scholarly journals Exhibiting the Effects of the Episodic Buffer on Learning with Serial and Parallel Presentations of Materials

10.28945/3381 ◽  
2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eshaa Alkhalifa
Keyword(s):  
Educational System ◽  
Information Transfer ◽  
Cognitive System ◽  
Sequential Presentation ◽  
Amount Of Information ◽  
Episodic Buffer ◽  
Complex Information

The effectiveness of an informing system is based upon several factors that include the perceptual limitations of the person receiving the information. This paper examines the perceptual limitation of the amount of information that may be processed by the human cognitive system when this information is displayed in parallel through multiple windows. The experiments show that a sequential presentation of information is more effective than a parallel one in information transfer of large amounts of information or highly complex information in cognitively demanding subjects like mathematics. These conclusions are informative to educational system designers of complex subjects.

scholarly journals OBSERVER INVARIANCE OF THE COLLAPSE POSTULATE OF QUANTUM MECHANICS

2012 ◽  
Vol 27 (01n03) ◽  
pp. 1345013 ◽  
Author(s):  
MILTON A. DA SILVA ◽  
ROBERTO M. SERRA ◽  
LUCAS C. CÉLERI
Keyword(s):  
Wave Function ◽  
Quantum Mechanics ◽  
Reference Frame ◽  
Relative Motion ◽  
Information Transfer ◽  
Measurement Process ◽  
Quantum Mechanical ◽  
Wave Function Collapse ◽  
Amount Of Information ◽  
Effective Efficiency

We analyze the wave function collapse as seen by two distinct observers (with identical detectors) in relative motion. Imposing that the measurement process demands information transfer from the system to the detectors, we note that although different observers will acquire different amount of information from their measurements due to correlations between spin and momentum variables, all of them will agree about the orthogonality of the outcomes, as defined by their own reference frame. So, in this sense, such a quantum mechanical postulate is observer invariant, however the effective efficiency of the measurement process differs for each observer.

3D Virtual Learning Environments

2016 ◽  
pp. 54-86
Author(s):  
Tiago Cinto ◽  
Harlei Miguel de Arruda Leite ◽  
Sarah Negreiros Carvalho ◽  
Cecilia Sosa Arias Peixoto ◽  
Dalton Soares Arantes
Keyword(s):  
Learning Environments ◽  
Educational System ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Learning Experience ◽  
Virtual Learning ◽  
Virtual Classroom ◽  
Virtual Learning Environments ◽  
Authoring System ◽  
Amount Of Information ◽  
3D Virtual Learning Environments

Heated debates involving reforms in the educational system are becoming more and more frequent in recent years, mostly due to the increasingly evident shortcomings in the educational system and its difficulties to evolve at the same pace as technological development. Since nowadays people spend much of their time interacting directly or indirectly with technological devices, one can think of using this involvement with educational purposes. Through this interaction people have easy and inexpensive access to a vast amount of information. In this sense, one can think of methodologies to improve education by focusing on the foundations of knowledge rather than the emphasis on the memorization of contents. Therefore, the aim of this work is to propose and validate an interactive content authoring system as well as a virtual classroom where lessons are taught by avatars in an attempt to make learning experience richer and more motivating to students.

scholarly journals 46. Teaching of Astronomy

1979 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 191-198
Author(s):  
E. V. Kononovich
Keyword(s):  
Educational System ◽  
Executive Committee ◽  
Hard Work ◽  
Fundamental Importance ◽  
General Assembly ◽  
Amount Of Information ◽  
The World

Commission 46 on Teaching of Astronomy is a Committee of the Executive Committee of the IAU. It was organized thanks to the initiative and great efforts of M.G.J. Minnaert in 196U during the 12th General Assembly of the IAU in Hamburg. Prof. E. Schatzman was the first President of the Commission. Since that time a great deal of work has been accomplished, a large amount of information has been gathered and certain efforts to organize a number of Projects have been made. The experience of the Commission and its Organizing Committee is the most precious result of its work. The benefit to the Commission is the result of hard work of the majority of its members very well known for their activity. Rules and guidelines of operation for Commission 46 were proposed and adopted at the 15th General Assembly of the IAU in Sydney. The main objective of the Commission is to further the development and improvement of astronomical education at all levels throughout the world. But this purpose outlined so generally gives no answer to the question what the Commission should do. The easiest way is in finding some routine and plausible work to accomplish. The results of such work can be immediately materialized in contrast to ideas and pieces of information which require a lot of work to have them brought into life. But in any case the indispensability of Commission 46 is stressed by (i) the increasing importance of astronomy in the world of civilized life and by (ii) contradiction between fundamental importance of astronomy to human progress and its poor representation in the world educational system.

scholarly journals The effect of polysemy on processing of Serbian nouns

Psihologija ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dusica Filipovic-Djurdjevic ◽  
Aleksandar Kostic
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Maximum Entropy ◽  
Word Processing ◽  
Cognitive System ◽  
Related Word ◽  
Derivational Morphology ◽  
Amount Of Information ◽  
Polysemous Words ◽  
Word Senses

It has been shown that while multiple unrelated meanings of a word (e.g. bank) increase processing latency, polysemy, that is multiple related word senses (e.g. paper) produce faster responses (Rodd, Gaskell & Marslen-Wilson, 2002; Klepousniotou, 2002). The goal of this study was to explore the effect of polysemy on word processing in Serbian. The outcomes of three lexical decision experiments have shown that polysemous words are processed faster. In addition, lemma frequency and number of related senses did not interact. Finally, a measure that combines lemma frequency and number of related senses into a single metric is proposed. This measure is information residual, initially applied on derivational morphology (Moscoso del Prado Mart?n, Kostic & Baayen, 2004). In this study the information residual is a difference between the amount of information (bit) derived from lemma frequency and the entropy of a polysemic cluster. Since relative frequencies of different word senses of a given word in Serbian are currently not available, maximum entropy (log N) was used as an approximation. The outcome of this study indicates that cognitive system is sensitive not only to the entropy of derivational clusters, but polysemic clusters as well.

scholarly journals Influences of complexity on decision making in young and older adults

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 280-299
Author(s):  
Stephen P. Badham ◽  
Calum A. Hamilton
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Young Adults ◽  
Age Differences ◽  
Amount Of Information ◽  
Related Information ◽  
Complex Information ◽  
Age Deficits ◽  
Inform Decision Making

Leading theory hypothesizes that age deficits in decision making may rise as the complexity of decision-related information increases. This suggests that older adults would benefit relative to young adults from simplification of information used to inform decision making. Participants indicated political, nutritional and medical preferences and then chose between politicians, foods and medicines. The amount of information presented was systematically varied but age differences were largely similar for simple and complex trials. Paradoxically, the data showed that decisions based on simpler information could be less aligned with participant’s preferences than decisions based on more complex information. Further analyses suggested that participants may have been responding purely on the basis of their most valued preferences and that when information about those preferences was not presented, decision making became poorer. Contrary to our expectations, simplification of information by exclusion may therefore hinder decision making and may not particularly help older adults.

scholarly journals Processing of inflected adjectives

Psihologija ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 353-378
Author(s):  
Dusica Filipovic ◽  
Aleksandar Kostic
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Cognitive System ◽  
The Other ◽  
Amount Of Information ◽  
Inflected Form ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Mean Reaction Time

Processing of inflected Serbian verbs was investigated in two lexical decision experiments. Specifically, the following issues were addressed: a. does the adjectival system contain syntactic functions and meanings, and b. are adjectival gender and case cognitively relevant properties. Each of the above issues could be expressed in terms of alternative equations that generate the amount of information carried by inflected form of an adjective. The informational values were correlated with mean reaction time to inflected adjectival forms. The outcome of the two experiments indicated that number of syntactic functions/meanings is the obligatory term in the equation that generates the amount of information carried by an adjectival inflected form. However, unlike nouns, where the amount information was specified in terms of ratio between a. sum of frequencies of inflected cases encompassed by a given inflected form and b. sum of its functions/ meanings, equation for adjectives includes sum of frequency by number of syntactic functions/meanings ratios for cases encompassed by a given inflected adjectival form. This, on the other hand, suggests that cognitive system when processing inflected adjectives is to some extent sensitive to adjectival case. It was also demonstrated that cognitive system is not sensitive to adjective gender.

scholarly journals Processing of verb tense

Psihologija ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 35 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 299-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandar Kostic ◽  
Jelena Havelka
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Cognitive System ◽  
Personal Pronoun ◽  
Future Tense ◽  
Amount Of Information ◽  
Verb Forms ◽  
Average Probability ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Verb Tense

Processing of Serbian inflected verbs was investigated in two lexical decision experiments. In the first experiment subjects were presented with five forms of future tense, while in the second experiment the same verbs were presented in three forms of present and future tense. The outcome of the first experiment indicates that processing of inflected verb is determined by the amount of information derived from the average probability per congruent personal pronoun of a particular verb form. This implies that the cognitive system is not sensitive to verb person per se, nor to the gender of congruent personal pronoun. Results of the second experiment show that for verb forms of different tenses, presented in the same experiment, the amount of information has to be additionally modulated by tense probability. Such an outcome speaks in favor of cognitive relevance of verb tense.

scholarly journals The tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 increases robustness and information transfer within IL-6-induced JAK/STAT signalling

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Fiebelkow ◽  
André Guendel ◽  
Beate Guendel ◽  
Nora Mehwald ◽  
Tomasz Jetka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Signal Transduction ◽  
Information Transfer ◽  
Dynamic Range ◽  
Tyrosine Phosphatase ◽  
Regulatory Protein ◽  
Regulatory Mechanisms ◽  
Cell Populations ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Amount Of Information ◽  
Multicellular Organisms

Abstract Background Cell-to-cell heterogeneity is an inherent feature of multicellular organisms and is central in all physiological and pathophysiological processes including cellular signal transduction. The cytokine IL-6 is an essential mediator of pro- and anti-inflammatory processes. Dysregulated IL-6-induced intracellular JAK/STAT signalling is associated with severe inflammatory and proliferative diseases. Under physiological conditions JAK/STAT signalling is rigorously controlled and timely orchestrated by regulatory mechanisms such as expression of the feedback-inhibitor SOCS3 and activation of the protein-tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 (PTPN11). Interestingly, the function of negative regulators seems not to be restricted to controlling the strength and timely orchestration of IL-6-induced STAT3 activation. Exemplarily, SOCS3 increases robustness of late IL-6-induced STAT3 activation against heterogenous STAT3 expression and reduces the amount of information transferred through JAK/STAT signalling. Methods Here we use multiplexed single-cell analyses and information theoretic approaches to clarify whether also SHP2 contributes to robustness of STAT3 activation and whether SHP2 affects the amount of information transferred through IL-6-induced JAK/STAT signalling. Results SHP2 increases robustness of both basal, cytokine-independent STAT3 activation and early IL-6-induced STAT3 activation against differential STAT3 expression. However, SHP2 does not affect robustness of late IL-6-induced STAT3 activation. In contrast to SOCS3, SHP2 increases the amount of information transferred through IL-6-induced JAK/STAT signalling, probably by reducing cytokine-independent STAT3 activation and thereby increasing sensitivity of the cells. These effects are independent of SHP2-dependent MAPK activation. Conclusion In summary, the results of this study extend our knowledge of the functions of SHP2 in IL-6-induced JAK/STAT signalling. SHP2 is not only a repressor of basal and cytokine-induced STAT3 activity, but also ensures robustness and transmission of information. Plain English summary Cells within a multicellular organism communicate with each other to exchange information about the environment. Communication between cells is facilitated by soluble molecules that transmit information from one cell to the other. Cytokines such as interleukin-6 are important soluble mediators that are secreted when an organism is faced with infections or inflammation. Secreted cytokines bind to receptors within the membrane of their target cells. This binding induces activation of an intracellular cascade of reactions called signal transduction, which leads to cellular responses. An important example of intracellular signal transduction is JAK/STAT signalling. In healthy organisms signalling is controlled and timed by regulatory mechanisms, whose activation results in a controlled shutdown of signalling pathways. Interestingly, not all cells within an organism are identical. They differ in the amount of proteins involved in signal transduction, such as STAT3. These differences shape cellular communication and responses to intracellular signalling. Here, we show that an important negative regulatory protein called SHP2 (or PTPN11) is not only responsible for shutting down signalling, but also for steering signalling in heterogeneous cell populations. SHP2 increases robustness of STAT3 activation against variable STAT3 amounts in individual cells. Additionally, it increases the amount of information transferred through JAK/STAT signalling by increasing the dynamic range of pathway activation in heterogeneous cell populations. This is an amazing new function of negative regulatory proteins that contributes to communication in heterogeneous multicellular organisms in health and disease.

scholarly journals TYPING AND TRANSFORMATIONAL EFFECTS IN COMPLEX INFORMATION SUPPLY

2007 ◽  
Vol 16 (02) ◽  
pp. 229-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. VAN GILS ◽  
H. A. PROPER ◽  
P. VAN BOMMEL ◽  
T. P. VAN DER WEIDE
Keyword(s):  
Information Retrieval ◽  
Reference Model ◽  
Web Data ◽  
Information Market ◽  
Amount Of Information ◽  
Complex Information ◽  
Web Information ◽  
Information Landscape ◽  
The Web ◽  
Supply Information

The amount of information available to us via the Web has increased enormously over the last few years. Even more, it seems that we are more and more dependent on this Web information in our day to day lives. Often we retrieve this information by querying the Web: data resources found on the web may provide the information that we are looking for. This implies that the Web may be seen as an information market: authors supply information and searchers may find it. In this article we present a formal reference model for the syntactic aspects of the information market. We explore the information landscape using a modeling approach. An important part of this model is a (syntactic) framework for transformations, which allows us to deal with the heterogeneity of the data resources found on the Web. Last but not least, we attempt to give an outline how our model may lead to a better understanding of how information is supplied via the Web. For this we use an example from the field of information retrieval.

scholarly journals Improving quality of care in less than 1 min: a prospective intervention study on postoperative handovers to the ICU/PACU

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. e000668
Author(s):  
Niklas Keller ◽  
Götz Bosse ◽  
Belinda Memmert ◽  
Sascha Treskatsch ◽  
Claudia Spies
Keyword(s):  
Information Transfer ◽  
Intervention Study ◽  
Training Intervention ◽  
Amount Of Information ◽  
Cohen’S D ◽  
Visual Aid ◽  
Handover Process ◽  
Cohen's D

PurposeStandardisation of the postoperative handover process via checklists, trainings or procedural changes has shown to be effective in reducing information loss. The clinical friction of implementing these measures has received little attention. We developed and evaluated a visual aid (VA) and >1 min in situ training intervention to improve the quality of postoperative handovers to the intensive care unit (ICU) and postoperative care unit.Materials and methodsThe VA was constructed and implemented via a brief (<1 min) training of anaesthesiologic staff during the operation. Ease of implementation was measured by amount of information transferred, handover duration and handover structure. 50 handovers were audio recorded before intervention and 50 after intervention. External validity was evaluated by blinded assessment of the recordings by experienced anaesthesiologists (n=10) on 10-point scales.ResultsThe brief intervention resulted in increased information transfer (9.0–14.8 items, t(98)=7.44, p<0.0001, Cohen’s d=1.59) and increased handover duration (81.3–192.8 s, t(98)=6.642, p=0.013, Cohen’s d=1.33) with no loss in structure (1.60–1.56, t(98)=0.173, p=0.43). Blinded assessment on 10-point scales by experienced anaesthesiologists showed improved overall handover quality from 7.1 to 7.8 (t(98)=1.89, p=0.031, Cohen’s d=0.21) and improved completeness of information (t(98)=2.42, p=0.009, Cohen’s d=0.28) from 7.3 to 8.3.ConclusionsAn intervention consisting of a simple VA and <1 min instructions significantly increased overall quality and amount of information transferred during ICU/postanaesthetic care unit handovers.

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