Postweaning substitution of grazed forage with a high-energy concentrate has variable long-term effects on subcutaneous fat and marbling in Bos taurus genotypes1

2015 ◽  
Vol 93 (8) ◽  
pp. 4132-4143 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. L. Greenwood ◽  
J. P. Siddell ◽  
B. J. Walmsley ◽  
G. H. Geesink ◽  
D. W. Pethick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Long Term Effects

scholarly journals The long-term effects of space weather on satellite operations

2010 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 1361-1367 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. T. Welling
Keyword(s):  
Background Radiation ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Energy Particle ◽  
Solar Cycles ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Radiation Background ◽  
Particle Exposure ◽  
Total Lifetime ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Integrated lifetime radiation damage may cause spacecraft to become more susceptible to operational anomalies by changing material characteristics of electronic components. This study demonstrates and quantifies the impact of these effects by examining the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC) satellite anomaly database. Energetic particle data from the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES) is used to construct the total lifetime particle exposure a satellite has received at the epoch of an anomaly. These values are compared to the satellite's chronological age and the average exposure per year (calculated over two solar cycles.) The results show that many anomalies occur on satellites that have received a total lifetime high-energy particle exposure that is disproportionate to their age. In particular, 10.8% of all events occurred on satellites that received over two times more 20 to 40 MeV proton lifetime particle exposure than predicted using an average annual mean. This number inflates to 35.2% for 40 to 80 MeV protons and 33.7% for ≥2 MeV electrons. Overall, 73.5% of all anomalies occurred on a spacecraft that had experienced greater than two times the expected particle exposure for one of the eight particle populations used in this study. Simplistically, this means that the long term radiation background exposure matters, and that if the background radiation is elevated during the satellite's lifetime, the satellite is likely to experience more anomalies than satellites that have not been exposed to the elevated environment.

scholarly journals Effects on weight gain and gut microbiota in rats given bacterial supplements and a high-energy-dense diet from fetal life through to 6 months of age

2011 ◽  
Vol 106 (6) ◽  
pp. 887-895 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline L. J. Karlsson ◽  
Göran Molin ◽  
Frida Fåk ◽  
Marie-Louise Johansson Hagslätt ◽  
Maja Jakesevic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Gain ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
Dietary Habits ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Viable Count ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fetal Life ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Plasma Leptin

The aim of the present study was to assess the long-term effects of a high-energy-dense diet, supplemented with Lactobacillus plantarum (Lp) or Escherichiacoli (Ec), on weight gain, fattening and the gut microbiota in rats. Since the mother's dietary habits can influence offspring physiology, dietary regimens started with the dams at pregnancy and throughout lactation and continued with the offspring for 6 months. The weight gain of group Lp was lower than that of groups C (control) and Ec (P = 0·086). More retroperitoneal adipose tissue (P = 0·030) and higher plasma leptin (P = 0·035) were observed in group Ec compared with group Lp. The viable count of Enterobacteriaceae was higher in group Ec than in group Lp (P = 0·019), and when all animals were compared, Enterobacteriaceae correlated positively with body weight (r 0·428, P = 0·029). Bacterial diversity was lower in group Ec than in groups C (P ≤ 0·05) and Lp (P ≤ 0·05). Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes and Verrucomicrobia dominated in all groups, but Bacteroidetes were more prevalent in group C than in groups Lp (P = 0·036) and Ec (P = 0·056). The same five bacterial families dominated the microbiota of groups Ec and C, and four of these were also present in group Lp. The other five families dominating in group Lp were not found in any of the other groups. Multivariate data analysis pointed in the same directions as the univariate statistics. The present results suggest that supplementation of L. plantarum or E. coli can have long-term effects on the composition of the intestinal microbiota, as well as on weight gain and fattening.

scholarly journals Long-Term Effects of Metformin and Lifestyle Modification on Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Obese Adolescents

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lian Tock ◽  
Ana R. Dâmaso ◽  
Aline de Piano ◽  
June Carnier ◽  
Priscila L. Sanches ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lifestyle Intervention ◽  
Lifestyle Modification ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Term Therapy ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver ◽  
Obese Adolescents ◽  
Reduced Body ◽  
Long Term Therapy

Objective. To assess the long-term effects of metformin in combination with lifestyle intervention and its association between insulin levels and the degree of steatosis at ultrasonography (US) in obese adolescents.Methods. Thirty-five postpubertal obese boys were randomized into two groups: one receiving metformin in combination with a multidisciplinary lifestyle intervention versus a placebo group, which also received the same intervention. The visceral, subcutaneous fat and degree of steatosis were measured by ultrasonography. Fasting blood samples were collected to analyze glucose, insulin, insulin resistance, and aminotransferases. Repeated ANOVA measures were used to compare changes over time and between groups, and Spearman's correlations were used to identify an association between insulin and the degree of steatosis at US.Results. There was a positive correlation between the degree of steatosis at US with insulin concentrations and HOMA-IR. Long-term therapy plus metformin significantly reduced body weight, body mass index, insulin, HOMA-IR, and visceral fat.Conclusions. Metformin was more effective than the placebo in improving clinical parameters associated with obesity and steatosis.

Local cerebral glucose utilization during status epilepticus in newborn primates

1989 ◽  
Vol 256 (6) ◽  
pp. C1160-C1167 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. G. Fujikawa ◽  
B. E. Dwyer ◽  
R. R. Lake ◽  
C. G. Wasterlain
Keyword(s):  
Status Epilepticus ◽  
Temporal Cortex ◽  
High Energy ◽  
High Energy Phosphates ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Energy Demands ◽  
Fold Level ◽  
Frontoparietal Cortex ◽  
Glucose Supply

The effect of bicuculline-induced status epilepticus (SE) on local cerebral metabolic rates for glucose (LCMRglc) was studied in 2-wk-old ketamine-anesthetized marmoset monkeys, using the 2-[14C]-deoxy-D-glucose autoradiographical technique. To estimate LCMRglc in cerebral cortex and thalamus during SE, the lumped constant (LC) for 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG) and the rate constants for 2-DG and glucose were calculated for these regions. The control LC was 0.43 in frontoparietal cortex, 0.51 in temporal cortex, and 0.50 in thalamus; it increased to 1.07 in frontoparietal cortex, 1.13 in temporal cortex, and 1.25 in thalamus after 30 min of seizures. With control LC values, LCMRglc in frontoparietal cortex, temporal cortex, and dorsomedial thalamus appeared to increase four to sixfold. With seizure LC values, LCMRglc increased 1.5- to 2-fold and only in cortex. During 45-min seizures, LCMRglc in cortex and thalamus probably increases 4- to 6-fold initially and later falls to the 1.5- to 2-fold level as tissue glucose concentrations decrease. Together with our previous results demonstrating depletion of high-energy phosphates and glucose in these regions, the data suggest that energy demands exceed glucose supply. The long-term effects of these metabolic changes on the developing brain remain to be determined.

Cortical cholinergic dysregulation as a long-term consequence of neonatal hypoglycemia

2015 ◽  
Vol 93 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
T.R. Anju ◽  
C.S. Paulose
Keyword(s):  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Life Stress ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Acetylcholine Esterase ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Neonatal Hypoglycemia ◽  
Acetylcholine Metabolism ◽  
Old Rats

Neonatal hypoglycemia limits the glucose supply to cells, affecting the function of brain due to its high energy demand. This can cause long-term consequences in brain function, leading to memory and cognitive deficits. The present study evaluated the cholinergic functional regulation in cerebral cortex of one month old rats exposed to neonatal hypoglycemia to understand the long-term effects of early life stress. Receptor binding and gene expression studies were done in the cerebral cortex to analyze the changes in total muscarinicreceptors, muscarinic M1, M2, M3 receptors, and the enzymes involved in acetylcholine metabolism, cholineacetyl transferase and acetylcholine esterase. Neonatal hypoglycemia decreased total muscarinic receptors (p < 0.001) with reduced muscarinic M1, M2, and M3 receptor genes (p < 0.001) in one month old rats. The reduction in acetylcholine metabolism is indicated by the downregulated cholineacetyl transferase, upregulated acetylcholine esterase, and decreased vesicular acetylcholine transporter expression. These alterations in cholinergic function in one month old rat brain indicates the longterm consequences of neonatal hypoglycemia in cortical function, which can contribute to the onset of many disease conditions in later stages of life.

Long-Term Effects of Iron Particle (HZE) Irradiation on Mouse Spermatogonia

1985 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 652-653
Author(s):  
D. E. Philpott ◽  
W. Sapp ◽  
C. Williams ◽  
J. Stevenson ◽  
S. Black ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Population ◽  
Radiation Effects ◽  
Biological Effects ◽  
Cosmic Ray ◽  
Iron Particle ◽  
Cell Loss ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Long Term Results ◽  
Long Term Effects

High-energy (HZE) cosmic ray particles in space present an environmental hazard, especially to long-duration high altitude space travel. The energy released when these particles slow down and stop in living tissue causes deleterious biological effects, including death of cells. In order to study and quantitate the effects of this radiation, a number of cell systems could be used. The spermatogonial cell population in mouse testes has a rapidly dividing cell population, can be examined three days after irradiation, and is one of the most sensitive tissues to radiation. Therefore, it is ideally suited for quantitative studies of radiation effects. Previous work has shown that the various types of spermatogonial cells differ in their radiation sensitivity and that this can be very easily evaluated with the light/electron microscope. Using the system of staging established by Oak-berg and Huckins, the mixed or single cell population can be evaluated. Our work, using this method, has revealed cell sensitivity at doses as low as one rad. In these experiments, the animals were sacrificed three days post-irradiation because this is the time when maximum cell loss can be viewed. However, we are now reporting long term results of HZE particles using iron irradiation.

scholarly journals Long-Term Effects of Feeding Protected Sunflower Seed Supplement on the Composition of Body Fat in Growing Sheep

1979 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 457 ◽  
Author(s):  
SC Mills ◽  
TW Searle ◽  
R Evans
Keyword(s):  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Sunflower Seed ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Total Body Fat ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Water Space

Fifty-one Southdown crossbred and 37 Suffolk crossbred wether lambs were fed for 31 weeks a diet containing 6�6 % by weight linoleic acid derived from a formaldehyde-treated casein-sunflower seed supplement. Serial biopsy samples of subcutaneous fat were obtained during this time and over the following 49 weeks when no supplement was given. Samples of omental, perirenal and subcutaneous fat were obtained from 16 sheep slaughtered 17 weeks after supplementation ceased and the proportion of linoleic acid determined in all samples. Total body fat was estimated from tritiated water space on five occasions during supplementation.

Ovarian Dysfunction in Fetally Irradiated Beagles

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 658-659
Author(s):  
T. M. Seed ◽  
M. H. Sanderson ◽  
D. L. Gutzeit ◽  
T. E. Fritz ◽  
D. V. Tolle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gamma Rays ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Ovarian Dysfunction ◽  
Dose Rates ◽  
Highly Sensitive ◽  
Microscopic Evaluation ◽  
Ovarian Pathology ◽  
Normal Offspring

The developing mammalian fetus is thought to be highly sensitive to ionizing radiation. However, dose, dose-rate relationships are not well established, especially the long term effects of protracted, low-dose exposure. A previous report (1) has indicated that bred beagle bitches exposed to daily doses of 5 to 35 R 60Co gamma rays throughout gestation can produce viable, seemingly normal offspring. Puppies irradiated in utero are distinguishable from controls only by their smaller size, dental abnormalities, and, in adulthood, by their inability to bear young.We report here our preliminary microscopic evaluation of ovarian pathology in young pups continuously irradiated throughout gestation at daily (22 h/day) dose rates of either 0.4, 1.0, 2.5, or 5.0 R/day of gamma rays from an attenuated 60Co source. Pups from non-irradiated bitches served as controls. Experimental animals were evaluated clinically and hematologically (control + 5.0 R/day pups) at regular intervals.

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