of the tip relative to the axis of the blade. With regard to the above, an interesting example is the collection of knives by the Swedish company Eriksson, consisting of four models, made in the configuration of the Swedish finca. The knives have a handle and a blade of a classic Finnish knife, but with a one-sided stopper. Their blades, depending on the color of the handle, are made of different types of steel. Knives with blue plastic handles have stainless steel blades, and knives with red handles are made of carbon steel. It is believed that in Sweden almost every construction worker walks with such a knife in his pocket. It should be noted that according to the current method of forensic investigation of cold weapons and structurally similar products in it, these knives can be attributed to cold weapons by the size of the blade. It is also interesting an urban-type knife, which is not a cold weapon of the Worden Tactical Medium Company. Renowned wizard Kelly Warden, an instructor for American Rangers, designs this knife. Since 2001, Kelly Warden has been the main consultant on impact and blade weapons of Detachment 1 of the US Special Forces. He trains Special Forces hand-to-hand combat with the use of a knife, machete, baton, sticks, as well as the method of forceful detention. The blade length of the knife described is 74 mm, thickness – 3.8 mm; the handle has a sub-finger protrusion to prevent the arm from slipping on the blade. The knife does not have a standard stopper, which, in addition to protecting it from slipping the hand on the blade, must prevent the hand from sinking into the victim’s body. By all measures, this knife is not a cold weapon in accordance with the requirements of the criminal law of Ukraine. Kelly Warden believes that the knife as a means of self-defense levels the difference in weight, height and physical strength, but its main drawback is its damaging ability. The proposed article is devoted to this circumstance, the definition of the role of the restrictor in classifying a knife as a cold weapon.


2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 247-250
Author(s):  
Sotirios Spiliopoulos ◽  
Vera Hergesell ◽  
Andrae Wasler ◽  
Otto Dapunt

AbstractDue to the declining instances of organ donation, total artificial heart (TAH) therapy is of increasing importance for the management of end-stage biventricular heart failure. We introduce the currently most important established and novel TAH systems (SynCardia, CARMAT, ReinHeart, BiVACOR), report clinical outcomes and discuss technical requirements for the successful implementation of TAH therapy as an alternative to cardiac transplantation.


2020 ◽  
Vol 124 ◽  
pp. 103-110
Author(s):  
Antonio Di Nola ◽  
Revaz Grigolia ◽  
Gaetano Vitale

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 407 ◽  
Author(s):  
Concetta Montagnese ◽  
Paolo Barattini ◽  
Alessandro Giusti ◽  
Gyula Balka ◽  
Ugo Bruno ◽  
...  

In this paper, we present the concept of a novel diagnostic device for on-site analyses, based on the use of advanced bio-sensing and photonics technologies to tackle emerging and endemic viruses causing swine epidemics and significant economic damage in farms. The device is currently under development in the framework of the EU Commission co-funded project. The overall concept behind the project is to develop a method for an early and fast on field detection of selected swine viruses by non-specialized personnel. The technology is able to detect pathogens in different types of biological samples, such as oral fluids, faeces, blood or nasal swabs. The device will allow for an immediate on-site threat assessment. In this work, we present the overall concept of the device, its architecture with the technical requirements, and all the used innovative technologies that contribute to the advancements of the current state of the art.


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