scholarly journals Trade العلاقات التجارية للدولة الصفوية مع الدول الخارجية

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 696
Author(s):  
دارا تؤفيق كاكةامين
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
The State ◽  
External Trade ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Trade Routes ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
The Third ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
National Economic ◽  
Import And Export

Trade relations of the Safavid state with foreign countries Trade is one of the most important economic activities, where the consumer gets to life through a point of communication between the producer and the consumer. Trade is divided into internal and external trade, where the internal trader's responsibility is to deliver and provide products and services within the geographical boundaries of the state. Foreign trade is the process of exchanging national economic products outside the country's geographical borders, as well as the transfer of ownership of products and resources to one another through the import and export process. Therefore, trade is the important areas of life, which have become important factors that affected the economy (Iran) in a record period in the Safavid era, which led to the expansion and development of trade relations with neighboring countries abroad, and in order to recognize the importance of this aspect, this research Shows the importance of trade and its impact on political treaties of that era. This research is divided into an introduction with three main sections, the first deals with domestic and foreign trade, while the second section highlights the attention on trade routes, either the third and last section was for the purpose of studying the commercial relations of Safavid with other Nations, which include the (Ottoman, The Portuguese, British, Dutch, French, and Russians).

scholarly journals INSTITUTIONAL AND FINANCIAL COMPONENTS OF UKRAINE’S EXPORT GROWTH

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 (8) ◽  
pp. 30-49
Author(s):  
Kateryna ANUFRIIEVA ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Financial Services ◽  
International Market ◽  
The State ◽  
Schematic Model ◽  
External Trade ◽  
Resource Base ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
The World ◽  
Credit Agency

Today, the state policy on export development is being improved and the export support tools are being implemented at the legislative level. Exporting economic entities form the demand for financial services, which would meet current conditions in the international market, as well as allow for unrestricted settlements with foreign counterparties, available financing of working capital and insurance provision of export operations in order to increase the competitiveness of such entities. The author substantiates importance of the centralized focus of export support efforts, determines the concept of “trade financing and insurance” as a source of resource and institutional support for export operations and highlights the positive aspects and problems arising from financing of export transactions and settlements with counterparties. The state of international cooperation on export issues and trends of the world trade are briefly mentioned. As is known, the Export and Credit agency (ECA), an institution for insurance and export support, has recently been established; however, its place, management, tasks and resource base are still being determined. Therefore, the article proposes a basic schematic model of the activities of this institution. The author emphasizes that increasing the competitiveness of Ukrainian exporters and strengthening their confidence in them in the international market are especially important given the world trend of “de-risking”. De-risking is the limitation of cooperation with certain categories of clients or states (which Ukraine is sometimes included in) to avoid the risk of financing illicit activities, a person under sanctions, terrorism, and the like. The focus of further research the author suggests addressing such issues: (i) interaction of the state and private sectors with support of exports; (ii) determination of the product range of financial institutions servicing the subjects of foreign trade, as well as the ECA; (iii) impact of sanctions and restrictions on Ukraine’s foreign trade relations. Accelerating the development of exports and overcoming obstacles when concluding the external trade agreements and settlements will ultimately help Ukraine to take a niche among the world’s exporters and strengthen its own financial security.

scholarly journals Staatlichen Zölle - Portorium und Lizent - in den Städten den schwedischen Ostseeprovinzen

2020 ◽  
Vol 133 ◽  
pp. 115-162
Author(s):  
Enn Küng
Keyword(s):  
Early Modern ◽  
The State ◽  
External Trade ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Principal Source ◽  
The Common ◽  
Overseas Territories ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
The Town ◽  
Important State

State Duties - Portorium and Licence - in the Towns of the Swedish Baltic ProvincesThe early modern mercantilist state focused on developing and exercising control over industrial and agricultural production as well as engaging in economic activities involving internal and external trade while collecting taxes and customs duties in order to fill the treasury. In the 16th-17th centuries, rapidly developing Sweden was no exception. It was in constant need of funds to support its growing bureaucratic apparatus and its army. From 1561, additional funds had to be allocated to retain and govern its expanding overseas territories. Trade and agriculture were Sweden’s principal source of income from its Baltic provinces. Therefore, it was deemed important to create an environment conducive to trade in order to generate greater tax and custom s revenues for the state. The customs tariffs of the Baltic Sea towns as well as the common customs system in Tallinn, Narva and Nyen arose from the state’s interest in bringing Western European andRussian trade back to the Baltic Sea.The aim of the article is to look rnore closely at the state duties - portorium and licence fees, plus oktroy and Anlage duties in Riga - levied on goods in the ports of the Baltic provinces of the Swedish realm, mainly Estonia, Livonia and Ösel (Saaremaa). The archival sources used in this study are the published and unpublished laws of the Swedish central authorities and the customs and account books which survive from the 17th Century. Of these, the most important ones were special customs and license ledgers from Estonia, Livonia, Ingria and Ösel in which the state receipts for licence duties and portorium from Riga, Tallinn, Narva, Nyen, Pärnu, Haapsalu and Kuressaare were registered. Separate Anlage duty records were kept in Riga. From the early 1630s, the account books of the governorates (ledgers, verifications and journals) also included state customs receipts, but each province was considered as a whole, without distinguishing separate towns. Data on portorium receipts can also be found in the town council archives, as the state ceded a third or even half of the customs receipts to the local town councils.Customs duties constituted one-third of the state’s revenues in the province of Estonia and one half or more in Livonia. The most important state customs were the portorium and licence duty (and the Anlage duty in Riga). While portorium was gencrally divided equally with the town where it was collected, licence duty was retained by the state in its entirety. Lesser duties were collected under the name Ungelder, and theamount and volume o f these increased over time. Generally, portorium duty brought in less revenue than licence duty. Sea customs tariffs, whichoften differed from town to town, formed a complex System. From 1648, only Tallinn, Narva and Nyen constituted a common customs region with lower customs tariffs than in Riga and Pärnu.

scholarly journals The Effectiveness of Foreign Trade: Approaches to Statistical Evaluation

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 88-96
Author(s):  
A. V. Shved
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Final Section ◽  
Stochastic Frontier ◽  
State Level ◽  
The State ◽  
Gravity Models ◽  
Positive Trend ◽  
Econometric Methods ◽  
National Economic ◽  
The Republic

The purpose of the article is to present the results of the author’s research on best current practices in studying the effectiveness of the country’s foreign trade (on the example of the Republic of Belarus) and wording of proposals for improving approaches to its statistical assessment.The author analyzes the traditional methodology directions to evaluate the effectiveness of activities of the national economic authorities by the state. The article provides some modern approaches to assessing the efficiency of foreign trade at the state level. Current econometric methods for estimating the efficiency of foreign trade which are not quite popular with domestic authors but are extensively used by foreign researchers are examined in detail. Based on actual data, the author conducted the analysis of foreign trade efficiency for the EAEU member countries using gravity models of foreign trade with dummy variables and the stochastic frontier method. The results indicate a positive trend in increasing the efficiency of foreign trade activities of the Republic of Belarus and Russia for the period from 2011 to 2019 with the other EAEU, CIS member states, as well as with Lithuania, Latvia and Poland.In the final section of the article, are formulated the directions for improving national statistics of foreign trade based on international experience in terms of its segment, which reflects the effectiveness of foreign economic activity.

scholarly journals MOLDOVAN EXTERNAL TRADE WITH EU, CIS AND OTHER COUNTRIES: ACHIEVEMENTS AND CHALLENGES

2019 ◽  
pp. 53-70
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Volume Index ◽  
The European Union ◽  
External Trade ◽  
Index Method ◽  
Republic Of Moldova ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Physical Volume ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Laspeyres Index

The foreign trade of a state represents a determinant in assessing its economic statute among the neighbours and in the whole world. Actuality of the studied topic is determined by the changing trade relations that the Republic of Moldova is passing through in the last years. Republic of Moldova holds the necessary criteria for becoming a competitive country in the region in terms of the manufactured and marketed goods. The aim of the study is to evaluate the foreign trade of the Republic of Moldova, by emphasizing the main traded groups of products, trade partners as well as to analyze the average price index and physical volume index of imports and exports. The paper also comes with an analysis of re-export and re-import, which represent a peculiarity for our country’s trade pattern. Research methods that have been used within the paper are the following: analogy, systemic approach, statistical and scientific analysis, Laspeyres index method. The obtained results focus on the recovery of the foreign trade between 2015 and 2017 with higher revival rates of exports, and a growing reorientation of exports towards the European Union and other countries markets.

EXTERNAL ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES OF UZBEKISTAN: PROBLEMS AND SOLUTIONS

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
O’g’iloy Saidova
Keyword(s):  
International Trade ◽  
Current Situation ◽  
External Trade ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Problems And Solutions ◽  
Import And Export

Аннотация: Мазкур мақолада халқаро савдо, ташқи савдо, импорт ва экспорт операциялари, шунингдек, ҳозирги ҳолат муҳокама қилинган. Ўзбекистоннинг ташқи иқтисодий фаолиятида 2015 йилдан 2020 йилнинг биринчи тўрт ойигача булган даврдаги кўрсаткичлар таҳлил қилинган.Калит сўзлар: халқаро савдо, ташқи савдо, импорт, экспорт, ташқи иқтисодий фаолият. Аннотация: В этой статье обсуждается международная торговля, внешняя торговля, импортные операции и экспортные операции, текущая ситуация в Узбекистане. Проанализированы показатели внешнеторгового оборота Узбекистана с 2015 по первые четыре месяца 2020 года. Abstract: In this article international trade, external trade, import and export operations, the current situation are discussed. Figures from 2015 year to the first 4 months of 2020 year are analyzed in foreign economic activities in Uzbekistan.

scholarly journals Developmental Local Government as a Model for Grassroots Socio-Economic Development in Nigeria

1970 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 42-61
Author(s):  
C Okafor ◽  
EEO Chukwuemeka ◽  
JO Udenta
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Local Government ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Local Population ◽  
The State ◽  
Present System ◽  
State Governments ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
The Third ◽  
Socio Economic Development

In the past five decades of political independence in Nigeria, local government administration has moved from the colonial styled Local administration characterized by peculiar systems to the federating units to the present unified and standardized system that constitutionally recognizes local government as the third tier of government. As the third tier of government, local governments are entitled to a statutory allocation of national revenue and the carrying out of specific functions in response to local needs. The objective of the problem statement of this article is to show that the present system whereby, the Constitution gives the State governments the power to handle issues of organization and responsibility in the local governments places a strong limitation on local autonomy and governance at the local level. The abuse of these provisions in the Constitution by the State governments coupled with other issues such as low level of commitment to the people and lack of monitoring and evaluation are negatively affecting grassroots socio-economic development in the Country. Local economic growth and development is an imperative for overall socio-economic development of the Country (the local population presently faces high incidence of poverty, unemployment, lack of social infrastructure and low economic activities). It is in this context that the article prescribes a developmental local government model which has local economic development (LED) as ‘the mandate’ to address the concerns of poverty, unemployment and inadequate resources in the rural areas. The LED approach enables local governments to stimulate economic activities and improve the socioeconomic conditions of people in the localities by working in partnership with private and other non-governmental sectors.

scholarly journals State policy in the field of import substitution and its impact on certain areas of economic security

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-40
Author(s):  
Aleksey Rodionov
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
State Policy ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Import Substitution ◽  
Financial Innovation ◽  
Economic Security ◽  
The State ◽  
National Economic ◽  
The Impact ◽  
National Economic Security

The article presents the results of a study of the state policy in the field of import substitution and its impact on certain areas of economic security. Areas of economic security that are subject to the influence of the state policy of import substitution are identified. Among these areas, food, financial, innovation and investment, social, energy, production and technological, foreign trade security were identified. The nature of the impact of the state policy of import substitution on each of the areas of national economic security is substantiated.

FROM THE HISTORY OF COMMERCIAL RELATIONS IN THE STATE OF AMIR TEMUR AND THE CHINESE (MIN) EMPIRE

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (10) ◽  
pp. 67-73
Author(s):  
Sardor N. Kenzhaev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
World Trade ◽  
The State ◽  
Trade Routes ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Historical Literature ◽  
The People ◽  
History Of ◽  
Trade Route

This article discusses trade relations with China during the reign of Amir Temur, a blow to the northern trade route bypassing the people of the Chigatay ulus and the wider participation of southern cities in world trade and economic relations between the state of Amir Temur and the Chinese (Minsk) dynasty, relations were carried out in mainly through East Turkestan, the trade routes passing through this region and the characteristics of the roads were analyzed. Also, a comparative analysis of historical literature data highlights the main trade products related to the value of silk, tea, porcelain in the state of Amir Temur's horses in China

Assessing the impact of sanctions on russian companies performance

2016 ◽  
pp. 34-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Fedorova ◽  
M. Fedotova ◽  
A. Nikolaev
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Spillover Effects ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Processing Chain ◽  
Import And Export ◽  
German Investment ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Domestic Companies

The paper presents the estimation of sanctions influence on the results of domestic companies on the basis of spillover effects. It is shown that the strength of sanctions influence is mainly determined by the processing chain in terms of industry foreign trade relations structure. During the whole period under analysis (from 2005 to 2012) the companies’ earnings were influenced mostly by German investment (import, export and horizontal country spillovers are significant). Investment from China also affected national companies during the crisis of 2008-2009. Import-driven (productive) industries suffer from sanction regime that is confirmed by the significance of import and export spillover of FDI from the countries, which introduced the sanctions.

scholarly journals INVENTORY ERRORS AND PROBLEMS TO FIX THEM

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-106
Author(s):  
Victor Klyushnichenko ◽  
Nikolai Kaverin ◽  
Nikita Lebedev
Keyword(s):  
Real Estate ◽  
The State ◽  
Third Party ◽  
The Real ◽  
The Real Estate ◽  
The Third ◽  
State Register ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
Close Relatives ◽  
Legal Entities

Characteristic of the main reasons for emergence of the register mistakes causing suspension of carrying out the state cadastral registration of real estate is given. It constrains processes of fixing of the rights for objects of natural and legal entities and also formation of taxable base. Sources of emergence of register mistakes and possible ways of their elimination or weakening of influence are described. This type of mistakes is made mainly by cadastral engineers in the course of cadastral activity. If the materials containing such mistakes are entered in the Unified state register of the real estate, then as the defendant both the cadastral engineer, and body of registration of the rights can act as the third party. In the course of elimination of register mistakes the court appoints the cadastral engineer who on the catalog of coordinates submitted by court fixes the problem taking place between the adjacent land plots. The practice of elimination of this sort mistakes in foreign countries which is that the cadastral engineer and also his close relatives in case of his death, bear responsibility within thirty years is shown. Recommendations about decrease in the causes of register mistakes are provided in the boundary and technical plans prepared by cadastral engineers.

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