scholarly journals The current trends and future prospect of neural activity measurement by genetically-encoded voltage indicators

2016 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-126
Author(s):  
Shigenori Inagaki ◽  
Takeharu Nagai
Keyword(s):  
Neural Activity ◽  
Future Prospect ◽  
Activity Measurement ◽  
Current Trends

scholarly journals Evaluating the Evidence for Expectation Suppression in the Visual System

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Feuerriegel ◽  
Rufin Vogels ◽  
Gyula Kovacs
Keyword(s):  
Visual System ◽  
Statistical Learning ◽  
Neural Activity ◽  
Predictive Coding ◽  
Predictive Processing ◽  
Activity Measurement ◽  
Confounding Factors ◽  
Perceptual Decision Making ◽  
Repetition Suppression ◽  
Specific Subset

Expectation suppression is defined as a reduction in a measure of neural activity following an expected stimulus compared to a stimulus that is neither expected nor surprising. Reports of expectation suppression have shaped the development of several influential predictive coding-based theories of visual perception. However recent work has highlighted multiple confounding factors that may mimic or inflate observed expectation suppression effects. In this review, we describe four confounds that are prevalent across studies that have tested for expectation suppression: surprise-related response modulations, effects of attention, stimulus repetition and adaptation, and effects of stimulus novelty. With these confounds in mind we then critically review the evidence for expectation suppression across probabilistic cueing, statistical learning, oddball, action-outcome learning and apparent motion designs. We report that there is evidence for expectation suppression within a specific subset of statistical learning designs that involved weeks of sequence learning prior to neural activity measurement. However, across other experimental contexts, whereby stimulus appearance probabilities were learned within one or two testing sessions, there was a lack of consistent evidence for genuine expectation suppression within the visual system that cannot be accounted for by confounding factors. To underline the importance of devising more appropriate tests for expectation suppression we discuss how an absence of this effect would inform models of predictive processing, repetition suppression and perceptual decision-making. We also provide suggestions for designing experiments that may better test for stimulus expectation effects in future work.

scholarly journals Nutraceuticals: Transformation of Conventional Foods into Health Promoters/Disease Preventers and Safety Considerations

Molecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (9) ◽  
pp. 2540
Author(s):  
Mudhi AlAli ◽  
Maream Alqubaisy ◽  
Mariam Nasser Aljaafari ◽  
Asma Obaid AlAli ◽  
Laila Baqais ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Future Prospect ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Dietary Fibers ◽  
Collagen Hydrolysate ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Anti Cancer ◽  
Conventional Foods ◽  
Safety Considerations ◽  
Nutritional Benefits ◽  
Essential Food

Nutraceuticals are essential food constituents that provide nutritional benefits as well as medicinal effects. The benefits of these foods are due to the presence of active compounds such as carotenoids, collagen hydrolysate, and dietary fibers. Nutraceuticals have been found to positively affect cardiovascular and immune system health and have a role in infection and cancer prevention. Nutraceuticals can be categorized into different classes based on their nature and mode of action. In this review, different classifications of nutraceuticals and their potential therapeutic activity, such as anti-cancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-lipid activity in disease will be reviewed. Moreover, the different mechanisms of action of these products, applications, and safety upon consumers including current trends and future prospect of nutraceuticals will be included.

Current Trends in the Training and Utilization of Paraprofessionals in Speech and Language Programs

1991 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 51-59 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathy L. Coufal ◽  
Allen L. Steckelberg ◽  
Stanley F. Vasa
Keyword(s):  
Selection Criteria ◽  
Job Descriptions ◽  
Paraprofessional Training ◽  
Language Programs ◽  
Program Administrators ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Training And Supervision ◽  
Communicative Disorders ◽  
Supervision Practices ◽  
A Current

Administrators of programs for children with communicative disorders in 11 midwestern states were surveyed to assess trends in the training and utilization of paraprofessionals. Topics included: (a) current trends in employment, (b) paraprofessional training, (c) use of ASHA and state guidelines, and (d) district policies for supervision. Selection criteria, use of job descriptions, training programs, and supervision practices and policies were examined. Results indicate that paraprofessionals are used but that standards for training and supervision are not consistently applied across all programs. Program administrators report minimal training for supervising professionals.

The Graduate Dysphagia Course: Opening the Door to New Frontiers

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (13) ◽  
pp. 104-112
Author(s):  
Karen A. Ball ◽  
Luis F. Riquelme
Keyword(s):  
Graduate Student ◽  
Paradigm Shifts ◽  
Speech Language Pathology ◽  
Approaches To Teaching ◽  
Graduate Level ◽  
Graduate Curriculum ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Language Pathology

A graduate-level course in dysphagia is an integral part of the graduate curriculum in speech-language pathology. There are many challenges to meeting the needs of current graduate student clinicians, thus requiring the instructor to explore alternatives. These challenges, suggested paradigm shifts, and potential available solutions are explored. Current trends, lack of evidence for current methods, and the variety of approaches to teaching the dysphagia course are presented.

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