scholarly journals Fighting Infodemic Becomes Must After Covid-19 Pandemic's Onslaught on Truth, Knowledge

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 110
Author(s):  
Bora Erdem
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Hate Speech ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
Health Gains ◽  
News Agencies ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Violent Acts ◽  
Mental And Physical Health

Due to the Coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic, which has resulted in tens of thousands of deaths and hundreds of thousands of infected cases, the international community has been confronted with one of the most urgent health crises in recent decades. With the COVID-19 pandemic, we confronted a new phenomenon known as an "Infodemic" or "epidemic of misleading information" regarding COVID-19. Presently, a large amount of unsubstantiated material on various elements of the COVID-19 disease, disease control and prevention techniques and its effects is being distributed via social media, news agencies and television networks. Due to their accessibility, social networks are increasingly becoming an integral part of our lives. They provide avenues where anybody can convey their ideas and post information without impeding or regulating their publishing validation. As a consequence, it facilitates the spread of "Fake News," material that is deliberately false. Because of the amount of social media users and the volume of followers, fake social media news could have major adverse social repercussions. Misinformation and disinformation can have detrimental effects on people's mental and physical health, increase stigma, jeopardize valuable health gains, and result in poor adherence to public health measures, hence reducing their efficiency and jeopardizing their ability to manage the pandemic. Misinformation can result in death. Without trust and accurate information, diagnostic tests go unutilized, immunization campaigns (or initiatives to enhance effectiveness of vaccines) fall short of their goals, and the virus thrives. What's more, disinformation is creating a rift in public debate on COVID-19-related issues, intensifying hate speech, increasing the chances of conflict, violent acts, and violations of human rights, and jeopardizing long-term prospects for advancing social cohesion, human rights, and democracy.

18. Freedom of Expression

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernadette Rainey ◽  
Elizabeth Wicks ◽  
Andclare Ovey
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Hate Speech ◽  
Freedom Of Expression ◽  
Case Law ◽  
European Convention ◽  
Free Expression ◽  
The Internet

This chapter examines the protection of the freedom of expression in the European Convention on Human Rights, discusses the provisions of Article 10, and explains that the majority of cases concerning Article 10 are brought by persons who have received some penalty for defaming or insulting other people. It analyses what constitutes an interference with free expression and considers the limitations on freedom of expression. The chapter also examines the judgments made by the Strasbourg Court on several related cases, including those that involved incitement to violence and hate speech, obscenity, and blasphemy. It also covers the development of case-law concerning social media and the internet.

scholarly journals Review Of Islamic Law To The Use Of Article 28 Subsection 2 About Speech Hatred And Defamation (UU Number 19 AT 2016 Amendments to UU Number 11 at 2018)

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 355-368
Author(s):  
Arbanur Rasyid
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Islamic Law ◽  
Hate Speech ◽  
State Institutions ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Media ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Many

Hate Speech  has recently become a warm conversation, not only in the media, but has begun to be discussed in scientific forums as a result of the many characters who are ensnared by hate speech due to making uploads in Social Media that is considered insulting to other people or state institutions by making a statement containing elements of hate speech in accordance with the criminal threat in Article 28 paragraph 2 of Law number 19 of 2016 amendment to law number 11 of 2008. Long before the law talks about hate speech, Islam through the Qur'an speaks a lot about how God denounces the actions of people who insult, berate, speak ill of others and make hoaxes, and Allah threatens sin for those who do it . Even in the history of Islam through the Prophet Muhammad had given a caning to people who make hoaxes, and the sentence in the Islamic criminal law is called Ta'zir, thus Islam is very careful and highly respects the human rights of a person including in protecting the soul and someone's honor

The Problem of Platform Law

2020 ◽  
pp. 973-994
Author(s):  
Molly K. Land
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Hate Speech ◽  
User Behavior ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Technological Design ◽  
User Choice ◽  
Media Companies ◽  
Broad Array ◽  
The Right

The internet would seem to be an ideal platform for fostering norm diversity. The very structure of the internet resists centralized governance, while the opportunities it provides for the “long tail” of expression means even voices with extremely small audiences can find a home. In reality, however, the governance of online speech looks much more monolithic. This is largely a result of private “lawmaking” activity by internet intermediaries. Increasingly, social media companies like Facebook and Twitter are developing what David Kaye, UN Special Rapporteur for the Promotion and Protection of the Right to Freedom of Opinion and Expression, has called “platform law.” Through a combination of community standards, contract, technological design, and case-specific practice, social media companies are developing “Facebook law” and “Twitter law,” displacing the laws of national jurisdictions. Using the example of content moderation, this chapter makes several contributions to the literature. First, it expands upon the idea of “platform law” to consider the broad array of mechanisms that companies use to control user behavior and mediate conflicts. Second, using human rights law as a foundation, the chapter makes the case for meaningful technological design choices that enable user autonomy. Users should be able to make explicit choices about who and what they want to hear online. It also frames user choice in terms of the right to hear, not the right to speak, as a way of navigating the tension presented by hate speech and human rights without resorting to platform law that sanitizes speech for everyone.

Handling Facebook: social media in the light of human rights violations

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 59-76
Author(s):  
Gleb Bogush ◽  
Olga Kudinova
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Hate Speech ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
The Gambia ◽  
International Justice ◽  
Human Rights Violations ◽  
The Social ◽  
The Us ◽  
Media Corporations

International justice does not remain on the sidelines from the intensive development of social media: the data stored on the social media possesses great evidentiary value in international courts. The dispute over the disclosure of information by Facebook for use in the Gambia v. Myanmar dispute before the International Court of Justice raises a broader issue of the international legal status of telecommunications companies, obligations of companies and states in relation to the use of social media for human rights violations and commission of international crimes. The article assesses the existing international legal regime of human rights obligations of global social media corporations, as well as their role in administration of international justice, by examining the case of the use of Facebook disseminating hate speech and inciting violence against the discriminated group of Rohingya in Myanmar. The authors analyze the report of the Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on Myanmar, Facebook’s reaction to the information of its influence on the situation with Rohingya, and measures taken by the company to reduce the negative impact of its business activity on human rights. The article draws attention to the inconsistent position of Facebook with regard to facilitating the investigation of violations of international law committed through the social media. In particular, the authors comment on the dispute between the Gambia and Facebook before the U.S. Courts arising from the request on disclosure of materials forming evidence in the case of the Gambia v. Myanmar, and lack of action from the US with respect to human rights violations and genocide committed with resources of the US-based social media company. The authors underscore the uncertainty of international legal regulation that impedes effective international investigations of serious human rights violations. Non-state actors remain outside the reach of international justice and international accountability mechanisms, especially when they operate in jurisdictions of states that ignore their positive human rights obligations. The authors conclude that it is necessary to develop effective mechanisms for cooperation and accountability of social media corporations in the field of international justice, as they play an increasing role in the investigation of serious violations of human rights.

scholarly journals Moderate Muslims’ Views on Multicultural Education, Freedom of Expression, and Social Media Hate Speech: An Empirical Study in West Java Indonesia

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 199
Author(s):  
Husni Husni
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Multicultural Education ◽  
Hate Speech ◽  
Freedom Of Expression ◽  
Legal Aspect ◽  
West Java ◽  
Reform Era ◽  
Telephone Calls ◽  
Almost All

West Java Province is often assumed to be the center of radical Islam growth in Indonesia, especially since the reform era. The truth and validity of this presumption need to be proven empirically. Indeed, in this province, there are a number of hardline Islamic organizations with the members spread in almost all corners of West Java. The Wahid Foundation survey from 2010 to 2017 always put this province with the highest incidence of religious-based violence. Therefore, the study on the views of moderate Muslim leaders on freedom of expression, hate speech on social media, and the importance of multicultural education are deemed to be very necessary. The qualitative research data on 73 moderate Muslim figures in West Java was collected by direct interviews, via email, social media, telephone calls, and from their opinions in various media. The results showed that moderate Muslim leaders in West Java uphold and respect freedom of expression as one of the basic human rights, but they refuse if this right is misused to spread hate speech. They also agree with the importance of rules and law enforcement to overcome the problem of spreading hate speech, but according to them, the legal aspect is not the only approach. They view multicultural education as a long-term strategy to build a mature democratic society with high ethical standards.

The Urgency of Protecting Netizen in Freedom of Speech on Social Media

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Grandis Ayuning Priyanto ◽  
Martinus Sardi
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Hate Speech ◽  
Freedom Of Speech ◽  
Fundamental Rights ◽  
Political Rights ◽  
Civil And Political Rights ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Right ◽  
Speak Up

Freedom of speech is a part of fundamental rights to every people. Nowadays, freedom of speech could not felt widely to all people. Freedom of speech developed until Universal Declaration of Human Rights and International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights assure and restrict freedom of speech. In Indonesia, since the rise of The Law of Information and Electronic Transaction, the restriction of freedom of speech become biased, many words in social media are presumably attack others. Netizen feels security to speak up is limited, such Ruslan Buton who critics and record about President Jokowi deemed as a hoax and hate speech. Even though some articles in 1945 Constitution have already protect and guarantee all people to bear the right to speak. The limitations of Freedom of speech in The Law of Information and Electronic Transaction emerge multi interpretation which the right to speak have not been correspond with the values in 1945 Constitution. To harmonize freedom of speech in Indonesia, it needs cooperation among government and people to eradicate ambiguity and fear in which already happen.By using juridical-normative method, the research aims to understand the condition of freedom of speech in Indonesia, and to understand the protection of netizen in using social media

scholarly journals ETHICS AND POWER OF INDONESIAN SOCIAL MEDIA USERS: A STUDY BASED ON GRAMSCI'S THEORY OF HEGEMONY AND ELECTRONIC INFORMATION AN TRANSACTION LAW

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Fajar Muharram
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Hate Speech ◽  
Freedom Of Expression ◽  
Public Order ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Electronic Information ◽  
Negative Impacts

Social media is a space for interaction for humanity in this millennial era. However, social media development is often accompanied by several phenomena such as defamation, hate speech, and bullying. In Indonesia, this latest phenomenon occurs in hate speech and bullying cases that befell Tri Risma Harini as Mayor of Surabaya. This research aims to analyze Indonesian social media users' ethics and power based on the perspective of Gramsci's theory of hegemony and electronic information and transaction (EIT) Law. The research method used in the study is a literature review, which contains reviews, summaries, and the author's thoughts on several sources of literature (articles, books, slides, information from the internet, etc.) on the topics discussed. Meanwhile, Antonio Gramsci's hegemony theory and Law Number 19 of 2016 concerning EIT are used to analyze the literature-status used. The findings in this study indicate that an Indonesian citizen who uses social media cannot freely express his/her will because it is regulated in the ITE Law and local laws limit the freedom of expression of every citizen, spirit (morality), society, and order. Social and political (public order) of a democratic society as contained in article 29 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. As an Indonesian citizen, the case that befell Zikria is actually an act that is not wise in using social media. Although the freedom of opinion of every citizen is guaranteed by the laws of this country, an understanding of the substance of the ITE Law must be well understood. Researchers recommend citizens in expressing their opinions must understand and be well aware of the regulations that apply in this country so that there are no negative impacts that can be obtained in the future. <p> </p><p><strong> Article visualizations:</strong></p><p><img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0790/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /></p>

scholarly journals Suppressing Atrocity Speech on Social Media

AJIL Unbound ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 113 ◽  
pp. 256-261
Author(s):  
Emma Irving
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Hate Speech ◽  
Media Companies ◽  
High Commissioner ◽  
Fact Finding

In its August 2018 report on violence against Rohingya and other minorities in Myanmar, the Fact Finding Mission of the Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights noted that “the role of social media [was] significant” in fueling the atrocities. Over the course of more than four hundred pages, the report documented how Facebook was used to spread misinformation, hate speech, and incitement to violence in the lead-up to and during the violence in Myanmar. Concluding that there were reasonable grounds to believe that genocide was perpetrated against the Rohingya, the report indicated that “the Mission has no doubt that the prevalence of hate speech,” both offline and online, “contributed to increased tension and a climate in which individuals and groups may become more receptive to incitement.” The experience in Myanmar demonstrates the increasing role that social media plays in the commission of atrocities, prompting suggestions that social media companies should operate according to a human rights framework.

18. Freedom of Expression

2020 ◽  
pp. 488-526
Author(s):  
Bernadette Rainey ◽  
Pamela McCormick ◽  
Clare Ovey
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Hate Speech ◽  
Freedom Of Expression ◽  
Case Law ◽  
European Convention ◽  
Free Expression ◽  
The Internet

This chapter examines the protection of the freedom of expression in the European Convention on Human Rights, discusses the provisions of Article 10, and explains that the majority of cases concerning Article 10 are brought by persons who have received some penalty for defaming or insulting other people. It analyses what constitutes an interference with free expression and considers the limitations on freedom of expression. The chapter also examines the judgments made by the Strasbourg Court on several related cases, including those that involved privacy, incitement to violence and hate speech, obscenity, and blasphemy. It also covers the development of case-law concerning social media and the internet.

scholarly journals Combating Online Hate Speech through Critical Digital Literacy: Reflections from an Emancipatory Action Research with Roma Youths

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 104
Author(s):  
Theodora Agapoglou ◽  
Nikolaos Mouratoglou ◽  
Konstantinos Tsioumis ◽  
Konstantinos Bikos
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Human Rights ◽  
Action Research ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Digital Literacy ◽  
Research Evidence ◽  
Hate Speech ◽  
Knowledge And Skills ◽  
Counter Narratives ◽  
The Impact

Despite the new and unprecedented opportunities for communication and networking in online settings, several challenges have arisen. One such challenge is the deviating behavior of social media users which is usually manifested through hate speech comments, often targeting minorities. For instance, the Roma minority constitutes one of the most discriminated groups, both online and offline. In this context, a significant lack of empirical research evidence can be observed regarding the exposure of minorities to online hate speech and the violation of their human rights. In this regard, the present paper illustrates the reflections of an emancipatory action research implemented with a group of Roma youths in Greece and discusses the impact of critical digital literacy activities on participants’ awareness regarding online hate speech. Based on participants’ views, the most empowering experience from this action research refers to the acquaintance of deliberating knowledge and skills in terms of producing non-violent counter-narratives.

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