scholarly journals Long-Term Effects of Feeding Protected Sunflower Seed Supplement on the Composition of Body Fat in Growing Sheep

1979 ◽  
Vol 32 (5) ◽  
pp. 457 ◽  
Author(s):  
SC Mills ◽  
TW Searle ◽  
R Evans
Keyword(s):  
Linoleic Acid ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Sunflower Seed ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Total Body Fat ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Water Space

Fifty-one Southdown crossbred and 37 Suffolk crossbred wether lambs were fed for 31 weeks a diet containing 6�6 % by weight linoleic acid derived from a formaldehyde-treated casein-sunflower seed supplement. Serial biopsy samples of subcutaneous fat were obtained during this time and over the following 49 weeks when no supplement was given. Samples of omental, perirenal and subcutaneous fat were obtained from 16 sheep slaughtered 17 weeks after supplementation ceased and the proportion of linoleic acid determined in all samples. Total body fat was estimated from tritiated water space on five occasions during supplementation.

Body fatness, insulin sensitivity and muscle oxygen supply in adolescents

2002 ◽  
Vol 103 (4) ◽  
pp. 391-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fiona E. ARROWSMITH ◽  
Julie WARD ◽  
Kieron ROONEY ◽  
Adamandia D. KRIKETOS ◽  
Louise A. BAUR ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Sensitivity ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Oxygen Supply ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Body Fatness ◽  
Muscle Oxygen ◽  
Body Fat Content ◽  
Total Body Fat ◽  
Total Body

Muscle blood flow can be reduced in insulin-resistant states. The present study examined the importance of body fatness and insulin sensitivity as variables that may be associated with muscle oxygen supply. We studied 38 adolescents (22 males, 16 females; age 15.3–18.6 years; body mass index 17.7–34.7kg/m2) and used near-IR spectroscopy to measure the muscle re-oxygenation rate after ischaemic finger flexion exercise. Total body fat content was estimated by bioelectrical impedance analysis, and insulin sensitivity was assessed by homoeostasis model assessment. Regional lipid compartments were also assessed for potential associations with muscle oxygen supply. Abdominal adiposity (visceral and subcutaneous) was assessed by magnetic resonance imaging, and soleus intramyocellular lipid levels were determined by magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Total body fat content (r = 0.67, P<0.001), abdominal subcutaneous fat area (r = 0.78, P<0.001), abdominal visceral fat area (r = 0.54, P<0.001) and intramyocellular lipid levels (r = 0.68, P<0.001) were significantly related to forearm re-oxygenation half-time. After adjusting for insulin sensitivity, both total body fat content (r = 0.395, P = 0.02) and abdominal subcutaneous fat area (r = 0.543, P = 0.001) remained positively associated with relatively reduced muscle oxygen supply in adolescent subjects. After adjusting for body fat content, abdominal subcutaneous fat area (r = 0. 511, P = 0.002) was significantly associated with muscle oxygen supply. Thus muscle oxygen supply is associated with body fat content, and certain fat compartments may be more influential than others.

MEASURES OF BODY FAT AND HYDRATION IN ADOLESCENT BOYS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1963 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 226-239
Author(s):  
Felix P. Heald ◽  
Edward E. Hunt ◽  
Robert Schwartz ◽  
Charles D. Cook ◽  
Orville Elliot ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Fat ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Deuterium Oxide ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Body Water ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Adolescent Boys ◽  
Fat Loss ◽  
Total Body Fat ◽  
Total Body

A study of total body fat by simultaneously performing a variety of measurements of adiposity on each of 66 adolescent boys is described. Estimates of total body fat by densitometry indicate a 50% loss of body fat's contribution to total body weight from 12 to 18 years. Total body water, as measured by deuterium oxide, increases from 61% at age 12 years to 65% at age 18 years. Fat loss from this measurement closely parallels the fat changes estimated from densitometry. Lean body mass, hydration and adiposity appear to reach adult values at the sixteenth year. Subcutaneous fat measured by soft tissue x-rays films of the arm shows a similar fat loss, and of the same magnitude, when compared to densitometry and total body water estimates of fat. The triceps skinfold has a high correlation in estimating losses in fat during adolescence. The skinfold technique at this site provided a practical and accurate estimate of adiposity in adolescent boys.

The effect of route of dosing and method of estimation of tritiated water space on the determination of total body water and the prediction of body fat in sheep

1974 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. S. W. Smith ◽  
A. R. Sykes
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Total Body Water ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Tritiated Water ◽  
Multiple Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Body Water ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Water Space

SUMMARYEight mature female sheep were offered a ration which maintained body weight constant during a 20-week period. During the final 10 weeks a comparison was made in each animal of the pattern of equilibration and urinary losses of tritiated water during 8 h after dosing by four different routes. These were intravenous, intraperitoneal, intraruminal and a combination of the intraperitoneal and intraruminal routes. Tritiated water spaces were calculated from (a) the 8-h plasma specific activity and (b) by extrapolation to zero time of the plasma specific activities during the 7 days after injection. At the end of the experiment the fat and water contents of the bodies of the sheep were determined directly.Complete equilibration of tritiated water between plasma and rumen water was not achieved in all animals 8 h after intravenous or intraperitoneal injection but was when the rumen was primed by the combination of intraperitoneal and intraruminal dosing. After intraruminal dosing equilibration was not achieved in any animal within 8 h of dosing.Urinary losses of marker were lower after intraruminal dosing but otherwise averaged 4–5 % of the dose/1 urine. This was equivalent to 0·3–6·7% of the dose for individual sheep.Errors resulting from incomplete equilibration and urinary loss of marker did not influence the efficiency of prediction of total body water from tritiated water space. The multiple correlation coefficient relating body fat with empty body weight and its water content was very high (r = 0·99). Errors introduced into this relationship by the inclusion of gut water in the prediction equations were apparently of a similar magnitude to those resulting from the errors in the estimation of tritiated water space.The extrapolation method for the determination of tritiated water space was shown to have the same accuracy as equilibration techniques under these controlled dietary conditions.

scholarly journals The Differences in Fat Accumulation and Distribution in Female Students According to their Level of Activity

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Stachoń ◽  
Jadwiga Pietraszewska ◽  
Anna Burdukiewicz ◽  
Justyna Andrzejewska
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Bioelectrical Impedance ◽  
Impedance Analysis ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Percentage Of Body Fat ◽  
Level Of Activity ◽  
Total Body Fat ◽  
Total Body

AbstractThe appropriate percentage of body fat is essential for women’s health and biological condition. Both accumulation of fat and distribution pattern of adipose tissue are connected with health risk, which justifies the investigation and permanent monitoring of their diversity in different sub-populations. The aim of the study was to evaluate the percentage of body fat and its distribution in female students representing different physical activity levels.Fat proportion was estimated with use of classic anthropometric method and bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). The distribution of subcutaneous fat was calculated including waist and hip circumferences, and extremities and trunk skinfolds. The participants’ level of physical activity was determined according to the IPAQ questionnaire.Analysis showed that female students with medium level of physical activity had 26.5 ± 5.1% of total body fat estimated by BIA, whereas in the most active females almost 3% lower total body fat values were common. The bioelectrical impedance analysis indicated about 8% higher body fat content than classic anthropometry. Examined skinfolds revealed a tendency to decrease with increasing physical activity. The distribution pattern of subcutaneous fat varied according to level of activity.The study showed that estimation of fat content in young women differed depending on the applied method and the level of physical activity. We emphasize the need to select adequate reference data for measurement methods and consider the level of physical activity during fat percentage assessment. Another conclusion is that the high level of physical activity is connected with masculinization of subcutaneous fat pattern, both in extremities/trunk fat proportion and waist/hip proportion.

Correlation of BMI with Subcutaneous Fat and Total Body Fat in Patients with NAFLD in South India

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. S30
Author(s):  
Guruprasad Padsalgi ◽  
Mathews Chooracken ◽  
Roy Mukkada ◽  
Antony Chettupuzha ◽  
Jose Francis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Fat ◽  
South India ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Total Body Fat ◽  
Total Body

Use of Ultrasound in the Measurement of Subcutaneous Fat and Prediction of Total Body Fat in Dogs

1991 ◽  
Vol 121 (suppl_11) ◽  
pp. S47-S50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. A. Wilkinson ◽  
Neil A. McEwan
Keyword(s):  
Body Fat ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Total Body Fat ◽  
Total Body

scholarly journals Subcutaneous Fat Fibrosis Links Obesity to Insulin Resistance in Chinese Americans

2018 ◽  
Vol 103 (9) ◽  
pp. 3194-3204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana L Alba ◽  
Jeffrey A Farooq ◽  
Matthew Y C Lin ◽  
Anne L Schafer ◽  
John Shepherd ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Chinese Americans ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Model Assessment ◽  
Total Body Fat ◽  
Total Body

Abstract Objective Type 2 diabetes presents at a lower body mass index (BMI) in Chinese individuals than in white individuals. We sought to determine the role of subcutaneous adipose tissue (SCAT)–intrinsic factors, vs BMI or adiposity per se, in the vulnerability of Chinese individuals to obesity-associated impairment of insulin sensitivity. Research Design and Methods Thirty-two Chinese and 30 white men and women from a cohort in the San Francisco Bay Area underwent anthropometric measurements, body composition (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) analyses, and measurement of fasting plasma glucose and insulin. Forty-eight also provided abdominal SCAT samples for transcriptional and biochemical analyses of tissue fibrosis. Results BMI correlated with total body fat in white (r = 0.74, P &lt; 0.001) but not Chinese individuals, whereas BMI correlated with visceral adipose tissue (VAT) accrual in both ethnicities (r = 0.88 and 0.81, respectively; P &lt; 0.01). Insulin resistance (homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance) worsened with VAT mass, but not total body fat, in Chinese subjects (r = 0.63, P &lt; 0.01), whereas it worsened with both in white individuals. By contrast, SCAT mRNA levels of genes encoding profibrotic proteins rose remarkably along with both BMI and VAT mass in Chinese but not white subjects. Similarly, SCAT levels of hydroxyproline, an indicator of tissue collagen content that correlated with increasing VAT mass, were higher in Chinese vs white subjects, particularly in the setting of relative insulin resistance. Conclusions Our findings dissociate BMI from adiposity in Chinese individuals and instead highlight SCAT fibrosis as a process linked to visceral adiposity and insulin resistance in this group.

scholarly journals Exercise Dose Effects on Body Fat 12 Months after an Exercise Intervention: Follow-up from a Randomized Controlled Trial

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine M. Friedenreich ◽  
Yibing Ruan ◽  
Aalo Duha ◽  
Kerry S. Courneya
Keyword(s):  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Exercise Intervention ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Exercise Group ◽  
Abdominal Fat ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Total Body Fat ◽  
Total Body

Background. Exercise interventions can result in weight loss, which is associated with reductions in disease risk. It is unknown how the volume of exercise prescribed in a one-time exercise intervention impacts long-term body fatness. We compared 24-month body fat changes among postmenopausal women previously prescribed 300 versus 150 minutes/week of exercise in a year-long exercise intervention trial. Methods. The Breast Cancer and Exercise Trial in Alberta (BETA) was a two-centred randomized controlled trial in Alberta, Canada. The trial consisted of a 12-month intervention and 12-month observation period. For the intervention, participants were randomized to either a moderate-volume exercise group (150 min/week) or a high-volume exercise group (300 min/week). Participants in this study were 334 inactive postmenopausal women who had been followed-up to 24 months. The primary outcome for this study was 24-month change in total body fat using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry scans. Other measures included weight, waist and hip circumferences, subcutaneous and intra-abdominal fat from computed tomography scans, and lean mass. Researchers were blinded to randomization group when measuring body fat. Results. Both groups self-reported ∼180 minutes/week moderate–vigorous activity at 24 months. No statistically significant difference was found in total body fat at 24 months between the two groups. Statistically significant effects (comparing high versus moderate groups) were found for BMI (least-square mean change (95% CI): −0.66 (−0.97, −0.36) versus −0.25 (−0.55, 0.05) kg/m2, P=0.04), waist-to-hip ratio (−0.033 (−0.040, −0.026) versus −0.023 (−0.030, −0.016), P=0.05), and subcutaneous abdominal fat area (−32.18 (−39.30, −25.06) versus −22.20 (−29.34, −15.05) cm2, P=0.04). Conclusion. Prescribing 300 versus 150 minutes/week of exercise to inactive postmenopausal women resulted in some long-term greater decreases in measures of body composition but no overall differences in total body fat loss. This trail is registered with NCT01435005.

scholarly journals Effect of elevated physical activity on changes in body composition and subcutaneous fat distribution in boys aged 10 to 16 years: a longitudinal study

2014 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Pastuszak ◽  
Joanna Lewandowska ◽  
Krzysztof Buśko ◽  
Jadwiga Charzewska
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Fat Distribution ◽  
Physical Development ◽  
Facial Hair ◽  
Total Body Fat ◽  
Total Body

Abstract The study is aimed at evaluation of the effect of regular physical activity on total and subcutaneous body fat and its distribution in boys aged 10 to 16 years. A three-year longitudinal study was carried out in order to monitor physical development in 237 boys from sports schools and regular schools in Warsaw, Poland. The boys were selected so that their rate of puberty changes was similar based on evaluation of voice and facial hair. The authors measured 5 skinfolds in the following sites: triceps, calf, subscapular, suprailiac, and abdominal skinfolds. The percentage fraction of total body fat in body mass was measured by means of Tanita TBF 300 electronic body composition analyser. A limb fat to trunk fat ratio (LF/TF) was also calculated in order to evaluate the type of distribution of subcutaneous fat in boys and monitor its changes as affected by regular high physical activity throughout puberty. Lower total body fat and subcutaneous fat in boys from sports schools was the effect of considerably higher physical activity. It was demonstrated that with some minimal values of total body fat and subcutaneous fat, physical activity did not cause a reduction in body fat. It was found that elevated physical activity in boys is conducive to development of a more limb-oriented (peripheral) fatness, which is more favourable to human health

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