scholarly journals Environmental Metrics to Drive a Cultural Change: Our Green Eco-Label

2019 ◽  
Vol 73 (9) ◽  
pp. 730-736 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulrich Onken ◽  
Agnieszka Koettgen ◽  
Holger Scheidat ◽  
Patrick Schueepp ◽  
Fabrice Gallou
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Chemical Synthesis ◽  
Cultural Change ◽  
Resource Consumption ◽  
Product Portfolio ◽  
Chemical Transformations ◽  
Chemical Production ◽  
Process Improvements ◽  
Pharmaceutical Ingredients ◽  
Analytical Development

A novel Green Chemistry Process Scorecard was developed to assess the environmental impact of chemical production processes to manufacture the Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (API) within our portfolio. These new metrics not only cover the resource consumption from the overall chemical synthesis, but also consider the use of Substances of Concern and the number of chemical transformations. The Process Mass Intensity (PMI), i.e. the ratio of accumulated kilogram quantities of materials per kilogram of API, is used to quantify the resource consumption. An 'eco-label' for specific APIs is used to visualize the environmental impact from their chemical synthesis. For an overview of the environmental impact of a complete product portfolio, a diagram of PMI or total waste quantity vs. the number of synthetic steps can also be used as a visualization tool to identify chemical syntheses with a high need for process improvements. Implementation of this process led to a dramatic change of mindset within the organization. It now supports and drives the decision making at Chemical and Analytical Development, and helps to trigger new projects more readily for sustainability reasons.

scholarly journals JIT Implementation: Integrating Production Planning with Process Improvements

1994 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 15-28
Author(s):  
N Narayanan
Keyword(s):  
Early Detection ◽  
Production Planning ◽  
Cultural Change ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
Process Improvements

Programmes of change such as Kaizen, JIT, TQM, etc, which envisage a cultural change, are helpful in achieving improvement as a way of life in an organization. However, the existing practice of “management by crises' can act as a formidable barrier for devoting time to improvement activities. This paper by N Narayanan explores the phenomenon of management by crises' and discusses an integrated approach aimed at facilitating development of a new practice of early detection of problems and solving problems at the source.

scholarly journals The Global Predicament: the way out

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ted Trainer
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Free Market ◽  
Resource Consumption ◽  
Capitalist Society ◽  
Technical Advance ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
The Way

Most "green" thought and action fails to grasp that this society involves levels of resource consumption and environmental impact that are far beyond those that can be sustained or spread to all people. Technical advance and reforms within consumer-capitalist society cannot solve the problems; this will be illustrated by reference to greenhouse and energy problems. Although present levels of consumption are grossly unsustainable, the supreme priority is economic growth, i.e. to raise them without limit. In addition a system based on free market principles cannot be just. Rich world affluence would not be possible if wealth was not being transferred from poor countries. The only way out of the alarming global situation is via transition to some kind of Simpler Way, which is unlikely to be taken. Implications for bringing about such a transition will be indicated.

scholarly journals Environmental impact modeling of selective laser sintering processes

2014 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 459-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karel Kellens ◽  
Renaldi Renaldi ◽  
Wim Dewulf ◽  
Jean-pierre Kruth ◽  
Joost R. Duflou
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Selective Laser Sintering ◽  
Laser Sintering ◽  
Resource Consumption ◽  
Parametric Models ◽  
Process Models ◽  
Environmental Footprint ◽  
Design Features ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Impact Reduction

Purpose – This paper aims to present parametric models to estimate the environmental footprint of the selective laser sintering (SLS)’ production phase, covering energy and resource consumption as well as process emissions. Additive manufacturing processes such as (SLS) are often considered to be more sustainable then conventional manufacturing methods. However, quantitative analyses of the environmental impact of these processes are still limited and mainly focus on energy consumption. Design/methodology/approach – The required Life Cycle Inventory data are collected using the CO2PE! – Methodology, including time, power, consumables and emission studies. Multiple linear regression analyses have been applied to investigate the interrelationships between product design features on the one hand and production time (energy and resource consumption) on the other hand. Findings – The proposed parametric process models provide accurate estimations of the environmental footprint of SLS processes based on two design features, build height and volume, and help to identify and quantify measures for significant impact reduction of both involved products and the supporting machine tools. Practical implications – The gained environmental insight can be used as input for ecodesign activities, as well as environmental comparison of alternative manufacturing process plans. Originality/value – This article aims to overcome the current lack of environmental impact models, covering energy and resource consumption as well as process emissions for SLS processes.

The Lost Woodlands of Ancient Nasca

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Beresford-Jones
Keyword(s):  
Native Americans ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Cultural Change ◽  
El Niño ◽  
New World ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
El Nino ◽  
Dry Forest ◽  
Desert Ecosystem ◽  
Human Environmental Impact

This book presents an archaeological case of prehistoric human environmental impact: a study of ecological and cultural change from the arid south coast of Peru, beginning around 750 bc and culminating in a collapse during the Middle Horizon, around ad 900. Its focus is the lower Ica Valley — today depopulated and bereft of cultivation and yet with archaeological remains attesting to substantial prehistoric occupations — thereby presenting a prima facie case for changed environmental conditions. Previous archaeological interpretations of cultural changes in the region rely heavily on climatic factors such as El Niño floods and long droughts. While the archaeological, geomorphological, and archaeobotanical records presented here do indeed include new evidence of huge ancient flood events, they also demonstrate the significance of more gradual, human-induced destruction of Prosopis pallida (huarango) riparian dry-forest. The huarango is a remarkable leguminous hardwood that lives for over a millennium and provides forage, fuel, and food. Moreover, it is crucial to the integration of a fragile desert ecosystem, enhancing microclimate and soil fertility and moisture. Its removal exposed this landscape to the effects of El Niño climatic perturbations long before Europeans arrived in Peru. This case study therefore contradicts the popular perception that Native Americans inflicted barely perceptible disturbance upon a New World Eden. Yet, it also records correlations between changes in society and degrees of human environmental impact. These allow inferences about the specific contexts in which significant human environmental impacts in the New World did, and did not, arise.

Copulas for Demand Estimation for Portfolio Reuse Design Decisions

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vijitashwa Pandey ◽  
Deborah Thurston
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Design Decision ◽  
Product Portfolio ◽  
Component Reuse ◽  
Nsga Ii ◽  
Effective Age ◽  
Portfolio Size ◽  
Product Sales ◽  
Computational Intractability

Design for multiple product lifecycles with component reuse potentially improves profitability, customer satisfaction and environmental impact. However, deciding on the scope and the level of detail (granularity) to be considered in the design process can be challenging. Although a comprehensive model that takes into account all important issues would be immensely useful, modeling difficulties and computational intractability prevent their successful implementation. This paper extends the scope of a previously developed design decision tool for determining optimal end-of-lifecycle decisions. The single product case is extended to a product portfolio, which has been shown to capture more demand. Demand is explicitly considered and its modeling is accomplished with the use of copulas. An important result from statistics, Sklar’s theorem, provides a way to use data from existing product sales to estimate demand for currently nonexistent reused products. In addition, effective age calculations are updated. On the computational front, time-continuation and seeding is used for NSGA-II to converge to optima more quickly in the resulting larger problem. A personal computer case study illustrates the effect of different parameters such as portfolio size, the possibility of recycle, and limits on environmental impact (as opposed to mandated take-back).

Green chemistry: The development of cross-dehydrogenative coupling (CDC) for chemical synthesis

2006 ◽  
Vol 78 (5) ◽  
pp. 935-945 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao-Jun Li ◽  
Zhiping Li
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Synthesis ◽  
Functional Group ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Chemical Reactivity ◽  
Chemical Production ◽  
Organic Transformations ◽  
Generating Functional ◽  
Industrial Sectors ◽  
Dehydrogenative Coupling ◽  
Research Endeavor

Social, economic, and environmental concerns about chemical production have been increasing. These concerns all originate from the inefficiency of conventional chemical syntheses. On the basis of the "E-factor", a concept of the "extended E-factor" is proposed in the article and is used to correlate various industrial sectors and the average number of synthetic steps involved in those sectors. Based on this analysis, the most fundamental way to eliminate waste formation is to develop new chemical reactivity that can greatly shorten the steps involved in a chemical synthesis. In classical organic transformations, a "functional group" is required. In efforts to develop new chemical reactivities that do not need extra steps for generating functional groups, we have recently developed various cross-dehydrogenative coupling (CDC) methodologies to construct functional molecules by directly using C-H bonds. This article describes the progress of our group's research endeavor.

scholarly journals Chemical synthesis of proteins using hydrazide intermediates

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi-Chao Huang ◽  
Ge-Min Fang ◽  
Lei Liu
Keyword(s):  
Protein Synthesis ◽  
Chemical Synthesis ◽  
Native Chemical Ligation ◽  
Synthesis Methods ◽  
Chemical Transformations ◽  
Chemical Ligation

Abstract Protein chemical synthesis offers useful and otherwise-difficulty-to-obtain biomacromolecules for biological and pharmaceutical studies. Recently, the hydrazide chemistry has drawn attentions in this field as peptide or protein hydrazides can be used as key intermediates for different synthesis and modification purposes. Besides being a traditional bioorthogonal chemical handle, a hydrazide group can serve as a readily accessible precursor of a thioester. This strategy significantly improves the efficiency and scope of native chemical ligation for protein chemical synthesis. Here we review the chemical transformations of peptide or protein hydrazides and total/semi/enzymatic protein synthesis methods involving peptide or protein hydrazides. Several examples of protein chemical synthesis using peptide hydrazides as key intermediates are described.

scholarly journals Synthesis of novel WO3/ZrSiO4 catalysts for dehalogenation of halogenated hydrocarbons

10.30544/411 ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-37
Author(s):  
Vesna Nikolic ◽  
Željko Kamberović ◽  
Milisav Ranitović ◽  
Milorad Gavrilovski ◽  
Zoran Anđić
Keyword(s):  
Phase Composition ◽  
Water Vapor ◽  
Environmental Impact ◽  
Chemical Synthesis ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Production Method ◽  
Laboratory Scale ◽  
Halogenated Hydrocarbons ◽  
Synthesis Routes ◽  
Novel Catalyst

This research aimed to develop a novel catalyst based on WO3/ZrSiO4 system for halogenated hydrocarbons processing. The production method of this catalyst involved extrusion and as such was simplified compared to thermo-chemical synthesis routes. It had a reduced number of process stages and a lower environmental impact at the same time. In order to examine the phase composition of the catalyst after sintering at 800 °C, the XRD analysis was carried out. The catalyst was then tested in chlorodifluoromethane dehalogenation process on laboratory scale at temperatures of 300, 400 and 500 °C in the presence of water vapor. Catalyst achieves high dehalogenation efficiencies of 88.6, 95.9, and 99.5 % for each of the process temperatures, respectively. Obtained results are in the range with those achieved by using thermo-chemically prepared dehalogenation catalysts.

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