Functional role of acetylcholine in the immune system

10.2741/1404 ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 9 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 2414 ◽  
Author(s):  
Toru Hosoi
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Functional Role

scholarly journals The Functional Role of Bcl-2 Family of Proteins in the Immune System and Cancer

Oncomedicine ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 17-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aileen Chen ◽  
Chikezie O. Madu ◽  
Yi Lu
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Functional Role

scholarly journals Co-infections as Modulators of Disease Outcome: Minor Players or Major Players?

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priti Devi ◽  
Azka Khan ◽  
Partha Chattopadhyay ◽  
Priyanka Mehta ◽  
Shweta Sahni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Disease Severity ◽  
Functional Role ◽  
Biological Models ◽  
Immunological Responses ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Physiological Outcome

Human host and pathogen interaction is dynamic in nature and often modulated by co-pathogens with a functional role in delineating the physiological outcome of infection. Co-infection may present either as a pre-existing pathogen which is accentuated by the introduction of a new pathogen or may appear in the form of new infection acquired secondarily due to a compromised immune system. Using diverse examples of co-infecting pathogens such as Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Hepatitis C Virus, we have highlighted the role of co-infections in modulating disease severity and clinical outcome. This interaction happens at multiple hierarchies, which are inclusive of stress and immunological responses and together modulate the disease severity. Already published literature provides much evidence in favor of the occurrence of co-infections during SARS-CoV-2 infection, which eventually impacts the Coronavirus disease-19 outcome. The availability of biological models like 3D organoids, mice, cell lines and mathematical models provide us with an opportunity to understand the role and mechanism of specific co-infections. Exploration of multi-omics-based interactions across co-infecting pathogens may provide deeper insights into their role in disease modulation.

The Functional Significance of Endocrine-immune Interactions in Health and Disease

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 52-65
Author(s):  
Sridhar Muthusami ◽  
Balasubramanian Vidya ◽  
Esaki M Shankar ◽  
Jamuna Vadivelu ◽  
Ilangovan Ramachandran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Cell Differentiation ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Functional Role ◽  
Immune Cell ◽  
Amino Acid Derivatives ◽  
Endocrine Glands ◽  
Immune Systems ◽  
Health And Disease

Hormones are known to influence various body systems that include skeletal, cardiac, digestive, excretory, and immune systems. Emerging investigations suggest the key role played by secretions of endocrine glands in immune cell differentiation, proliferation, activation, and memory attributes of the immune system. The link between steroid hormones such as glucocorticoids and inflammation is widely known. However, the role of peptide hormones and amino acid derivatives such as growth and thyroid hormones, prolactin, dopamine, and thymopoietin in regulating the functioning of the immune system remains unclear. Here, we reviewed the findings pertinent to the functional role of hormone-immune interactions in health and disease and proposed perspective directions for translational research in the field.

scholarly journals Functional Role of AKNA: A Scoping Review

Biomolecules ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1709
Author(s):  
Abrahán Ramírez-González ◽  
Joaquín Manzo-Merino ◽  
Carla Olbia Contreras-Ochoa ◽  
Margarita Bahena-Román ◽  
José Manasés Aguilar-Villaseñor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Scoping Review ◽  
Functional Role ◽  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Negative Regulator ◽  
Cellular Processes

Human akna encodes an AT-hook transcription factor whose expression participates in various cellular processes. We conducted a scoping review on the literature regarding the functional role of AKNA according to the evidence found in human and in vivo and in vitro models, stringently following the “PRISMA-ScR” statement recommendations. Methods: We undertook an independent PubMed literature search using the following search terms, AKNA OR AKNA ADJ gene OR AKNA protein, human OR AKNA ADJ functions. Observational and experimental articles were considered. The selected studies were categorized using a pre-determined data extraction form. A narrative summary of the evidence was produced. Results: AKNA modulates the expression of CD40 and CD40L genes in immune system cells. It is a negative regulator of inflammatory processes as evidenced by knockout mouse models and observational studies for several autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Furthermore, AKNA contributes to the de-regulation of the immune system in cancer, and it has been proposed as a susceptibility genetic factor and biomarker in CC, GC, and HNSCC. Finally, AKNA regulates neurogenesis by destabilizing the microtubules dynamics. Conclusion: Our results provide evidence for the role of AKNA in various cellular processes, including immune response, inflammation, development, cancer, autoimmunity, and neurogenesis.

scholarly journals Cytokine Storm Syndrome in SARS-CoV-2 Infections: A Functional Role of Mast Cells

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1761
Author(s):  
Bahareh Hafezi ◽  
Lily Chan ◽  
Jason P. Knapp ◽  
Negar Karimi ◽  
Kimia Alizadeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mast Cell ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Mast Cells ◽  
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Functional Role ◽  
Cytokine Storm ◽  
Proper Treatment ◽  
Present Evidence

Cytokine storm syndrome is a cascade of escalated immune responses disposing the immune system to exhaustion, which might ultimately result in organ failure and fatal respiratory distress. Infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 can result in uncontrolled production of cytokines and eventually the development of cytokine storm syndrome. Mast cells may react to viruses in collaboration with other cells and lung autopsy findings from patients that died from the coronavirus disease that emerged in 2019 (COVID-19) showed accumulation of mast cells in the lungs that was thought to be the cause of pulmonary edema, inflammation, and thrombosis. In this review, we present evidence that a cytokine response by mast cells may initiate inappropriate antiviral immune responses and cause the development of cytokine storm syndrome. We also explore the potential of mast cell activators as adjuvants for COVID-19 vaccines and discuss the medications that target the functions of mast cells and could be of value in the treatment of COVID-19. Recognition of the cytokine storm is crucial for proper treatment of patients and preventing the release of mast cell mediators, as impeding the impacts imposed by these mediators could reduce the severity of COVID-19.

Expression and functional role of c-Kit and erbB2 in human hepatoblastoma.

2009 ◽  
Vol 221 (03) ◽  
Author(s):  
B Steiger ◽  
I Leuschner ◽  
D Denkhaus ◽  
D von Schweinitz ◽  
T Pietsch
Keyword(s):  
Functional Role

PERAN IBU DALAM PENINGKATAN SISTEM IMUN ANAK DENGAN INFEKSI SALURAN PERNAFASAN AKUT

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 79-86
Author(s):  
Cindy Ayustin Noya ◽  
Angkit Kinasih ◽  
Venti Agustina ◽  
R.Rr Maria Dyah Kurniasari
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infection ◽  
Lower Respiratory Tract ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Acute Respiratory Infections ◽  
Clean Environment ◽  
History Of ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive

Infeksi saluran pernafasan akut atau yang sering disebut ISPA merupakan infeksi pada saluran pernafasan baik saluran pernafasan atas atau bawah.ISPA juga kebanyakan terjadi pada anak balita karena daya tahan tubuh mereka tidak kuat dalam menghadapi penyakit ISPA. ISPA mengakibatkan kematiansekitar15%-20% per tahun pada usia balita di Negara berkembang. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui dan menganalisa peran ibu dalam meningkatkan sistem imun anak dengan ISPA.Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah kualitatif deskriptif dengan sampel purposive sampling.Populasi dan sampel penelitian ini adalah ibu yang mempunyai anak dengan riwayat dan saat ini menderita penyakit ISPA di Batu Gajah Kota Ambon.Partisipan dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 5 orang. Hasil dari penelitian mendapati 4 kategori yaitu pemberian nutrisi pada anak untuk memenuhi kebutuhan agar sistem imunnya terjaga, kebersihan lingkungan, peran ibu dalam melakukan pencegahan pada anaknya yang mengalami ISPA, dan  peran ibu dalam menjaga dan mempertahankan kesehatan anaknya.   Kata kunci: peran ibu, sistem imun, ispa THE ROLE OF MOTHERS IN INCREASING IMMUNE SYSTEM OF CHILDREN WITH ACUTE RESPIRATORY INFECTION    ABSTRACT Acute respiratory infections or often called ARI is an infection of the upper or lower respiratory tract. ARI occurs mostly in children under the age of five because their endurance is not strong in dealing with ARI. ARI results in deaths of around 15%-20% per year at the age of under-five in developing countries. The purpose of this study was to determine and analyze the role of mothers in improving the immune system of children against ARI. The research method used in this study was qualitative descriptive with a purposive sampling sample. Respondents and samples of this study were five mothers who had children with a history of ARI and currently suffering from the disease in Batu Gajah, Ambon City. The results of the study found 4 categories, namely providing nutrition to children to meet their needs so that their immune systems are maintained, clean environment, mother's role in preventing children with ARI, and mother's role to preserve and maintain the health of their children. The findings indicated that in terms of coping or improving the immune system of a child to avoid ARI, it is necessary to have role the of mothers in providing nutrition so that the immune system is boosted, besides that the mother can prevent and protect her child from various diseases, especially ARI. Keywords: role of mothers, immune system, acute respiratory infections

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