scholarly journals FORAGES AND PASTURES SYMPOSIUM: Fungal endophytes of tall fescue and perennial ryegrass: Pasture friend or foe?12

2013 ◽  
Vol 91 (5) ◽  
pp. 2379-2394 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. Young ◽  
D. E. Hume ◽  
R. L. McCulley
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Fungal Endophytes

scholarly journals Creation of stable associations between perennial ryegrass or tall fescue and fungal endophytes

Agronomie ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
Walid Naffaa ◽  
Claude Astier ◽  
Catherine Ravel ◽  
Jean-Jacques Guillaumin
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Fungal Endophytes

Ultrastructure of Acremonium coenophialum, Acremonium lolii, and Epichloe typhina endophytes in host and nonhost Festuca and Lolium species of grasses

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (11) ◽  
pp. 2357-2367 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. R. Siegel ◽  
U. Järlfors ◽  
G. C. M. Latch ◽  
M. C. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Cell Walls ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Potato Dextrose Agar ◽  
Natural Host ◽  
Acremonium Coenophialum ◽  
Ultrastructural Studies ◽  
Epichloë Typhina ◽  
Plant Grown

Ultrastructural studies were made of Acremonium fungal endophytes of tall fescue and perennial ryegrass and two isolates of Epichloe typhina. Hyphae of these fungi were observed in leaf sheaths of their natural host plant grown from infected seed and in artificially inoculated nonhost Festuca and Lolium species of grasses. Hyphae were also studied from fungal colonies grown on cellophane on potato dextrose agar. Crystalline inclusions were found in all endophyte–host combinations with the exceptions of E. typhina from perennial ryegrass in its own host and in a nonhost tall fescue, and Acremonium coenophialum in a nonhost perennial ryegrass. Tubular complexes were seen only in Acremonium lolii when growing in both host and in a non-host tall fescue. Three structures not seen before in endophytes (bundles of microtubules, 55 to 60 nm diameter "tubes," and bilayered cell walls) were found in E. typhina growing only in perennial ryegrass, its natural host. None of the distinguishing ultrastructural components described were found in hyphae grown in culture. Our observations suggest that endophytes express specific ultrastructural features only when they are grown in the grasses. However, it was not readily discernible what function the components serve and what role, if any, the natural versus the nonhost grass plays in the expression of endophyte ultrastructure.

scholarly journals Establishing and maintaining a toxin-free pasture: a review

1999 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 123-132
Author(s):  
D.E. Hume
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Neotyphodium Lolii ◽  
Domestic Livestock ◽  
Buried Seed ◽  
On Farm ◽  
Sources Of Contamination

This paper reviews how new pastures may become contaminated with perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) infected with wild-type fungal endophytes (Neotyphodium lolii). These wild-type endophyte strains may be toxic to domestic livestock. Sources are from seed (natural reseeding, buried seed, sown seed, in dung, hay, carried on farm machinery) and survival of existing infected ryegrass plants. In particular, seed in soil and dung are reviewed. Contamination may occur both pre- and postestablishment. It is recommended that steps should be taken to minimise contamination from all sources when establishing new pastures. Although normal establishment practices for successful rapid establishment of weed-free pastures (e.g., cropping, fallow, herbicides) will minimise the risk of contamination, a number of cases highlight that extra time (e.g., 18-24 months planning rather 6- 12 months) and consideration of all sources of contamination is needed to minimise risk. Once established, further measures should be taken to prevent seed being transferred in dung or hay. This has implications when establishing pastures with endophyte-free ryegrasses, ryegrasses with selected non-toxic endophytes, a new ryegrass cultivar, or other grasses (e.g., tall fescue), whether for grazing by animals or for seed production. Keywords: endophyte, endophyte survival, faeces, Lolium perenne, natural reseeding, Neotyphodium lolii, pasture establishment, perennial ryegrass, seed burial, seed survival, tall fescue

scholarly journals Where do we go from here?

2007 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 515-518
Author(s):  
J.H. Bouton
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Multidisciplinary Approach ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Leadership Roles ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Fungal Genomes ◽  
On Farm

The viability of this international symposium on grass/fungal endophytes is a direct measure of the nature and strength of the underlying science itself. The symposium's past was dominated by a multidiscipline approach and a geographic focus in New Zealand, USA, and Australia, due mainly to the economic impact of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) when infected with Neotyphodium endophytes. There have been many research and technological findings reported during the past five symposia, with novel endophytes as an example of one having positive on-farm impact. In the future, it is anticipated that 1) the multidisciplinary approach will continue; 2) patenting issues will cause disruptions (hopefully small) in information sharing; 3) funding will drive the underlying science thereby continuing a concentration of work in New Zealand, Australia, and the USA, but opportunities will arise in these major countries for collaborative research with scientists in other geographies; 4) commercialisation and on-farm use of novel endophytes will expand; 5) sequencing and gene expression data will be available for the main fungal genomes, and microarray, genomics, and transciptome approaches will grow in importance; and 6) development of a "mind map" will help identify knowledge gaps for determining endophyte effects on animals. However, it was the inspiration, leadership, confidence, and even boldness of individual scientists in the field that pushed both this symposium and the science to the level it is today. Therefore, as the symposium moves forward, younger scientists need to assume leadership roles, and then be bold and confident in pushing forward; especially with continuing the symposium. Keywords: Neotyphodium, fungal endophytes, symposium, grasses, tall fescue, perennial ryegrass, biotechnologies

Epichloë-endophytes increase constitutive and herbivore-induced silicon defences in grasses but do not directly increase grass resistance to a chewing insect herbivore

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ximena Cibils-Stewart ◽  
Wade J Mace ◽  
Alison J Popay ◽  
Susan E Hartley ◽  
Fernando A Lattanzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Maximum Effect ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
Chemical Defences ◽  
Physical Defence ◽  
Si Supply

<p>Grasses accumulate large concentrations of silicon (Si) which alleviates a range of stresses including defence against herbivores. Likewise, grasses symbiotically associate with foliar <em>Epichloë-</em>fungal endophytes which provide herbivore defence, mainly via the production of alkaloids. Some <em>Epichloë</em>-endophytes increase foliar Si concentrations, particularly in tall fescue <em>(Festuca arundinacea</em>) but also in perennial ryegrass (<em>Lolium perenne</em>); it is unknown whether this impacts herbivores. Likewise, while Si is primarily a physical defence against herbivores, it can also affect defensive secondary metabolites; Si supply might therefore also affect alkaloids produced by <em>Epichloë</em>-endophytes, however, this remains untested. We grew tall fescue and perennial ryegrass in a factorial combination with or without Si supplementation, in the absence or presence of a chewing herbivore; <em>Helicoverpa armigera</em>. Grasses were associated with four different<em> Epichloë</em>-endophyte strains (tall fescue: AR584; perennial ryegrass: AR37, AR1, or wild type) or as <em>Epichloë</em>-free controls. Specifically, we assessed how Si supply and <em>Epichloë</em>-endophyte presence impacts plant growth and chemistry, and how their interaction with herbivory affects foliar Si concentrations and alkaloid production. Subsequently, their effects on <em>H. armigera</em> relative growth rates (RGR) were evaluated. In Fescue, the AR584-endophyte increased constitutive (herbivore-free) and induced (herbivore-inoculated) silicon concentrations when Si was supplied. In perennial ryegrass, AR37-endophyte increased constitutive and induced silicon concentration, meanwhile, AR1-endophyte increased constitutive levels only. Si supply and herbivory did not affect alkaloids produced by AR584- or AR1/Wt-endophyte in tall fescue and perennial ryegrass, respectively. However, Si suppressed herbivore-induced production of alkaloids in the AR37-endophyte perennial ryegrass association. Si was a more effective defence in tall fescue than perennial ryegrass, significantly reducing H. armigera RGR. Our results suggest that Si reduced herbivore performance to such an extent in tall fescue that it was operating at maximum effect and endophyte-mediated increases in Si concentration made no further difference. Si had a more modest impact on herbivores in perennial ryegrass, potentially linked to silicon decreasing herbivore feeding and thus, suppressing herbivore-induced alkaloids. We provide novel evidence that increased Si concentrations in some cases interact with endophyte-produced chemical defences, which could ultimately impact plant resistance to herbivores. <strong>  </strong></p>

Agronomic advantages conferred by endophyte infection of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) in Australia

2014 ◽  
Vol 65 (8) ◽  
pp. 747 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. E. Hume ◽  
J. C. Sewell
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
High Stress ◽  
Agronomic Performance ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Endophyte Infection

Perennial ryegrass and tall fescue are key grasses of sown pastures in the high-rainfall zone of south-eastern Australia. Ryegrass in naturalised pastures, and in sown seed, is widely infected with Neotyphodium fungal endophytes, with toxic endophyte strains occasionally causing toxicosis in livestock. Endophyte infection is also beneficial in sown grasslands, assisting ryegrass hosts to overcome biotic stresses, and tall fescue hosts to overcome biotic and abiotic stresses. We review the literature for Australia and present new data, to examine the agronomic effects of endophyte. Frequency of endophyte infection in old, perennial ryegrass pastures and ecotype-based cultivars is high and, in all pastures, increases with time, providing evidence for endophyte-infected plants having an agronomic advantage over endophyte-free plants. Within a cultivar, agronomic field experiments have compared endophyte-infected with endophyte-free swards. Endophyte significantly improved ryegrass establishment in seven of 19 measurements taken from 12 trials. In mature ryegrass pastures, over half of the experiments found advantages to endophyte infection. Tall fescues infected with a selected endophyte (‘AR542’) had improved agronomic performance relative to endophyte-free in a majority of experiments, and on occasions, the endophyte was essential for tall fescue persistence. Cultivar × endophyte interactions occurred but were inconsistent. In high-stress environments, endophyte was more important for agronomic performance than difference between cultivars. The relative importance of cultivar and endophyte is discussed, with elite cultivars that are adapted to the region and are infected with elite endophytes being the best avenue to capture the benefits and minimise detrimental endophyte effects on livestock. The major drivers are likely to be insect pests and drought, but evidence is limited.

Detection of RFLPs in Perennial Ryegrass, Using Heterologous Probes from Tall Fescue

Crop Science ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 32 (6) ◽  
pp. 1366-1370 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. W. Xu ◽  
David A. Sleper ◽  
S. Chao
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue

Invasion Resistance of Tall Fescue (Festuca arundinaceae) and Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium perenne) to Kikuyugrass (Pennisetum clandestinum)

1997 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clyde L. Elmore ◽  
Victor A. Gibeault ◽  
David W. Cudney
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Invasion Resistance ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Pennisetum Clandestinum ◽  
Stolon Length

Overseeding established kikuyugrass swards with tall fescue or perennial ryegrass reduced kikuyugrass cover. Renovation prior to seeding did not aid in the establishment of these two species. Increasing the seeding rate from 79 to 157 kg/ha improved the establishment of perennial ryegrass but not tall fescue. When kikuyugrass plugs were introduced into established turf, tall fescue reduced the invasion of kikuyugrass stolons more than perennial ryegrass. Tall fescue reduced percent kikuyugrass cover, number and spread of stolons, and biomass (compared to perennial ryegrass). The newer turf-type tall fescue cultivars ‘Bonsai,’ ‘Falcon,’ and ‘Olympic’ were more effective than the older tall fescue cultivar ‘Fawn’ in reducing kikuyugrass invasion by reducing stolon number, stolon length, and biomass.

Evaluation of Oriental Mustard (Brassica juncea) Seed Meal for Weed Suppression in Turf

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 440-445 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel T. Earlywine ◽  
Reid J. Smeda ◽  
Travis C. Teuton ◽  
Carl E. Sams ◽  
Xi Xiong
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
White Clover ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Methyl Bromide ◽  
Untreated Control ◽  
Seed Meal ◽  
Mustard Seed ◽  
Annual Bluegrass ◽  
Oriental Mustard ◽  
Large Crabgrass

Oriental mustard seed meal (MSM), a byproduct generated by pressing the seed for oil, exhibits herbicidal properties. In turfgrass, soil fumigants such as methyl bromide are used to control weeds prior to renovation of turf. Environmental concerns have resulted in deregistration of methyl bromide, prompting the need for alternatives. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of MSM on the establishment of selected turfgrass weeds as well as inhibitory effects on establishment of desirable turfgrasses. Greenhouse experiments were conducted in 2006 and 2007 at the University of Missouri. MSM was amended in soil at 0, 1,350 (low), 2,350 (medium), and 3,360 kg ha−1(high) concentrations. Weed species included annual bluegrass, large crabgrass, buckhorn plantain, white clover, and common chickweed. Turfgrass species included: Rembrandt tall fescue, Evening Shade perennial rye, and Riviera bermudagrass. All species were seeded into soil amended with MSM and either tarped or left untarped. All treatments were compared to dazomet (392 kg ha−1), a synthetic standard. Plant counts and biomass of all species were recorded 4 wk after seeding. Overall, tarped treatments suppressed weed emergence 27 to 50% more compared to untarped treatments, except for large crabgrass. High rates of MSM suppressed emergence of all weeds ≥ 63%. Compared to the untreated control, the density of buckhorn plantain, white clover, and common chickweed was reduced by ≥ 42% at low rates of MSM. Biomass of buckhorn plantain, annual bluegrass, common chickweed, white clover, and large crabgrass was reduced from 37 to 99% at high rates of MSM. MSM at high rates reduced stand counts of tall fescue and perennial ryegrass up to 81% and 77% respectively, compared to the untreated control. Regardless of MSM rates or tarping, suppression of common bermudagrass emergence did not exceed 30%; tarped treatments actually increased bermudagrass emergence by 22%. The biomass for tall fescue, perennial ryegrass, and bermudagrass was reduced by 85, 68, and 10%, respectively, at high rates of MSM. For tall fescue, MSM at all rates strongly suppressed seed germination by 7 d after planting (DAP) (up to 100%), with additional germination observed through 14 DAP, but not thereafter. In both trials, dazomet completely suppressed emergence of all weeds. MSM appears to suppress emergence and growth of a number of weeds common in turf, with potential selectivity for bermudagrass.

scholarly journals Additional Host Plants of Four Species of Billbug Found on New Jersey Turfgrasses

1990 ◽  
Vol 115 (4) ◽  
pp. 608-611 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer M. Johnson-Cicalese ◽  
C.R. Funk
Keyword(s):  
New Jersey ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Red Fescue

Studies were conducted on the host plants of four billbug species (Coleoptera:Curculionidae: Sphenophorus parvulus Gyllenhal, S. venatus Chitt., S. inaequalis Say, and S. minimus Hart) found on New Jersey turfgrasses. A collection of 4803 adults from pure stands of various turfgrasses revealed all four billbugs on Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), and S. parvulus, S. venatus, and S. minimus on Chewings fescue (F. rubra L. ssp. commutata Gaud.). Since the presence of larvae, pupae, or teneral adults more accurately indicates the host status of a grass species, immature billbugs were collected from plugs of the various grass species and reared to adults for identification. All four species were reared from immature billbugs found in Kentucky bluegrass turf; immatures of S. venatus, S. inaequalis, and S. minimus were found in tall fescue; S. venatus and S. minimus in perennial ryegrass; and S. inaequalis in strong creeping red fescue (F. rubra L. ssp. rubra). A laboratory experiment was also conducted in which billbug adults were confined in petri dishes with either Kentucky bluegrass, perennial ryegrass, tall fescue, or bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon Pers.). Only minor differences were found between the four grasses in billbug survival, number of eggs laid, and amount of feeding. In general, bermudagrass was the least favored host and the other grasses were equally adequate hosts. The results of this study indicate a need for updating host-plant lists of these four billbug species.

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