Diet-induced modifications to milk composition have long-term effects on offspring growth in rabbits

2017 ◽  
Vol 95 (2) ◽  
pp. 761 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Hue-Beauvais ◽  
G. Miranda ◽  
E. Aujean ◽  
F. Jaffrezic ◽  
E. Devinoy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Milk Composition ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Offspring Growth

Diet-induced modifications to milk composition have long-term effects on offspring growth in rabbits1

2017 ◽  
Vol 95 (2) ◽  
pp. 761-770 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Hue-Beauvais ◽  
G. Miranda ◽  
E. Aujean ◽  
F. Jaffrezic ◽  
E. Devinoy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Milk Composition ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Offspring Growth

Pasture condition and milk production by grazing dairy cows as affected by daily herbage-allowance restriction

2019 ◽  
Vol 59 (8) ◽  
pp. 1510 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. M. Merino ◽  
O. A. Balocchi ◽  
R. G. Pulido
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Main Tool ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Unaffected Individual ◽  
Long Term Effects

Daily herbage allowance is recognised as the main tool to control pasture utilisation and milk production per cow. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the long-term effects of daily herbage allowance (DHA) on pasture characteristics and milk production of dairy cows. Forty-four dairy cows were randomly assigned to one of four treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial design by considering two levels of DHA (20 and 30 kg DM/cow.day) and two types of supplements (high-moisture maize and maize silage) over a 77-day period. Pre- and post-grazing herbage masses, vertical distribution of herbage mass, species density, botanical and chemical composition, sward depletion and changes in morphological components of the pasture were measured. The effect of DHA on soil compaction was evaluated on the basis of the penetration resistance. Milk production and composition levels, bodyweights and body condition scores were recorded. Post-grazing residual declined as the level of DHA decreased, while grazing efficiency increased from 39.8% to 44.8%. We found no effects of DHA on any pasture characteristics, pasture regrowth or soil compaction. Low-DHA conditions induced a faster sward-height reduction, while the herbage mass remained unaffected. Individual milk production decreased with DHA. However, milk outputs per hectare increased by 2772 L/ha. Milk composition, bodyweight and body condition score were not affected by DHA. The results showed that DHA restriction decreases milk production per cow while increasing both herbage utilisation and milk production per hectare, without affecting long-term pasture condition.

scholarly journals Maternal transfer of antibodies in vertebrates: trans-generational effects on offspring immunity

2008 ◽  
Vol 364 (1513) ◽  
pp. 51-60 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis Hasselquist ◽  
Jan-Åke Nilsson
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Egg Yolk ◽  
Maternal Transfer ◽  
Direct Effects ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Offspring Fitness ◽  
Generational Effects ◽  
Offspring Growth

Maternal effects by which females provide their offspring with non-genetic factors such as hormones, nutrients and antibodies can have an important impact on offspring fitness. In vertebrates, maternal antibodies (matAb) are transferred from the mother, via the placenta, egg yolk or milk during lactation to offspring until they are 2 weeks (birds), 4–10 weeks (rodents) and 9 months (humans) old, respectively. matAb transfer can have direct effects on offspring growth rate in birds and rodents, probably by passively protecting the newborn from common pathogens before their endogenous immune system has matured. Indirect long-term effects of matAb transfer on the offspring's own immunity can be synergistic, if matAb act as antigen templates of the accumulated immunological experience of the mother and educate the newborn's immune system. However, it may also be suppressive if matAb reduce antigen presentation to the newborn resulting in antigen-specific blocking of offspring endogenous immunity. Our aim is to review the mechanisms and direct effects of matAb transfer in vertebrates with an emphasis on birds, outline a framework for research on the long-term effects of matAb on the endogenous immune system of the mature offspring and encourage ecological and evolutionary studies of matAb transfer in non-domesticated animals.

Effect of amount and composition of feed given over three lactations on the performance of the dairy cow

1989 ◽  
Vol 56 (4) ◽  
pp. 561-577 ◽  
Author(s):  
William H. Broster ◽  
A. June Clements ◽  
Valerie J. Broster ◽  
Tim Smith ◽  
Jonathan W. Siviter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Dairy Cow ◽  
Weight Change ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Adult Life Span ◽  
Effect Of Feeding

SummaryEighty-nine autumn-calving first calf and adult Friesian cows participated in an experiment on the effect of feeding over three lactations on milk production and live weight change. Fixed daily allowances of digestible energy (DE) formed two of the treatments (high, H; moderate, M). Diets of similar composition were used for both treatments and rations were weighed daily for each cow. The cows within these treatments were re-randomized to H or M at second and again at third parturition on experiment. A further treatment (ALF), applied continuously over three lactations, consisted of the M allowance of compound feed, weighed daily for each cow, plus ad lib. weighed, group-fed forages. The ALF animals were randomized for each lactation into two groups both of which received the same total compound feed allowance over the first 26 weeks of lactation. For one group (Flat) equal amounts were given daily whilst for the other group (Step) the daily amount was decreased monthly. After week 26 equal rations were fed. Hay, maize silage and grass silage formed the forages in winter. Grass, cut for the H and M groups but grazed for the ALF group, provided the summer forage. Energy intakes covered some 80–110% of requirements (Alderman et al. 1975)Yields of milk and of milk solids responded similarly for both parities. In the first experimental lactation, treatment H led to greater yields compared with M. H also led to smaller losses of live weight in early lactation, equal gains in mid lactation, and smaller gains in late lactation and the dry period, compared with M. Extension of H into a second lactation increased the advantage in milk and solids yields observed in the first lactation on experiment. Recovery of body reserves on treatment M continued. Treatment H in a second lactation on experiment after M in the first lactation led to even greater compensatory gains in live weight at the expense of milk production. There was no effect in the third lactation on experiment of treatments applied in the first lactation. Treatments H and M applied factorially over lactations 2 and 3 gave the same pattern of treatment effects as in lactations 1 and 2. Treatment ALF broadly supported the same milk yield and live weight change as treatment H but improved fat, protein and lactose yields. Within treatment ALF, Flat and Step distribution of compound led to equal performance. Multiple lactation effects of ALF equalled those of H. The effects on milk composition of H compared with M treatment were variable. In general an advantage accrued to ALF over M but without long term effects.The effect of variation in intake on performance of the dairy cow has been extensively documented for short periods within lactations (Broster, 1972), and more so for milk production than live weight change. However, the evidence on the size and development of effects of variation in feeding over protracted periods within the adult life span of the dairy cow, e.g. some four lactations in the UK, is extremely limited (Broster & Broster, 1984; Broster et al. 1984), both for plane of nutrition and for diet composition. The problem has added point with the introduction of simplified feeding systems which lead to the provision of less attention to the individual cow than hitherto (Johnson, 1982; Leaver, 1986). This dearth of information on the long term feeding of the adult contrasts with the widely gathered evidence on the effect of feeding during rearing on the performance of the mature cow, which is also an important long term relationship. More multi-lactation research is needed and in the present trial, with both young and adult lactating cows, the effects of amount and composition of feed allowance over three lactations were studied.

Ovarian Dysfunction in Fetally Irradiated Beagles

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 658-659
Author(s):  
T. M. Seed ◽  
M. H. Sanderson ◽  
D. L. Gutzeit ◽  
T. E. Fritz ◽  
D. V. Tolle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Rays ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Ovarian Dysfunction ◽  
Dose Rates ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Microscopic Evaluation ◽  
Ovarian Pathology ◽  
Normal Offspring

The developing mammalian fetus is thought to be highly sensitive to ionizing radiation. However, dose, dose-rate relationships are not well established, especially the long term effects of protracted, low-dose exposure. A previous report (1) has indicated that bred beagle bitches exposed to daily doses of 5 to 35 R 60Co gamma rays throughout gestation can produce viable, seemingly normal offspring. Puppies irradiated in utero are distinguishable from controls only by their smaller size, dental abnormalities, and, in adulthood, by their inability to bear young.We report here our preliminary microscopic evaluation of ovarian pathology in young pups continuously irradiated throughout gestation at daily (22 h/day) dose rates of either 0.4, 1.0, 2.5, or 5.0 R/day of gamma rays from an attenuated 60Co source. Pups from non-irradiated bitches served as controls. Experimental animals were evaluated clinically and hematologically (control + 5.0 R/day pups) at regular intervals.

Ultrastructural investigations of MDL 19,660-induced effects on the canine platelet and megakaryocyte

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 374-375
Author(s):  
D.E. Loudy ◽  
J. Sprinkle-Cavallo ◽  
J.T. Yarrington ◽  
F.Y. Thompson ◽  
J.P. Gibson
Keyword(s):  
Antidepressant Drug ◽  
Beagle Dogs ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Platelet Counts ◽  
Toxicological Studies ◽  
Induced Aggregation ◽  
Internal Architecture

Previous short term toxicological studies of one to two weeks duration have demonstrated that MDL 19,660 (5-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,4-dihydro-2,4-dimethyl-3Hl, 2,4-triazole-3-thione), an antidepressant drug, causes a dose-related thrombocytopenia in dogs. Platelet counts started to decline after two days of dosing with 30 mg/kg/day and continued to decrease to their lowest levels by 5-7 days. The loss in platelets was primarily of the small discoid subpopulation. In vitro studies have also indicated that MDL 19,660: does not spontaneously aggregate canine platelets and has moderate antiaggregating properties by inhibiting ADP-induced aggregation. The objectives of the present investigation of MDL 19,660 were to evaluate ultrastructurally long term effects on platelet internal architecture and changes in subpopulations of platelets and megakaryocytes.Nine male and nine female beagle dogs were divided equally into three groups and were administered orally 0, 15, or 30 mg/kg/day of MDL 19,660 for three months. Compared to a control platelet range of 353,000- 452,000/μl, a doserelated thrombocytopenia reached a maximum severity of an average of 135,000/μl for the 15 mg/kg/day dogs after two weeks and 81,000/μl for the 30 mg/kg/day dogs after one week.

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