scholarly journals The persistent caste divide in India’s infant mortality: A study of Dalits (ex-untouchables), Adivasis (indigenous peoples), Other Backward Classes, and forward castes

2017 ◽  
Vol 43 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bali Ram ◽  
Abhishek Singh ◽  
Awdhesh Yadav
Keyword(s):  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Background Characteristics ◽  
Partial Explanation ◽  
Taux De Mortalité ◽  
Mortalité Infantile ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Lower Castes ◽  
Caste Differences

Using data from two national surveys, this paper examines caste differences in infant mortality in India. We find that children from the three lower caste groups—Dalits (ex-untouchables), Adivasis (indigenous peoples), and Other Backward Classes—are significantly more likely than forward-caste children to die young. While this observation largely mirrors caste differences in socioeconomic conditions, low socioeconomic status is found to be only a partial explanation for higher infant mortality among lower castes. Higher mortality risks among backward-class children are almost entirely attributable to background characteristics. However, Dalit children are most vulnerable in the neonatal period even when all background characteristics are taken into account, whereas Adivasi children remain highly vulnerable in the post-neonatal period.Au moyen des données provenant des deux enquêtes nationales, cet article examine les différences dans la mortalité infantile par caste en Inde. Nous constatons que, par rapport aux enfants des castes élevées, ceux des trois castes inférieures, notamment les dalits (les ex-intouchables), les adivasis (peuples indigènes) et autres classes défavorisées (plusieurs castes désignées comme appartenant à un groupe défavorisé) courent un risque beaucoup plus grand de mourir jeunes. Bien que cette observation reflète largement les différences entre les castes sur le plan socioéconomique, le faible niveau socioéconomique n’explique qu’en partie le taux de mortalité plus élevé chez les castes inférieures. Les risques de mortalité des enfants des castes inférieures étaient presque entièrement attribuables aux caractéristiques des antécédents de la mère. Cependant, les enfants dalits demeurent les plus vulnérables pendant la période néonatale, bien que le risque de mortalité demeure le même que celui des enfants des castes supérieures pour la période post-néonatale. L’inverse est vrai pour les enfants adivasis : les caractéristiques des antécédents expliquent leur plus grande vulnérabilité pendant la période néonatale, mais pas pendant la période post-néonatale.

Infant mortality in an ‘Age of Great Cities’: London and the English provincial cities compared, c. 1840–1910

1994 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 185-212 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naomi Williams ◽  
Graham Mooney
Keyword(s):  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Taux De Mortalité ◽  
Mortalité Infantile ◽  
Croissance Urbaine

Ce travail s'appuie sur les données publiées de l'enregistrement demographique pour évaluer le taux de mortalité infantile annuel pour 21 villes anglaises et 25 districts de Londres entre 1840 et 1910. Une approche géographique comparative permet de différentier les niveaux respectifs de mortalité infantile et de mettre en évidence des cycles courts de ces variations. Si les facteurs locaux ont leur importance (croissance urbaine, conditions sanitaires du moment, méthodes nutritionnelles et qualité du lait mise sur le marché) en matière de mortalité infantile, la concordance observée entre les tendances suggère par son synchronisme que l'ensemble du système urbain était sensible à des influences communes. Les auteurs insistent tout particulièrement sur le role cônjoint du climat et de conditions sanitaires lamentables.

scholarly journals DEMOCRACIA EM AÇÃO: indo além das eleições para melhorar o bem-estar

Caderno CRH ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 020006
Author(s):  
Michael Touchton ◽  
Natasha Borges Sugiyama ◽  
Brian Wampler
Keyword(s):  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Nous Allons ◽  
Social Programs ◽  
Taux De Mortalité ◽  
Mortalité Infantile ◽  
Original Dataset ◽  
Participatory Institutions ◽  
Reduce Infant Mortality

<p>Como a democracia contribui para melhorar o bem-estar? Neste artigo, separamos os componentes da prática democrática – eleições, participação social, expansão dos programas sociais, capacidade administrativa municipal – para identificar sua relação com o bem-estar. Nossa análise de um conjunto de dados original abrangendo mais de 5.550 municípios brasileiros demonstra que eleições competitivas sozinhas não explicam variação nas taxas de mortalidade infantil, um resultado associado ao bem-estar. Vamos além das eleições para mostrar como instituições participativas, programas sociais e capacidade administrativa municipal podem interagir para se apoiar e reduzir as taxas de mortalidade infantil. O resultado é uma nova compreensão de como os diferentes aspectos da democracia trabalham juntos para melhorar uma característica essencial do desenvolvimento humano.</p><p> </p><p>DEMOCRACY AR WORK: moving beyond elections to improve well-being</p><p>How does democracy work to improve well-being? In this paper, we disentangle the component parts of democratic practice—elections, civic participation, expansion of social provisioning, local administrative capacity—to identify their relationship with well-being. Our analysis of an original dataset covering over 5,550 Brazilian municipalities demonstrates that competitive elections alone do not explain variation in infant mortality rates, one outcome associated with wellbeing. We move beyond elections to show how participatory institutions, social programs, and local state capacity can interact to buttress one another and reduce infant mortality rates. The result is a new understanding of how different aspects of democracy work together to improve a key feature of human development.</p><p>Keywords: Democracy, Well-being, Participation, Social programs, Brazil.</p><p> </p><p>DÉMOCRATIE EN ACTION: aller au-delà des élections pour améliorer le bien-être</p><p>Comment la démocratie contribue-t-elle à améliorer le bien-être? Dans cet article, nous séparons les éléments constitutifs de la pratique démocratique - élections, participation sociale, expansion des programmes sociaux, capacité administrative municipale - pour identifier sa relation avec le bien-être. Notre analyse d’un ensemble de données original couvrant plus de 5 550 municipalités brésiliennes montre que les élections compétitives n’expliquent pas à elles seules la variation des taux de mortalité infantile, résultat lié au bien-être. Nous allons au-delà des élections pour montrer comment les institutions participatives, les programmes sociaux et la capacité administrative municipale peuvent interagir pour se soutenir mutuellement et réduire les taux de mortalité infantile. Le résultat est une nouvelle compréhension de la façon dont différents aspects de la démocratie travaillent ensemble pour améliorer une caractéristique essentielle du développement humain.</p><p>Mots clés: Démocratie, Bien-être, Participation, Programmes sociaux, Brésil.</p>

BIRTH ORDER, STAGE OF INFANCY AND INFANT MORTALITY IN INDIA

2017 ◽  
Vol 50 (5) ◽  
pp. 604-625 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. K. Mishra ◽  
Bali Ram ◽  
Abhishek Singh ◽  
Awdhesh Yadav
Keyword(s):  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Birth Order ◽  
Neonatal Period ◽  
Family Health ◽  
National Family Health Survey ◽  
Female Children ◽  
National Family ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Relationship

SummaryUsing data from India’s National Family Health Survey, 2005–06 (NFHS-3), this article examines the patterns of relationship between birth order and infant mortality. The analysis controls for a number of variables, including mother’s characteristics such as age at the time of survey, current place of residence (urban/rural), years of schooling, religion, caste, and child’s sex and birth weight. A modest J-shaped relationship between birth order of children and their risk of dying in the neonatal period is found, suggesting that although both first- and last-born children are at a significantly greater risk of dying compared with those in the middle, last-borns (i.e. fourth and higher order births) are at the worst risk. However, in the post-neonatal period first-borns are not as vulnerable, but the risk increases steadily with the addition of successive births and last-borns are at much greater risk, even worse than those in the neonatal period. Although the strength of relationship between birth order and mortality is attenuated after the potential confounders are taken into account, the relationship between the two variables remains curvilinear in the neonatal period and direct in the post-neonatal period. There are marked differences in these patterns by the child’s sex. While female children are less prone to the risk of dying in the neonatal period in comparison with male children, the converse is true in the post-neonatal period. Female children not only run higher risks of dying in the post-neonatal period, but also become progressively more vulnerable with an increase in birth order.

scholarly journals Les victimes silencieuses des crises humanitaires et l’(in)sécurité de leurs activités économiques : Etude de cas parmi les migrants de deux villes tchadiennes

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Syntyche Nakar Djindil ◽  
Mirjam De Bruijn
Keyword(s):  
Cette Situation ◽  
Taux De Mortalité ◽  
Mortalité Infantile ◽  
Vie Quotidienne ◽  
Etude De Cas ◽  
Services Sociaux ◽  
Étude De Cas

Lorsqu’une catastrophe humanitaire fait la une des médias, la communauté internationale se mobilise à réduire les conséquences les plus sérieuses. La population du Tchad connaît cependant des crises endémiques qui ne sont liées à aucun élément déclencheur particulier# ; elle ne reçoit pas l’assistance internationale nécessaire pour faire face à ces problèmes. La présente étude concerne 111 ménages de migrants de la région du centre du Tchad, qui ont, à cause de la guerre et de la sécheresse, tout perdu, et qui vivent désormais dans de N’Djamena et de Mongo#; ces familles sont confrontées à la précarité et à d’autres éléments qui menacent leurs moyens de subsistance. Des méthodes qualitatives et quantitatives ont été combinées dans l’étude pour révéler l’histoire intrigante de leur vie quotidienne au milieu de crises complexes et endémiques. Des données anthropométriques et sanitaires ont été utilisées pour déterminer l’état nutritionnel des mères et de leurs enfants de moins de cinq ans. Des narrations de vie, des entretiens en profondeur et des observations participatives ont permis aux chercheurs de déterminer les stratégies de négociation que ces familles adoptent pour accéder à leur nourriture et à leurs abris, leur expérience de l’insécurité alimentaire et de la vulnérabilité sanitaire, ainsi que les conséquences que ces éléments ont sur leur vie quotidienne. Les résultats indiquent que 62% des ménages sont dirigés par des femmes, qu’il existe de forts taux de malnutrition aiguë (40-50%) et chronique (35-40%) et que 46% des mères sont sous-alimentées et anémiées. Les taux de mortalité infantile se sont avérés également élevés#: de 30% à 42%. 97% des enfants n’ont pas été complètement vaccinés, voire pas vaccinés du tout, dans certains cas. Aucun des ménages n’a accès à l’eau potable et aux services sociaux de base. La corruption endémique et l’abus manifesté par les autorités tchadiennes ont été identi$és comme sources d’insécurité quotidienne. Ces migrants considèrent cette situation misérable comme normale.

scholarly journals Heterogeneous Impact of Geographic Barriers on Provider Choice Evidence from New York County’s Health Market

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 23-45
Author(s):  
Lee Jae Bok ◽  
Roh Chul-young ◽  
Woolley Jonathan A
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Health Informatics ◽  
Choice Model ◽  
New York State ◽  
Low Socioeconomic ◽  
Geographic Barriers ◽  
Health Market ◽  
York County ◽  
Using Data

Health services should be accessible regardless of citizens’ gender, age, race, or insurance type, and geographic barriers should not interfere with this access. This article aims to assess the heterogeneous impacts of geographic barriers on inpatients’ hospital choices and to examine whether they vary according inpatients’ socioeconomic or insurance status. Using data on providers and inpatients obtained from the New York State Bureau of Health Informatics Office of Quality and Patient Safety for New York County (New York City’s borough of Manhattan) for 2009, we employed a discrete choice model. Our findings reveal that geographic barriers limit inpatients’ choices of hospitals more when they are of low socioeconomic status.

scholarly journals Pathways to Higher Education for Native Hawaiian Individual Development Account Participants

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
David W. Rothwell
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Native Hawaiians ◽  
Individual Development ◽  
Welfare Receipt ◽  
Net Worth ◽  
Asset Holding ◽  
History Of ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Cost

As the cost of higher education rises, a growing body of theory and research suggests that asset holding in the form of savings and net worth positively influence education expectations and outcomes. Native Hawaiians, like other Indigenous peoples, have disproportionately low college enrollment and graduation rates tied to a history of colonization. Using data from an Individual Development Account (IDA) program for Native Hawaiians, I examine the trajectories through the program and find: (a) welfare receipt and unemployment reduces the chances of IDA enrollment; (b) net worth increases the probability of IDA graduation; and (c) IDA graduates were more likely to gain a college degree over time compared to non-graduates. The study provides empirical evidence to the debate on asset-based interventions for Indigenous peoples.

scholarly journals 1671. Impact of Zika Syndrome on Brazilian Infant Mortality Rate

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. S611-S612
Author(s):  
Nilson Nogueira Mendes Neto ◽  
Jessika T da S. Maia ◽  
Marcelo Zacarkim ◽  
Igor T Queiroz ◽  
Gleyson Rosa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Zika Virus ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Health Department ◽  
Perinatal Period ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Serological Data

Abstract Background Infant mortality in Brazil has increased for the first time in 26 years. This study aimed to define the Zika Syndrome (ZS) perinatal case fatality rate (PCF) since the 2015 Zika outbreak in a Brazilian northeast state highly impacted by the virus. Methods Cross-sectional study conducted using data obtained through the State Health Department for cases of microcephaly (MCP) and congenital abnormalities (CA) in Rio Grande do Norte State (RN) from April 2015 to March 2, 2019. Perinatal period: commencing at 22 completed weeks (154 days) of gestation until 7 days after birth. PCF was defined as the number of deaths as a fraction of the number of sick persons with the specific disease (×100). Results There were 535 reported cases of MCP and others CA notified in RN during this period: 4 in 2014, 337 in 2015, 157 in 2016, 21 in 2017, 14 in 2018, and 2 in 2019. Of these, 151 were confirmed and 135 remain under investigation. The remaining 247 cases were ruled out by normal physical exams or due to noninfectious cause of MCP. Of the total confirmed cases, 35.8% (54/151) died after birth or during pregnancy. Zika virus infection during pregnancy was confirmed in 55.5% (30/54) of deaths and 1.8% (01/54) had a positive TORCH blood test. The odds ratio for the Zika PCF was found to be 1.57 (95% CI: 0.7940–3.1398; P = 0.1928). Deaths related to Zika were confirmed using a combination of clinical and epidemiological findings paired with either radiological information or molecular/serological data (RT–PCR and/or IgM/IgG antibodies against Zika). Twelve cases remain under investigation and 7 were ruled out as MCP. The highest number of confirmed MCP cases occurred between August 2015 and February 2016. The prevalence increased in September, with a peak in November 2015 (20.1 cases per 1,000 live births). Conclusion Before the recent Brazilian Zika outbreak, the incidence of MCP in RN between 2010 and 2014 was 1.8 cases/year. The real incidence and prevalence might be higher due to the underreporting and lack of resources for confirmatory diagnostic tests (laboratory and imaging). This study indicates that Zika virus accounted for a substantial proportion of MCP cases seen during the years studied, and suggests that ZS contributed to an increase in infant mortality in Brazil. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

Effects of mothers' education on parenting: an investigation across three generations

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathryn Duckworth ◽  
Ricardo Sabates
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Education ◽  
Family Background ◽  
Cognitive Stimulation ◽  
Large Set ◽  
Background Characteristics ◽  
National Child Development Study ◽  
Confounding Bias ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Relationship

The paper investigates the relationship between mother's education and her parenting using data from the child supplement of the 1958 National Child Development Study (NCDS). By considering data across generations, our dataset allows us to estimate the size of the bias in the relationship between education and parenting from failing to account for background characteristics, early cognitive development and mother's own parenting experiences. The subjects were 1,182 longitudinally sampled mothers of 1,879 children aged between 3 and 18 years old and divided approximately equally across gender (51% sons, 49% daughters). Controlling for a wide range of family background variables and mother's own achievement prior to 16, results indicate a confounding bias of 73% for cognitive stimulation and 89% for emotional support. This confounding bias is larger for daughters than for sons. Even after the inclusion of a large set of controls, a small effect of maternal education on parenting, assessed in terms of the provision of a cognitively stimulating environment, remains statistically significant but only for sons. Although educational effects estimated here suffer from downwards bias owing to under-representation of older mothers within the data, some unobserved factors could remain as a source of bias.

Infant mortality in Nigeria: effects of place of birth, mother's education and region of residence

1994 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 469-477 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob Ayo Adetunji
Keyword(s):  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Health Facilities ◽  
Fertility Survey ◽  
Place Of Birth ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Reduce Infant Mortality ◽  
Region Of Residence ◽  
Mother’S Education ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Mother's Education

SummaryThis paper examines the effects of a child's place of birth, mother's education, region of residence and rural and urban residence on infant mortality in Nigeria between 1965 and 1979, using data from the 1981/82 Nigeria Fertility Survey. Infant mortality rates declined in all regions between 1965 and 1979. Children born in modern health facilities, irrespective of their mothers' place of residence, experienced significantly lower rates of infant mortality than those born elsewhere. Logistic regression analysis showed that all other variables tested were also significant, although some to a lesser degree. Efforts to reduce infant mortality in Nigeria should include policies that rectify rural and urban differentials in the distribution of health facilities and encourage their use.

scholarly journals La mortalité infantile et périnatale au Québec (1965-1974) : importance de l’âge maternel et de la parité

2009 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 25-54
Author(s):  
Jean-Marc Bernard
Keyword(s):  
Taux De Mortalité ◽  
Mortalité Infantile ◽  
Nous Permet

RÉSUMÉ Le développement rapide de la technologie médicale, associée souvent trop hâtivement à l’amélioration de l’état de santé et à la diminution de la mortalité, tend a nous faire oublier l’importance des facteurs extra-médicaux. Tel est le cas des facteurs démographiques dans le domaine de la mortalité infantile et périnatale. La diminution rapide de la natalité au Québec entre 1965 et 1974, accompagnée d’une chute non moins importante de la mortalité infantile et périnatale, nous fournit l’occasion d’illustrer ce phénomène. La baisse de la natalité a résulté en une réduction très marquée des principaux groupes à risque, en terme d’âge maternel et de parité, par rapport à la mortalité périnatale et infantile : soit en terme d’âge maternel, les mères de 34 ans et plus et, en terme de parité, les mères qui ont accouché 4 fois ou plus. Or, la standardisation du taux de mortalité (périnatale) entre les années 1965 et 1974 en fonction de l’âge maternel et de la parité nous permet d’expliquer par les seuls changements survenus dans ces deux variables environ 40 % de la diminution de cette mortalité.

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