scholarly journals The second order axes in the formation of the virginile tree crown of the Ulmus glabra Huds

2021 ◽  
pp. 70-81
Author(s):  
Ирина Сергеевна Антонова ◽  
Мария Сергеевна Телевинова ◽  
Виктор Александрович Барт
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Annual Growth ◽  
Tree Crown ◽  
Accurate Indication ◽  
Ulmus Glabra

Последовательность возрастных этапов дерева отражается ходом роста самых крупных осей 2 порядка формирующихся на годичных приростах ствола. Именно эта последовательность определяет контур кроны виргинильного дерева и его успешность в конкретных экологических условиях. Самая сильная верхняя ветка каждого годичного прироста ствола ходом своего роста отражает тот возрастной этап развития кроны дерева, когда она начала формироваться, являясь своеобразным маркером. Свойства ветвей можно использовать для сравнительной характеристики деревьев в одном возрастном состоянии для более точной индикации внешних условий. The series of the age-stages of the tree is reflected by the growth of the largest axes of the second order formed on the annual growth of the trunk of tree. This series determines the contour of the crown of the virginal tree and its success in specific environmental conditions. The strongest upper branch of each annual growth of the trunk in the course of its growth reflects that age stage in the development of the crown of the tree when it began to form, being some sort of a marker. Branch properties can be used to compare trees in the same age stage for a more accurate indication of external environmental conditions.

Hydrodynamic Modeling of Large-Diameter Bottom-Fixed Offshore Wind Turbines

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin E. Bachynski ◽  
Harald Ormberg
Keyword(s):  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Limit State ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Stokes Wave ◽  
Intermediate Water ◽  
Hydrodynamic Loads ◽  
Offshore Wind Turbines ◽  
Wave Kinematics

For shallow and intermediate water depths, large monopile foundations are considered to be promising with respect to the levelized cost of energy (LCOE) of offshore wind turbines. In order to reduce the LCOE by structural optimization and de-risk the resulting designs, the hydrodynamic loads must be computed efficiently and accurately. Three efficient methods for computing hydrodynamic loads are considered here: Morison’s equation with 1) undisturbed linear wave kinematics or 2) undisturbed second order Stokes wave kinematics, or 3) the MacCamy-Fuchs model, which is able to account for diffraction in short waves. Two reference turbines are considered in a simplified range of environmental conditions. For fatigue limit state calculations, accounting for diffraction effects was found to generally increase the estimated lifetime of the structure, particularly the tower. The importance of diffraction depends on the environmental conditions and the structure. For the case study of the NREL 5 MW design, the effect could be up to 10 % for the tower base and 2 % for the monopile under the mudline. The inclusion of second order wave kinematics did not have a large effect on the fatigue calculations, but had a significant impact on the structural loads in ultimate limit state conditions. For the NREL 5 MW design, a 30 % increase in the maximum bending moment under the mudline could be attributed to the second order wave kinematics; a 7 % increase was seen for the DTU 10 MW design.

scholarly journals Plant adaptation to temperature and photoperiod

1996 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 251-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olavi Junttila
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Growth Cycle ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Annual Growth ◽  
Annual Plants ◽  
Plant Adaptation ◽  
Timing Of Reproduction ◽  
Growth Capacity ◽  
Climatic Adaptation

Plants respond to environmental conditions both by adaptation and by acclimation. The ability of the plants to grow, reproduce and survive under changing climatic conditions depends on the efficiency of adaptation and acclimation. The adaptation of developmental processes in plants to temperature and photoperiod is briefly reviewed. In annual plants this adaptation is related to growth capacity and to the timing of reproduction. In perennial plants growing under northern conditions, adaptation of the annual growth cycle to the local climatic cycle is of primary importance. Examples of the role of photothermal conditions in regulation of these phenological processes are given and discussed. The genetic and physiological bases for climatic adaptation in plants are briefly examined.

Second Order Roll Motions for FPSO's Operating in Severe Environmental Conditions

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Flavia Caldi Rezende ◽  
Xiao Bo Chen ◽  
Marcos Donato Ferreira
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Second Order

Identification and dendrochronology of wood found at the Ziegler Reservoir fossil site, Colorado, USA

2014 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 575-579 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter M. Brown ◽  
Stephen E. Nash ◽  
Douglas Kline
Keyword(s):  
Climate Variability ◽  
Pseudotsuga Menziesii ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Annual Growth ◽  
Similar Data ◽  
Conifer Species ◽  
Growth Rings ◽  
Annual Growth Rings ◽  
Fossil Site

AbstractOver 300 wood fossils were collected from the Ziegler Reservoir fossil site near Snowmass Village in central Colorado, USA. Wood fossils range from fragments of stems and branches only a few centimeters in diameter and length to whole logs >50 cm diameter and >10 m length. Many of the fossils were collected from a “beach” horizon, where they appear to have been washed up on the side of the interglacial lake and buried. The wood is mainly fir (Abies sp.) or Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), with some spruce (Picea sp.), pine (Pinus sp.), and at least one other unidentified conifer species. Douglas-fir and species of fir, spruce, and pine are common in the area today. Dendrochronological analyses compared annual growth rings in fossil wood to similar data from modern trees. Results suggest that fossil trees from the beach horizon grew under similar environmental conditions and annual climate variability as today. Three Douglas-firs and several fir logs also appear to have been alive at the same time based on crossdating of ring widths and other ring characteristics. These trees may have died at the same time, suggesting a stand mortality event in the surrounding forest that resulted in numerous logs being buried synchronously in the beach horizon.

scholarly journals Grafting Fraser Fir (Abies fraseri): Effect of Scion Origin (Crown Position and Branch Order)

HortScience ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haley Hibbert-Frey ◽  
John Frampton ◽  
Frank A. Blazich ◽  
Doug Hundley ◽  
L. Eric Hinesley
Keyword(s):  
Second Order ◽  
Success Rates ◽  
Tree Crown ◽  
Subsequent Growth ◽  
Abies Fraseri ◽  
Branch Order ◽  
Fraser Fir ◽  
First Order ◽  
Crown Position

Success and subsequent growth of fraser fir [Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir.] cleft grafts were studied in relation to origin and type of scion material in the tree crown. First- and second-order shoots (current-year) were collected from five zones in the crown, ranging from top to bottom, and grafted to 5-year-old fraser fir transplants in April. Success rates were similar for first- and second-order scions, whereas budbreak and subsequent growth were best for first-order scions. In general, results were best for first-order scions taken from the upper crown. Plagiotropism of grafts was similar for all crown zones and shoot types.

Full Scale Measurements and Theoretical Predictions of 2nd Order Pitch and Roll Slow Motions of a Semisubmersible Platform

2013 ◽  
Vol 135 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vinicius L. F. Matos ◽  
Eric O. Ribeiro ◽  
Alexandre N. Simos ◽  
Sergio H. Sphaier
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Scale Effects ◽  
Vertical Plane ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Slow Motion ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Wave Basin ◽  
Theoretical Predictions ◽  
Slow Motions

In Oct. 2007, the semisubmersible platform PETROBRAS 52 (P-52) was installed in Campos Basin (Roncador Field) offshore Brazil, in a depth around 1800 m through 16 lines in taut-leg con. The maximum production capacity is 180.000 bpd with a displacement of 80,986t at the operational draft of 27.5 m. Slow drift motions in the vertical plane (heave, roll, and pitch) were observed in a model test performed in a wave basin during the design phase. As resonant responses vary considerably with the damping loads, slow motion could be affected by scale effects. To observe the phenomena, by that time, it was a doubt if this phenomenon would happen during the platform operation. Since June 2008, PETROBRAS has been monitoring P-52 motions with the use of accelerometers and rate-gyros. Through spectral analysis of the measured signals, it was possible to verify the presence of slow motions with frequencies around the natural frequencies of roll and pitch during almost the whole monitoring period. Sometimes, the 2nd order amplitudes were even greater than the 1st order ones. Furthermore, the environmental conditions have also been monitored through wave radars, ADCPS (current) and meteorological stations (wind) in the vicinity of P-52 location, making the excitation loads identification possible. A comparative study confronting full-scale measurements and theoretical predictions was performed. First and second-order forces and responses were calculated using Wamit® second order module. This study permitted the estimation of the full scale damping values of this offshore system (hull plus mooring and riser lines) for one of the environmental conditions measured. The results indicate the importance of considering the resonant roll and pitch motions in the seakeeping analysis of large-volume semisubmersible platforms, contributing with an important feedback to future designs.

2nd Order Pitch and Roll Slow Motions of a Semi-Submersible Platform: Full Scale Measurements and Theoretical Predictions Comparative Study

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vini´cius L. F. Matos ◽  
Eric O. Ribeiro ◽  
Alexandre N. Simos ◽  
Sergio H. Sphaier
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Scale Effects ◽  
Vertical Plane ◽  
Production Capacity ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Wave Basin ◽  
Theoretical Predictions ◽  
Slow Motions

In October 2007, the semi-submersible platform PETROBRAS 52 (P-52) was installed in Campos Basin (Roncador Field) offshore Brazil. This Unit is moored through 16 lines in taut-leg configuration in a water depth around 1.800m. Its displacement at the operational draft (T = 27.5m) is 80.986t. The maximum production capacity is 180.000bpd. During the design phase of this floating system, a model test campaign was performed in a wave basin and slow drift motions in the vertical plane (heave, roll and pitch) were identified. It is known that resonant responses vary considerably with the damping loads. As these loads are affected by scale effects, by that time, it was a doubt if this phenomenon would happen during the platform operation. Since June 2008, PETROBRAS has been monitoring P-52 motions with the use of accelerometers and rate-gyros. Through spectral analysis of the measured signals, it was possible to verify the presence of slow motions with frequencies around the natural frequencies of roll and pitch during almost the whole monitoring period. Sometimes, the 2nd order amplitudes were even grater than the 1st order ones. Furthermore, the environmental conditions have also been monitored through wave radars, ADCPS (current) and meteorological stations (wind) in the vicinity of P-52 location, making the excitation loads identification possible. A comparative study confronting full-scale measurements and theoretical predictions was performed. First and second-order forces and responses were calculated using WAMIT® second order module. This study permitted to estimate the full scale damping values of this offshore system (hull plus mooring and riser lines) for one of the environmental conditions measured. This work demonstrates the importance of considering the resonant roll and pitch motions in the seakeeping analysis of large-volume semi-submersible platforms, contributing with an important feedback to future designs.

scholarly journals On the structure of tree crown on the example of biennial shoot systems of Ulmus glabra Huds

2019 ◽  
Vol 316 ◽  
pp. 012028
Author(s):  
I S Antonova ◽  
M S Televinova ◽  
M V Kremeneckaia ◽  
V A Bart
Keyword(s):  
Tree Crown ◽  
Ulmus Glabra

Rooting of Jack Pine (Pinusbanksiana Lamb.) Cuttings

1974 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 557-561 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Zsuffa
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Conditions ◽  
Root Systems ◽  
Jack Pine ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Clonal Variation ◽  
Third Order ◽  
Medium Length ◽  
Old Trees ◽  
Better Than

Cuttings from 6- and 10-year-old trees of jack pine rooted under intermittent mist. Well balanced root systems with many fine side roots were produced.The influence of several factors on rooting was studied. Clonal variation in rooting was observed. In general 6- and 10-year-old ortets rooted similarly. The ortets with heavy, long branches rooted better than the ones with light, short branches. Cuttings taken from second-order shoots rooted and survived like those taken from third-order shoots. Cuttings of medium length rooted and survived best.A high percentage of the cuttings of all clones callused. However, a number of callused cuttings later died, possibly due to unfavorable environmental conditions in the propagation house. Survival was highest for clones rooting best.

Astrology and Personality: Sun-Sign or Chart?

1980 ◽  
Vol 10 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 104-106 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.P. Fourie ◽  
C. Coetzee ◽  
D. Costello
Keyword(s):  
Second Order ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Accurate Indication

Recent studies on astrology and personality have almost exclusively concentrated on the sun-sign. Astrologers, however, maintain that the complete astrological chart gives a more accurate indication of personality than the sun-sign alone. A study was conducted to test this hypothesis. Two astrologers independently rated 48 subjects on the 16PF factors by using the complete chart. Inter-astrologer correlations were computed and found to be low. The ratings of each astrologer were correlated with the 16PF scores obtained by the subjects. No pattern of significance was observed. The same subjects were furthermore independently rated on the same factors by using only the sun-sign. Significant correlations were found between these ratings and the 16PF scores on eight of 17 (15 primary and two second-order) factors.

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