Agronomic advantages conferred by endophyte infection of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) in Australia

2014 ◽  
Vol 65 (8) ◽  
pp. 747 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. E. Hume ◽  
J. C. Sewell
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
High Stress ◽  
Agronomic Performance ◽  
Eastern Australia ◽  
Endophyte Infection

Perennial ryegrass and tall fescue are key grasses of sown pastures in the high-rainfall zone of south-eastern Australia. Ryegrass in naturalised pastures, and in sown seed, is widely infected with Neotyphodium fungal endophytes, with toxic endophyte strains occasionally causing toxicosis in livestock. Endophyte infection is also beneficial in sown grasslands, assisting ryegrass hosts to overcome biotic stresses, and tall fescue hosts to overcome biotic and abiotic stresses. We review the literature for Australia and present new data, to examine the agronomic effects of endophyte. Frequency of endophyte infection in old, perennial ryegrass pastures and ecotype-based cultivars is high and, in all pastures, increases with time, providing evidence for endophyte-infected plants having an agronomic advantage over endophyte-free plants. Within a cultivar, agronomic field experiments have compared endophyte-infected with endophyte-free swards. Endophyte significantly improved ryegrass establishment in seven of 19 measurements taken from 12 trials. In mature ryegrass pastures, over half of the experiments found advantages to endophyte infection. Tall fescues infected with a selected endophyte (‘AR542’) had improved agronomic performance relative to endophyte-free in a majority of experiments, and on occasions, the endophyte was essential for tall fescue persistence. Cultivar × endophyte interactions occurred but were inconsistent. In high-stress environments, endophyte was more important for agronomic performance than difference between cultivars. The relative importance of cultivar and endophyte is discussed, with elite cultivars that are adapted to the region and are infected with elite endophytes being the best avenue to capture the benefits and minimise detrimental endophyte effects on livestock. The major drivers are likely to be insect pests and drought, but evidence is limited.

Relative Tolerance of Perennial Ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and Tall Fescue (Festuca arundinacea) to Flucarbazone

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 673-678 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick E. McCullough ◽  
Jialin Yu ◽  
James T. Brosnan ◽  
Gregory K. Breeden
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Early Summer ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Relative Tolerance ◽  
Sequential Treatments

Flucarbazone controls certain grassy weeds in wheat and may have potential for controlling perennial ryegrass in tall fescue turf. The objective of these experiments was to investigate perennial ryegrass and tall fescue tolerance to flucarbazone at two application timings. In field experiments, flucarbazone applications in May were more injurious to both species than in February and March. Single applications of flucarbazone from 30 to 60 g ai ha−1in May injured both species 35 to 50% and sequential treatments increased injury approximately twofold. Two applications of flucarbazone at 60 g ha−1in May injured both grasses > 90%, similar to sequential applications of trifloxysulfuron at 29 g ai ha−1. In growth chamber experiments, injury from flucarbazone on both grasses increased as temperature increased from 10 to 30 C. Flucarbazone reduced total shoot biomass of both grasses at all temperatures after 4 wk. Overall, perennial ryegrass and tall fescue are tolerant to flucarbazone at moderate temperatures (10 to 20 C). However, injury increased substantially under warmer conditions (30 C), suggesting flucarbazone could control perennial ryegrass and tall fescue during late spring and early summer.

scholarly journals Perennial Ryegrass and Tall Fescue Reseeding Intervals after Aminocyclopyrachlor Application

HortScience ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 47 (6) ◽  
pp. 798-800 ◽  
Author(s):  
John B. Workman ◽  
Patrick E. McCullough ◽  
F. Clint Waltz ◽  
James T. Brosnan ◽  
Gerald M. Henry
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid

Turfgrass managers applying aminocyclopyrachlor for annual and perennial broadleaf weed control in cool-season turfgrasses may want to reseed into treated areas. Field experiments were conducted in Georgia), Tennessee, and Texas to investigate perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) reseeding intervals after aminocyclopyrachlor applications. Perennial ryegrass and tall fescue establishment were similar to the non-treated control after treatments of aminocyclopyrachlor and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) + dicamba + methylchlorophenoxypropionic acid (MCPP) at 0, 2, 4, or 6 weeks before seeding. Results demonstrate that no reseeding interval is required after aminocyclopyrachlor treatment. Perennial ryegrass and tall fescue can be safely seeded immediately after aminocyclopyrachlor treatment at 39, 79, and 158 g/a.i./ha.

scholarly journals Tall Fescue and Perennial Ryegrass Reseeding Intervals for Amicarbazone

HortScience ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 648-650 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick E. McCullough ◽  
James T. Brosnan ◽  
Gregory K. Breeden
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Poa Annua ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Annual Bluegrass

Turf managers applying amicarbazone for annual bluegrass (Poa annua L.) control in cool-season turfgrasses may wish to reseed into treated areas. Field experiments were conducted in Georgia and Tennessee to investigate perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) reseeding intervals after amicarbazone applications. Perennial ryegrass and tall fescue cover were reduced similarly (less than 10% from the untreated) by all herbicides applied 2, 4, or 6 weeks before seeding. Bispyribac-sodium at 0.1 kg a.i./ha reduced tall fescue and perennial ryegrass cover more than amicarbazone at 0.1 or 0.2 kg a.i./ha when applied the day of seeding. Applied on the day of seeding in Georgia, amicarbazone at 0.4 kg·ha−1 reduced turf cover of each species similar to bispyribac-sodium; however, this response was not observed in Tennessee. Results suggest tall fescue and perennial ryegrass can be safely seeded the day of amicarbazone applications at 0.1 or 0.2 kg·ha−1, but practitioners may need to wait 2 weeks before seeding these turfgrasses into areas treated with amicarbazone at 0.4 kg·ha−1 or bispyribac-sodium at 0.1 kg a.i./ha.

scholarly journals Where do we go from here?

2007 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 515-518
Author(s):  
J.H. Bouton
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Multidisciplinary Approach ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Leadership Roles ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Fungal Genomes ◽  
On Farm

The viability of this international symposium on grass/fungal endophytes is a direct measure of the nature and strength of the underlying science itself. The symposium's past was dominated by a multidiscipline approach and a geographic focus in New Zealand, USA, and Australia, due mainly to the economic impact of tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) when infected with Neotyphodium endophytes. There have been many research and technological findings reported during the past five symposia, with novel endophytes as an example of one having positive on-farm impact. In the future, it is anticipated that 1) the multidisciplinary approach will continue; 2) patenting issues will cause disruptions (hopefully small) in information sharing; 3) funding will drive the underlying science thereby continuing a concentration of work in New Zealand, Australia, and the USA, but opportunities will arise in these major countries for collaborative research with scientists in other geographies; 4) commercialisation and on-farm use of novel endophytes will expand; 5) sequencing and gene expression data will be available for the main fungal genomes, and microarray, genomics, and transciptome approaches will grow in importance; and 6) development of a "mind map" will help identify knowledge gaps for determining endophyte effects on animals. However, it was the inspiration, leadership, confidence, and even boldness of individual scientists in the field that pushed both this symposium and the science to the level it is today. Therefore, as the symposium moves forward, younger scientists need to assume leadership roles, and then be bold and confident in pushing forward; especially with continuing the symposium. Keywords: Neotyphodium, fungal endophytes, symposium, grasses, tall fescue, perennial ryegrass, biotechnologies

Effect of stubble-height management on crown temperature of perennial ryegrass, tall fescue and chicory

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam D. Langworthy ◽  
Richard P. Rawnsley ◽  
Mark J. Freeman ◽  
Ross Corkrey ◽  
Matthew T. Harrison ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Cycle Period ◽  
Pasture Production ◽  
North West ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Plant Soil ◽  
Eastern Australia

Defoliating pasture to shorter stubble heights (height above the soil surface) may increase temperature at the plant crown (plant–soil interface). This is especially relevant to summer C3 pasture production in parts of south-eastern Australia, where above-optimal ambient temperatures (≥30°C) are often recorded. A rainfed field experiment in north-west Tasmania, Australia, quantified the effect of stubble-height management on the upper distribution of crown temperatures (90th and 75th percentiles) experienced by three pasture species: perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.; syn. Schedonorus arundinaceus (Schreb.) Dumort.; syn. L. arundinaceum (Schreb.) Darbysh.), and chicory (Cichorium intybus L.). Three stubble-height treatment levels were evaluated: 35, 55 and 115mm. Defoliation to shorter stubble heights (35 or 55mm cf. 115mm) increased the crown temperature of all species in the subsequent regrowth cycle (period between successive defoliation events). In the second summer, defoliating to shorter stubble heights increased the 90th percentile of crown temperature by an average of 4.2°C for perennial ryegrass, 3.6°C for tall fescue and 1.8°C for chicory. Chicory and second-year tall fescue swards experienced less-extreme crown temperatures than perennial ryegrass. This may partly explain why these two species often outyield perennial ryegrass in hotter summer environments than north-west Tasmania, and hence the increasing interest in their use.

Epichloë-endophytes increase constitutive and herbivore-induced silicon defences in grasses but do not directly increase grass resistance to a chewing insect herbivore

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ximena Cibils-Stewart ◽  
Wade J Mace ◽  
Alison J Popay ◽  
Susan E Hartley ◽  
Fernando A Lattanzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Fungal Endophytes ◽  
Maximum Effect ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
Chemical Defences ◽  
Physical Defence ◽  
Si Supply

<p>Grasses accumulate large concentrations of silicon (Si) which alleviates a range of stresses including defence against herbivores. Likewise, grasses symbiotically associate with foliar <em>Epichloë-</em>fungal endophytes which provide herbivore defence, mainly via the production of alkaloids. Some <em>Epichloë</em>-endophytes increase foliar Si concentrations, particularly in tall fescue <em>(Festuca arundinacea</em>) but also in perennial ryegrass (<em>Lolium perenne</em>); it is unknown whether this impacts herbivores. Likewise, while Si is primarily a physical defence against herbivores, it can also affect defensive secondary metabolites; Si supply might therefore also affect alkaloids produced by <em>Epichloë</em>-endophytes, however, this remains untested. We grew tall fescue and perennial ryegrass in a factorial combination with or without Si supplementation, in the absence or presence of a chewing herbivore; <em>Helicoverpa armigera</em>. Grasses were associated with four different<em> Epichloë</em>-endophyte strains (tall fescue: AR584; perennial ryegrass: AR37, AR1, or wild type) or as <em>Epichloë</em>-free controls. Specifically, we assessed how Si supply and <em>Epichloë</em>-endophyte presence impacts plant growth and chemistry, and how their interaction with herbivory affects foliar Si concentrations and alkaloid production. Subsequently, their effects on <em>H. armigera</em> relative growth rates (RGR) were evaluated. In Fescue, the AR584-endophyte increased constitutive (herbivore-free) and induced (herbivore-inoculated) silicon concentrations when Si was supplied. In perennial ryegrass, AR37-endophyte increased constitutive and induced silicon concentration, meanwhile, AR1-endophyte increased constitutive levels only. Si supply and herbivory did not affect alkaloids produced by AR584- or AR1/Wt-endophyte in tall fescue and perennial ryegrass, respectively. However, Si suppressed herbivore-induced production of alkaloids in the AR37-endophyte perennial ryegrass association. Si was a more effective defence in tall fescue than perennial ryegrass, significantly reducing H. armigera RGR. Our results suggest that Si reduced herbivore performance to such an extent in tall fescue that it was operating at maximum effect and endophyte-mediated increases in Si concentration made no further difference. Si had a more modest impact on herbivores in perennial ryegrass, potentially linked to silicon decreasing herbivore feeding and thus, suppressing herbivore-induced alkaloids. We provide novel evidence that increased Si concentrations in some cases interact with endophyte-produced chemical defences, which could ultimately impact plant resistance to herbivores. <strong>  </strong></p>

scholarly journals Endophyte fungus levels in perennial ryegrass and tall fescuse varieties grown for seed in Oregon, USA - implications for responsible grass straw use as livestock feed

2007 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 275-276
Author(s):  
Young Iii ◽  
M.E. Mellbye ◽  
T.B. Silberstein ◽  
G.A. Gingrich ◽  
A.M. Craig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Fungal Endophyte ◽  
Infection Level ◽  
Grass Seed ◽  
Seed Industry ◽  
Livestock Feed ◽  
Endophyte Infection ◽  
Seed Harvest

Baling of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea) straw residue following seed harvest has become a common practice in Oregon's grass seed industry. In 2005, almost 670 000 tons [607 000 Mg (tonne)] of grass straw was exported to Japan and Korea for use as livestock feed. Most of the grass seed varieties grown today are turf-type, which in recent years have been developed with high levels of fungal endophyte infection. Currently, over 73% and 43% of perennial ryegrass and tall fescue varieties, respectively, are ranked as having a "High" (>61% infected) infection level. Concern for the safe use of these grass straw residues had led to their routine analysis for toxin content before shipment to consuming markets. These chemical analyses provide assurances against deleterious effects to livestock fed Oregon grass straw. Keywords: straw, endophyte-infected, perennial ryegrass, tall fescue

scholarly journals Seedling Tolerance of Cool-season Turfgrasses to Metamifop

HortScience ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 48 (10) ◽  
pp. 1313-1316 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diego Gómez de Barreda ◽  
Jialin Yu ◽  
Patrick E. McCullough
Keyword(s):  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Creeping Bentgrass ◽  
Agrostis Stolonifera ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Herbicide Use ◽  
Turfgrass Establishment

Grassy weeds may reduce cool-season turfgrass establishment after seeding and herbicide use is often warranted. Field experiments were conducted to evaluate the tolerance of creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.), perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), and tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) to fenoxaprop and metamifop applications at 1, 2, 3, or 4 weeks after seeding (WAS). Creeping bentgrass groundcover was reduced from 34% to 71% at 8 WAS from the nontreated by fenoxaprop at 50 g a.i./ha and metamifop at 400 and 800 g a.i./ha at all application timings. Metamifop at 200 g·ha−1 reduced creeping bentgrass cover 10% to 18% from the nontreated at 8 WAS when applied 1, 2, or 3 WAS, but treatments at 4 WAS did not reduce cover. Perennial ryegrass treated with fenoxaprop and metamifop at 800 g·ha−1 at 1 WAS had cover reduced from the nontreated on two and one dates, respectively, whereas tall fescue cover was never reduced greater than 5% from the nontreated. Results suggest applications to creeping bentgrass should be delayed greater than 4 WAS for fenoxaprop at 50 g·ha−1, greater than 4 WAS for metamifop at 400 and 800 g·ha−1, and 3 WAS for metamifop at 200 g·ha−1. Additionally, fenoxaprop applications should be delayed 2 WAS for perennial ryegrass and tall fescue, whereas metamifop could be safely applied at all rates at 1 WAS.

scholarly journals Additional Host Plants of Four Species of Billbug Found on New Jersey Turfgrasses

1990 ◽  
Vol 115 (4) ◽  
pp. 608-611 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer M. Johnson-Cicalese ◽  
C.R. Funk
Keyword(s):  
New Jersey ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Host Plants ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Poa Pratensis ◽  
Kentucky Bluegrass ◽  
Grass Species ◽  
Red Fescue

Studies were conducted on the host plants of four billbug species (Coleoptera:Curculionidae: Sphenophorus parvulus Gyllenhal, S. venatus Chitt., S. inaequalis Say, and S. minimus Hart) found on New Jersey turfgrasses. A collection of 4803 adults from pure stands of various turfgrasses revealed all four billbugs on Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), and S. parvulus, S. venatus, and S. minimus on Chewings fescue (F. rubra L. ssp. commutata Gaud.). Since the presence of larvae, pupae, or teneral adults more accurately indicates the host status of a grass species, immature billbugs were collected from plugs of the various grass species and reared to adults for identification. All four species were reared from immature billbugs found in Kentucky bluegrass turf; immatures of S. venatus, S. inaequalis, and S. minimus were found in tall fescue; S. venatus and S. minimus in perennial ryegrass; and S. inaequalis in strong creeping red fescue (F. rubra L. ssp. rubra). A laboratory experiment was also conducted in which billbug adults were confined in petri dishes with either Kentucky bluegrass, perennial ryegrass, tall fescue, or bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon Pers.). Only minor differences were found between the four grasses in billbug survival, number of eggs laid, and amount of feeding. In general, bermudagrass was the least favored host and the other grasses were equally adequate hosts. The results of this study indicate a need for updating host-plant lists of these four billbug species.

scholarly journals VARIATION AMONG PERENNIAL RYEGRASS x TALL FESCUE PLANTS FROM TISSUE CULTURE

1988 ◽  
pp. 81-86
Author(s):  
A.G. Scott ◽  
D.W.R. White
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Lolium Perenne ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Tall Fescue ◽  
Festuca Arundinacea ◽  
Chromosome Doubling ◽  
Chromosome Elimination ◽  
Intergeneric Hybrids ◽  
Hybrid Plants ◽  
Spontaneous Chromosome

Tissue culture was used in an attempt to obtain a fertile perennial ryegrass x tall fescue hybrid. Regenerated hybrid plants were found to be morphologically variable and contain extensive chromosome rearrangements. Spontaneous chromosome doubling had occurred as well as chromosome elimination. though no fertile hybrid plants have been obtained to date. Keywords: somaclonal variation, Lolium perenne, Festuca arundinacea, intergeneric hybrids

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