scholarly journals Altering the time of vaccination against respiratory pathogens to enhance antibody response and performance of feeder cattle1

2016 ◽  
Vol 94 (9) ◽  
pp. 3987-3995 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. D. Lippolis ◽  
R. F. Cooke ◽  
K. M. Schubach ◽  
A. P. Brandão ◽  
L. G. T. da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Response ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Enhance Antibody Response

scholarly journals Risk Factors for Antimicrobial Use on Irish Pig Farms

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 2828
Author(s):  
Lorcan O’Neill ◽  
Julia Adriana Calderón Díaz ◽  
Maria Rodrigues da Costa ◽  
Sinnead Oakes ◽  
Finola C. Leonard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Swine Influenza ◽  
Antimicrobial Use ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Pig Production ◽  
Pig Farms ◽  
Prophylactic Use ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Biosecurity Practices

The threat to public health posed by antimicrobial resistance in livestock production means that the pig sector is a particular focus for efforts to reduce antimicrobial use (AMU). This study sought to investigate the risk factors for AMU in Irish pig production. Antimicrobial use data were collected from 52 farrow-to-finish farms. The risk factors investigated were farm characteristics and performance, biosecurity practices, prevalence of pluck lesions at slaughter and serological status for four common respiratory pathogens and vaccination and prophylactic AMU practices. Linear regression models were used for quantitative AMU analysis and risk factors for specific AMU practices were investigated using logistic regression. Farms that milled their own feed had lower total AMU (p < 0.001), whereas higher finisher mortality (p = 0.043) and vaccinating for swine influenza (p < 0.001) increased AMU. Farms with higher prevalence of pericarditis (p = 0.037) and lung abscesses (p = 0.046) used more group treatments. Farms with higher prevalence of liver milk spot lesions (p = 0.018) and farms practising prophylactic AMU in piglets (p = 0.03) had higher numbers of individual treatments. Farms practising prophylactic AMU in piglets (p = 0.002) or sows (p = 0.062) had higher use of cephalosporins and fluoroquinolones. This study identified prophylactic use and respiratory disease as the main drivers for AMU in Irish pig production. These findings highlight areas of farm management where interventions may aid in reducing AMU on Irish pig farms.

scholarly journals Effect of Duration of a Moderate Exercise Program on Primary and Secondary Immune Responses in Mice

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (7) ◽  
pp. 638-647 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zoher F Kapasi ◽  
Pamela A Catlin ◽  
Meredith A Adams ◽  
Elizabeth G Glass ◽  
Bart W McDonald ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Response ◽  
Exercise Program ◽  
Endogenous Opioids ◽  
Exercise Session ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Moderate Exercise ◽  
Secondary Antibody ◽  
Primary Immunization ◽  
Antibody Levels ◽  
Enhance Antibody Response

Abstract Background and Purpose. Moderate exercise conducted over a 4- to 8-week period enhances secondary antibody response and is mediated, in part, by endogenous opioids. Because changes in circulating levels of endogenous opioids occur after each exercise session, the researchers in this study tested the hypothesis that a shorter exercise program of 2 weeks may be sufficient to enhance secondary antibody response. Another purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a moderate exercise program completed prior to the primary immunization on the secondary antibody response in mice. Subjects and Methods. Young (8- to 10-week-old), syngeneic, female C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned to exercise (2 or 8 weeks) and sedentary intervention protocols. Mice were immunized against human serum albumin (HSA), and serum anti-HSA antibody levels were measured (in micrograms per milliliter) using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results. The secondary antibody response was comparable in mice exercising for 2 or 8 weeks and was enhanced over sedentary controls. Discussion and Conclusion. A moderate exercise program of 2 weeks may be sufficient to improve secondary antibody production and may be a useful strategy to enhance antibody response to vaccinations in humans. Furthermore, an exercise program that includes exercise prior to the primary immunization in addition to exercise following primary immunization may not provide additional enhancement of secondary antibody response.

Profile of pig farms combining high performance and low antimicrobial usage within four European countries

2017 ◽  
Vol 181 (24) ◽  
pp. 657-657 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucie Collineau ◽  
Annette Backhans ◽  
Jeroen Dewulf ◽  
Ulf Emanuelson ◽  
Elisabeth grosse Beilage ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Status ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Gastrointestinal Symptoms ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Herd Health ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Technical Performance ◽  
Antimicrobial Usage ◽  
And Performance

Pig farmers are strongly encouraged to reduce their antimicrobial usage because of the rising threat from antimicrobial resistance. However, such efforts should not compromise the herd health status and performance. This study aimed to describe the profile of so-called ‘top-farms’ that managed to combine both high technical performance and low antimicrobial usage. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 227 farrow-to-finish farms in Belgium, France, Germany and Sweden. Among them, 44 farms were allocated to the top-farms group and were compared with the ’regular’ farms group in terms of farm characteristics, biosecurity and health status. Top-farms had fewer gastrointestinal symptoms in suckling pigs and fewer respiratory symptoms in fatteners, which could partly explain their reduced need for antimicrobials and higher performance. They also had higher biosecurity and were located in sparsely populated pig areas. However, 14 farms of the top-farms group were located in densely populated pig areas, but still managed to have low usage and high technical performance; they had higher internal biosecurity and more extensive vaccination against respiratory pathogens. These results illustrate that it is possible to control infectious diseases using other approaches than high antimicrobial usage, even in farms with challenging environmental and health conditions.

0008 Altering the time of vaccination against respiratory pathogens to enhance vaccine efficacy, health, and performance of feedlot cattle

2016 ◽  
Vol 94 (suppl_5) ◽  
pp. 4-4
Author(s):  
K. Lippolis ◽  
R. F. Cooke ◽  
K. M. Schubach ◽  
A. P. Brandao ◽  
R. Marques ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vaccine Efficacy ◽  
Feedlot Cattle ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
And Performance

Adequate immune response to tetanus toxoid and failure of vitamin A and E supplementation to enhance antibody response in healthy children

Vaccine ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 18 (26) ◽  
pp. 2979-2984 ◽  
Author(s):  
Necil Kutukculer ◽  
Talha Akil ◽  
Ayten Egemen ◽  
Zafer Kurugöl ◽  
Sadık Akşit ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Antibody Response ◽  
Tetanus Toxoid ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Enhance Antibody Response

scholarly journals Bacterial communities of the upper respiratory tract of turkeys

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Olimpia Kursa ◽  
Grzegorz Tomczyk ◽  
Anna Sawicka-Durkalec ◽  
Aleksandra Giza ◽  
Magdalena Słomiany-Szwarc
Keyword(s):  
Respiratory Tract ◽  
Bacterial Communities ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Upper Respiratory Tract ◽  
Genus Level ◽  
Upper Respiratory ◽  
And Performance

AbstractThe respiratory tracts of turkeys play important roles in the overall health and performance of the birds. Understanding the bacterial communities present in the respiratory tracts of turkeys can be helpful to better understand the interactions between commensal or symbiotic microorganisms and other pathogenic bacteria or viral infections. The aim of this study was the characterization of the bacterial communities of upper respiratory tracks in commercial turkeys using NGS sequencing by the amplification of 16S rRNA gene with primers designed for hypervariable regions V3 and V4 (MiSeq, Illumina). From 10 phyla identified in upper respiratory tract in turkeys, the most dominated phyla were Firmicutes and Proteobacteria. Differences in composition of bacterial diversity were found at the family and genus level. At the genus level, the turkey sequences present in respiratory tract represent 144 established bacteria. Several respiratory pathogens that contribute to the development of infections in the respiratory system of birds were identified, including the presence of Ornithobacterium and Mycoplasma OTUs. These results obtained in this study supply information about bacterial composition and diversity of the turkey upper respiratory tract. Knowledge about bacteria present in the respiratory tract and the roles they can play in infections can be useful in controlling, diagnosing and treating commercial turkey flocks.

scholarly journals 20 Antibody response, lesions, and performance do not differ between injection site (ischiorectal fossa or neck) after multivalent modified-live virus vaccination in Jersey steers

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 19-20
Author(s):  
Hannah A Seiver ◽  
Ty Lawrence ◽  
Nathan F Meyer ◽  
Dexter J Tomczak ◽  
Taylor M Smock ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibody Response ◽  
Injection Site ◽  
Ischiorectal Fossa ◽  
Period Effect ◽  
Study Objective ◽  
Live Virus ◽  
Treatment Difference ◽  
Diarrhea Virus ◽  
Antibody Titers ◽  
And Performance

Abstract The study objective was to explore the feasibility of an alternative injection site, ischiorectal fossa (IRF), for modified-live virus (MLV) vaccination in Jersey steers. We hypothesized administration of MLV in the IRF would not cause injection site lesions and result in similar antibody response against bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) compared to the neck. Jersey steers (n = 28; BW=517 ± 116 kg) were stratified by a previously assigned growth implant treatment and day-35 BVDV antibody titer and randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments with injection treatment equivalently represented in each of 2 pens. Treatments consisted of: 1) 2 mL MLV vaccine administered s.c. in the neck (NECK); or 2) 2 mL MLV vaccine administered s.c. in the IRF. Blood was collected on days -35, 0, 35, 70, and 105 to determine BVDV-specific antibody titers using the virus neutralization assay and BW was recorded on the same days to determine gain performance. Steers were harvested on day 106 and examined for lesions respective to injection site. Antibody titers and performance variables were statistically analyzed via a mixed model with animal as the experimental unit. Concentration of BVDV antibody increased (P = 0.05) with time, but there was no treatment difference (P = 0.94) or treatment × day interaction (P = 0.70). There was no treatment difference for BW on any day (P ≥ 0.78). There was also no treatment difference in ADG (P ≥ 0.45). However, there was a period effect, where ADG was reduced markedly (P &lt; 0.0001) for the day 0 to 35 interim period immediately following MLV vaccination compared to day -35 to 0 (0.79 vs. 0.18 kg/d). No injection site lesions were observed during harvest and results from BVDV antibody titers and performance indicate IRF as a potential alternative route of administration for MLV vaccines.

scholarly journals Immune Responses to Specific Antigens of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Moraxella catarrhalis in the Respiratory Tract

2000 ◽  
Vol 68 (3) ◽  
pp. 1569-1573 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takao Samukawa ◽  
Noboru Yamanaka ◽  
Susan Hollingshead ◽  
Karin Klingman ◽  
Howard Faden
Keyword(s):  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Immune Responses ◽  
Antibody Response ◽  
Moraxella Catarrhalis ◽  
Protein A ◽  
Serum Antibody ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Respiratory Pathogens ◽  
Igg Antibodies ◽  
Iga Antibody

ABSTRACT Streptococcus pneumoniae and Moraxella catarrhalis are two common respiratory pathogens, colonizing as many as 54 and 72% of children, respectively, by 1 year of age. The immune responses to surface protein A of S. pneumoniae(PspA) and the high-molecular-weight outer membrane protein of M. catarrhalis (UspA) in the sera of various age groups in the general population and in the nasopharynges of 30 children monitored from birth through 1 year of age were evaluated. Immunoglobulin G (IgG) was the dominant serum antibody to PspA and UspA. Whereas the serum antibody response to PspA peaked in childhood, the antibody response to UspA peaked in adulthood. In the first 2 years of life, comparable amounts of IgM and IgG antibodies to both proteins were observed. In older persons, IgG antibodies to both antigens predominated over IgM antibodies. The levels of IgA antibody to these antigens in serum remained low during the first 2 years of life. The levels of IgM antibody to the two antigens in serum exceeded the levels of IgA antibody to the same two antigens throughout life. Although IgA was the dominant antibody to PspA and UspA in airway secretions, it was detected in a minority of the children (3 of 15 for PspA and 0 of 15 for UspA). Even the majority of the children previously colonized with these pathogens lacked antibody to them in their secretions.

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