scholarly journals Processing of inflected adjectives

Psihologija ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 353-378
Author(s):  
Dusica Filipovic ◽  
Aleksandar Kostic
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Cognitive System ◽  
The Other ◽  
Amount Of Information ◽  
Inflected Form ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Mean Reaction Time

Processing of inflected Serbian verbs was investigated in two lexical decision experiments. Specifically, the following issues were addressed: a. does the adjectival system contain syntactic functions and meanings, and b. are adjectival gender and case cognitively relevant properties. Each of the above issues could be expressed in terms of alternative equations that generate the amount of information carried by inflected form of an adjective. The informational values were correlated with mean reaction time to inflected adjectival forms. The outcome of the two experiments indicated that number of syntactic functions/meanings is the obligatory term in the equation that generates the amount of information carried by an adjectival inflected form. However, unlike nouns, where the amount information was specified in terms of ratio between a. sum of frequencies of inflected cases encompassed by a given inflected form and b. sum of its functions/ meanings, equation for adjectives includes sum of frequency by number of syntactic functions/meanings ratios for cases encompassed by a given inflected adjectival form. This, on the other hand, suggests that cognitive system when processing inflected adjectives is to some extent sensitive to adjectival case. It was also demonstrated that cognitive system is not sensitive to adjective gender.

Degradation of chlorpyriphos in water by advanced oxidation processes

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Murillo ◽  
J. Sarasa ◽  
M. Lanao ◽  
J. L. Ovelleiro
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Light Source ◽  
Advanced Oxidation Processes ◽  
Advanced Oxidation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Optimum Conditions ◽  
Oxidation Processes ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Initial Ph

The degradation of chlorpyriphos by different advanced oxidation processes such as photo-Fenton, TiO2, TiO2/H2O2, O3 and O3/H2O2 was investigated. The photo-Fenton and TiO2 processes were optimized using a solar chamber as light source. The optimum dosages of the photo-Fenton treatment were: [H2O2]=0.01 M; [Fe3 + ]=10 mg l−1; initial pH = 3.5. With these optimum conditions total degradation was observed after 15 minutes of reaction time. The application of sunlight was also efficient as total degradation was achieved after 60 minutes. The optimum dosage using only TiO2 as catalyst was 1,000 mg l−1, obtaining the maximum degradation at 20 minutes of reaction time. On the other hand, the addition of 0.02 M of H2O2 to a lower dosage of TiO2 (10 mg l−1) provides the same degradation. The ozonation treatment achieved complete degradation at 30 minutes of reaction time. On the other hand, it was observed that the degradation was faster by adding H2O2 (H2O2/O3 molar ratio = 0.5). In this case, total degradation was observed after 20 minutes.

Concluding remarks

1958 ◽  
Vol 246 (1247) ◽  
pp. 490-494
Keyword(s):  
Parity Violation ◽  
Present Approach ◽  
The Other ◽  
Clear Picture ◽  
Present Stage ◽  
Amount Of Information ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
One Year

I shall not attempt to sum up the conclusions of the day’s discussion, because what conclusions we have come to (and quite a number of points have come out clearly) are rather involved and technical, and I should not at this time go into details; on many major points we have not reached any definite conclusions. There remains much more interesting work to be done; but I should like to comment on a few facts that have come out: In the first place, one is impressed by the amount of information which has been produced in the course of a year. Most of the problems which we have discussed during the day did not exist even as questions one year ago, and it is quite impressive what has been done in this time. We should not complain that all the answers are not available today. Of course, the existence of parity violation is now established beyond any doubt, and an extremely simple feature seems to emerge, though still subject to exact confirmation, in the behaviour of the polarizations, which seems to select fairly heavily between the possible interactions. On the other hand, we have no clear picture yet of the recoil data which might be capable of tying down the possible interactions very closely, or alternatively of showing us that there is something basically wrong with the whole present approach. We should not discount that possibility at the present stage.

Effects of Speed and Accuracy of Exertion of Force on the Relationship between Force Output and Fractionated Reaction Time

1991 ◽  
Vol 73 (1) ◽  
pp. 327-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shoko Kawabe-Himeno
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Isometric Contraction ◽  
Light Signal ◽  
The Other ◽  
Force Output ◽  
Motor Time ◽  
Premotor Time ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Speed And Accuracy

The present study was designed to investigate the effect of speed and accuracy of force exertion on the relationship between force output and fractionated reaction time. Subjects exerted their force (10% or 40% of maximum isometric contraction) on “accurate” and “fast” tasks as rapidly as possible at the light signal. On the “fast” task, premotor time for the 40% target was lengthened in comparison with that for the 10% target, and motor time was shortened with an increase of force output. On the “accurate” task, on the other hand, premotor time was independent of magnitude of force, and no relation between motor time and force output was found. These findings show that the relationship between force output and fractionated reaction time may be affected by the effort to exert force accurately.

Copolymerization of Ethylene/Diene with Different Metallocene Catalysts

2006 ◽  
Vol 61 (11) ◽  
pp. 1426-1432 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria de Fátima Vieira Marques ◽  
Fernanda Constantino Rocha ◽  
Narda Juárez Soto
Keyword(s):  
Catalytic Activity ◽  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Reaction Time ◽  
Polymerization Rate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Copolymer Composition ◽  
Metallocene Catalysts ◽  
Ethylene Pressure ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Catalyst Type

Copolymerizations of ethylene and 1,7-octadiene were carried out employing homogeneous catalysts Cp2ZrCl2, Ph2C(Flu,Cp)ZrCl2 and Et(Ind)2ZrCl2, and methylaluminoxane as cocatalyst. The polymerization characteristics, such as catalytic activity, polymerization rate, copolymer composition, and thermal properties were examined in relation to the catalyst type. Different comonomer concentrations were employed, and the reaction time was varied, ranging from 1 h up to 4 h, at 90°C and at 0.5 bar ethylene pressure. The results showed that the catalyst Cp2ZrCl2 was more efficient than Et(Ind)2ZrCl2 in the preparation of high diene content ethylene/1,7-octadiene copolymers. On the other hand, Et(Ind)2ZrCl2 and Ph2C(Flu,Cp)2ZrCl2 catalysts produced low insaturation content but possibly formed cyclic structures and crosslinking.

Emphasizing Nonword Decisions in Word-Decision Performance

2008 ◽  
Vol 103 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-101
Author(s):  
C. Darren Piercey
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Instruction Condition ◽  
Decision Performance ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Speed And Accuracy ◽  
Mean Reaction Time

A robust finding in the lexical decision literature is that decisions to words are made more quickly and accurately than decisions to nonwords. When instructions are presented to participants prior to an experiment, an emphasis is usually placed on identifying words. This study assessed whether instructing participants to emphasize nonword decisions would affect the performance of the speed and accuracy of identification. A total of 98 individuals took part, 49 in a Word Instruction condition and 49 in a Nonword Instruction condition. Analysis indicated changes in emphasis on words versus nonwords decreased the difference in mean reaction time between word and nonword decisions. An interesting finding is that the manipulation of instructions affected reaction times to words but not to nonwords. The analysis of accuracy yielded no significant comparisons. Further research is required to assess the importance of the finding that the manipulation of instructions affects only word decisions.

scholarly journals Subpoena power and informational lobbying

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 188-234
Author(s):  
Arnaud Dellis ◽  
Mandar Oak
Keyword(s):  
Interest Groups ◽  
The Other ◽  
Amount Of Information ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Informed Decisions

This article studies the role of subpoena power in enabling policymakers to make better-informed decisions. In particular, we take into account the effect of subpoena power on the information voluntarily supplied by interest groups as well as the information obtained by the policymaker via the subpoena process. To this end, we develop a model of informational lobbying in which interest groups seek access to the policymaker in order to provide him verifiable evidence about the desirability of implementing reforms they care about. The policymaker is access-constrained, that is, he lacks time/resources to scrutinize the evidence owned by all interest groups. The policymaker may also be agenda-constrained, that is, he may lack time/resources to reform all issues. We find that if a policymaker is agenda-constrained, then he is better off by having subpoena power. On the other hand, if a policymaker is not agenda-constrained, he can be worse off by having subpoena power. The key insight behind these findings is that subpoena power, while it increases the policymaker’s ability to acquire information from interest groups, it also alters the amount of information they voluntarily provide via lobbying, and that the net effect differs depending on whether or not the policymaker is agenda-constrained.

From Simple to Complex or Vice Versa: Sequence Effects on the Detection of Embedded Figures

Perception ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 26 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 247-247
Author(s):  
I Ludwig
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Error Rate ◽  
Reaction Times ◽  
Random Order ◽  
Error Rates ◽  
Presentation Order ◽  
The Other ◽  
Embedded Figures ◽  
Sequence Effects ◽  
Mean Reaction Time

In a series of studies concerning part - whole perception we have investigated effects of perceptual learning, and of systematically varied presentation orders on the detection of embedded figures. In the present study the effects of increasing and decreasing complexity orders on detection performance are reported. Stimuli were 170 pairs of whole and part figures. Half of them were positive items, ie the searched part was contained in the (simultaneously presented) whole. The other half were negative items, ie the searched part was not contained in the whole. The difficulty of all figure pairs was determined from earlier data. On the basis of these difficulty parameters three presentation orders were created: (1) increasing difficulty (from simple to complex), (2) decreasing difficulty (from complex to simple), and (3) randomised order. Sixty subjects performed each of these tasks in three sessions separated by one week. Effects of practice and samples were balanced by permutating the order of the three tasks. The reaction times and error rates for all presentations were registered. The results showed marked differences between the three tasks: The lowest mean reaction time was obtained in the presentation order with increasing difficulty. Error rate, on the other hand, was lowest in the decreasing-difficulty presentation order. For the random-order presentation error rate and reaction time was in between the other orders. Furthermore, differences in benefit from practice were observed between the three orders of difficulty. Results are discussed with respect to the question of how efficient search strategies may be learned and whether one can learn to bend the rules of Gestalt organisation if required.

Effects of Preparatory Period on a Reaction-Time Followed by a Pointing Movement Either Guided or Not

1973 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 980-982
Author(s):  
Yves Guiard ◽  
Jean Requin
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Movement Time ◽  
The Other ◽  
Preparatory Period ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Pointing Movement ◽  
Pointing Task ◽  
The Mean

In a pointing task, the movement-time (MT), as opposed to reaction-time (RT), does not depend upon duration of preparatory period (PP). On the other hand, the mean MT, but not the mean RT, is shortened by guidance of the movement. The timing of preparatory processes in such task is discussed.

scholarly journals The effect of polysemy on processing of Serbian nouns

Psihologija ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dusica Filipovic-Djurdjevic ◽  
Aleksandar Kostic
Keyword(s):  
Lexical Decision ◽  
Maximum Entropy ◽  
Word Processing ◽  
Cognitive System ◽  
Related Word ◽  
Derivational Morphology ◽  
Amount Of Information ◽  
Polysemous Words ◽  
Word Senses

It has been shown that while multiple unrelated meanings of a word (e.g. bank) increase processing latency, polysemy, that is multiple related word senses (e.g. paper) produce faster responses (Rodd, Gaskell & Marslen-Wilson, 2002; Klepousniotou, 2002). The goal of this study was to explore the effect of polysemy on word processing in Serbian. The outcomes of three lexical decision experiments have shown that polysemous words are processed faster. In addition, lemma frequency and number of related senses did not interact. Finally, a measure that combines lemma frequency and number of related senses into a single metric is proposed. This measure is information residual, initially applied on derivational morphology (Moscoso del Prado Mart?n, Kostic & Baayen, 2004). In this study the information residual is a difference between the amount of information (bit) derived from lemma frequency and the entropy of a polysemic cluster. Since relative frequencies of different word senses of a given word in Serbian are currently not available, maximum entropy (log N) was used as an approximation. The outcome of this study indicates that cognitive system is sensitive not only to the entropy of derivational clusters, but polysemic clusters as well.

Confidence-accuracy dissociation via criterion attraction

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dobromir Rahnev
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Strong Evidence ◽  
External Noise ◽  
The Other ◽  
Decision Criteria ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Objective Performance ◽  
Multiple Tasks ◽  
Criterion Location

Humans often have to use different decision criteria in different tasks such as when detecting a mosquito against a white versus a patterned wall. However, it is debated whether people can maintain independent criteria for different tasks. Early work uncovered suboptimal biases when multiple tasks are performed simultaneously, and concluded that in such situations people inadvertently use the same decision criteria across different perceptual tasks. On the other hand, these studies could not measure the criterion location directly and more recent work has questioned whether the same criteria are indeed used across different tasks. To resolve this debate, here we develop a new external noise paradigm that can objectively quantify criterion location across two tasks that optimally require very different criteria. We find strong evidence of “criterion attraction” where the criteria across the two tasks move towards each other but do not become identical. This criterion attraction leads to a large and consistent confidence-accuracy dissociation in the absence of reaction time differences between the tasks. These results unify the seemingly disparate findings in the literature and establish a robust way of inducing dissociations between subjective and objective performance.

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