Acceleration of New Technology Qualification and Deployment for Sand Level Measurement in Production Vessels

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maung Maung Myo Thant ◽  
M. Faizal Che Daud ◽  
Siti Nur Shaffee ◽  
Kien Kiet Chua ◽  
Antti Nissinen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Data ◽  
Radioactive Material ◽  
General Idea ◽  
Tomographic Image ◽  
Sand Layer ◽  
Transparent Plastic ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Water Emulsion ◽  
Probe Sensor ◽  
Visual Observations

Abstract Measurement of sand build-up in the production separators has been a challenge for field personnel due to the limitations of current technologies. Nucleonic-type level profiler has been previously implemented in a few offshore locations but limited due to special handling and permit/license requirements of radioactive material involved. Therefore, this paper aims to present the acceleration of new non-nucleonic tomographic technology testing and qualification to measure accumulating sand in separators as well as multi-disciplinary approvals for fast-track field application. The general idea in tomography is to expose the target of interest to electrical signals and measure the response of the target. With the aid of mathematical models, it is possible to infer the distribution of different materials within the target from the responses. Results of tomographic measurements are displayed on a computer as a vertical profile. The tested tomographic solution was based on a tomographic technology called Electrical Tomography. The key idea in Electrical Tomographic image construction is to find a permittivity and conductivity distribution for which the observations predicted by the model are in good agreement with actual ET measurement data and hence profiling is to be created. The test was performed at the laboratory with a full tomographic profiler setup including a test probe sensor for profiling, electronics, and a computer unit. In addition to the tomographic instrumentation, a transparent plastic vessel was used for visual observations of the accumulated sand layers. Visual observations were made simultaneously with tomographic imaging. In the test setup, we had sand, water, emulsion, and oil. The samples were placed into a transparent vessel. It was visually observed that the probe sensor was able to distinguish "wet sand-water" interface and "water-oil interface" in all the tested conditions. At the end of the test, the sand layer was flattened and packed more tightly and the change in the layer thickness was seen in the tomographic image. We concluded that the resolution of the detection of the sand layer was in the range of 1-2 cm. The technology is novel as it is a non-nucleonic profiler and a field-safe technology to be used. The profiler is intrinsically safe and certified to the most demanding IECEx class to be used in Zone 0 hazardous atmospheres. Detailed engineering of the technology to be installed at one of the production separators has proceeded. Finite Element Analysis has shown that the system can withstand turbulent conditions within the multi-phase production separator.

scholarly journals Accommodative Haptics Study Based on Flexible Amplification Mechanism

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Wenjing Wang ◽  
Qiuyue Du ◽  
Wenjing Chen ◽  
Bin Tian ◽  
Wenjing Wang
Keyword(s):  
Measurement Data ◽  
Theoretical Method ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Stable Range ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Output Displacement ◽  
Amplification Ratio ◽  
Motion Trajectories ◽  
Bridge Type ◽  
Lens Power

In this study, we take the effect of the anterior movement of the optic into account and propose a novel haptic based on lever-type and bridge-type flexible amplification mechanisms. Based on the consideration of the offset of the rotation center of the flexible hinge, we have deduced the formula for calculating the amplification ratio of the proposed four-stage amplifier. The geometric parameters and the material property parameters, in terms of the clinical measurement data of the human eye, are assumed to restrain the structural features and motion trajectories for the amplifier. As the ciliary muscle achieves the contraction limit, the output displacement and amplification ratio reach the highest and lowest values, separately, and gradually approach a stable range. The amplification ratio of formula calculation and FEA (Finite Element Analysis) are around 18.86 and 17.79, respectively, with the input displacement ranging from 0.115mm to 0.127mm. The error of the amplification ratio between theoretical method and FEA is less than 5%. The presented haptic acting as a four-stage displacement amplifier, enables an improved lens power of 3.80 diopters to obtain much more focus shift to achieve a better near visual performance for patients.

The Effect of a Free Drop Impact on the Bolted Joint of the Radioactive Transport Package

2007 ◽  
Vol 345-346 ◽  
pp. 1421-1424
Author(s):  
Dong Hak Kim ◽  
Ki Seong Seo ◽  
Ju Cahn Lee
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element Analysis ◽  
Force Sensor ◽  
Drop Impact ◽  
Drop Test ◽  
Radioactive Material ◽  
Bolted Joint ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Normal Transport ◽  
Ip Transport ◽  
Free Drop

In this study the effect of a free drop impact on the bolted joint of the transport package of radioactive material was studied under various directions. A drop test of a type A or a type IP transport package of radioactive material should be conducted under normal transport conditions. After a drop test the radioactive content of the transport package should not be loss or dispersal. A bolt tension during a drop impact under various directions was measured using a force sensor. And the torque to loosen a bolt was measured after the tests. A bolt tension measured by the tests was compared with the result of a finite element analysis. The effect of the drop direction was examined. The vertical drop directions shows larger bolt tension than horizontal drop. For the torque to loosen a bolt, a horizontal drop condition shows larger value than a vertical drop direction.

scholarly journals How well does a linear static finite element analysis predict measured strains from a nuclear package tie-down system during rail transportation?

2016 ◽  
Vol 232 (1) ◽  
pp. 222-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Cummings ◽  
Glynn Rothwell ◽  
Christian Matthews
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Finite Element Model ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Radioactive Material ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Pass Filter ◽  
Low Pass Filter ◽  
Dangerous Goods ◽  
Codes Of Practice ◽  
Low Pass

Freight rail is often the preferred method for transportation of dangerous goods. One particular application is the use of rail to convey radioactive material in purpose-built packages. During transit, packages are secured to a rail wagon bed with a tie-down system. The design of tie-down systems varies considerably depending on the package type and rail vehicle; for example, shackles, turnbuckles, tie rods, gravity wells or transport frames are all commonly used. There are also a large number of different packages in existence that all vary in size and mass, typically 1–7 m in length and 100 kg–100 t in mass. Despite the uniqueness of many transport configurations, the design of tie-down systems is always carried out using a limited set of design load cases as defined in the appropriate Codes of Practice and Standards. Many authors have suggested that the load cases within the standards need revision or question which load cases should apply to which scenario. In a previous experiment, accelerations and strains have been measured on a freight wagon and transport frame of a heavy package during a routine rail journey. From these data, a new insight into the magnitude and nature of loading has been gained. In the present study, the measured accelerations have been used as input to a finite element model of the transport frame, and a method based on correlation between predicted and measured strains has been developed to determine an appropriate low-pass filter cut-off frequency, fc, which separates quasi-static loading from raw dynamic data. The residual dynamic measurements have been assessed using signal processing techniques to understand their significance. The finite element model has also been used to assess the presence of contact and boundary nonlinearities and how they affect the agreement between measured and predicted strains.

Experimental and Analytical Study of Coriolis Effects in Bladed Disk

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentina Ruffini ◽  
Christoph Schwingshackl ◽  
Jeff Green
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element Analysis ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Travelling Wave ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Mode Shapes ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Coriolis Effects ◽  
Gyroscopic Effects ◽  
Gyroscopic Coupling

Modern aero-engines have reached a high level of sophistication and only significant changes will lead to the improvements necessary to achieve the economic and environmental targets of the future. Open rotors constitute a major leap in this direction, both in terms of efficiency and of technological innovation. This calls for a revision of the accepted design practices, and a new focus on phenomena that have been little investigated in the past, such as the Coriolis effect, or the gyroscopic coupling of the blades with the shaft. Experimental results from modern fans, with large blades and strong stagger angles, are showing dependence on Coriolis gyroscopic effects already, an effect that is expected to be strongly enhanced with the proposed open rotor designs. For an accurate prediction of the Coriolis and gyroscopic effects in rotating assemblies a fully experimentally validated approach is needed. Today’s FE models can capture the basic physical phenomena, but experimental confirmation is still needed for the evolution of the mode shapes with angular speed, and the influence of damping and geometric nonlinearities when gyroscopic coupling is considered. To support this validation effort a new rotating test rig will be introduced, initial measurement data will be discussed, and a comparison with a finite element analysis presented. Different forcing patterns, including forward and backward travelling-wave engine order excitation could be experimentally excited in the new rig, Coriolis-induced frequency splits were found in the dynamic response, showing a significant change in the dynamic behaviour of the investigated dummy disk, and only a minor impact of the mistuning was observed on the frequency splits due to Coriolis effects. The experimental results have been compared to a finite element analysis, and after some updating a good agreement between the predicted and measured Campbell diagrams could be obtained, demonstrating the reliability of the modelling approach.

scholarly journals Bayesian Prediction of Pre-Stressed Concrete Bridge Deflection Using Finite Element Analysis

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (22) ◽  
pp. 4956
Author(s):  
Jaebeom Lee ◽  
Kyoung-Chan Lee ◽  
Sung-Han Sim ◽  
Junhwa Lee ◽  
Young-Joo Lee
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element Analysis ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Prediction Models ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Probabilistic Prediction ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Actual Measurement ◽  
Railway Bridges

Vertical deflection has been emphasized as an important safety indicator in the management of railway bridges. Therefore, various standards and studies have suggested physics-based models for predicting the time-dependent deflection of railway bridges. However, these approaches may be limited by model errors caused by uncertainties in various factors, such as material properties, creep coefficient, and temperature. This study proposes a new Bayesian method that employs both a finite element model and actual measurement data. To overcome the limitations of an imperfect finite element model and a shortage of data, Gaussian process regression is introduced and modified to consider both, the finite element analysis results and actual measurement data. In addition, the probabilistic prediction model can be updated whenever additional measurement data is available. In this manner, a probabilistic prediction model, that is customized to a target bridge, can be obtained. The proposed method is applied to a pre-stressed concrete railway bridge in the construction stage in the Republic of Korea, as an example of a bridge for which accurate time-dependent deflection is difficult to predict, and measurement data are insufficient. Probabilistic prediction models are successfully derived by applying the proposed method, and the corresponding prediction results agree with the actual measurements, even though the bridge experienced large downward deflections during the construction stage. In addition, the practical uses of the prediction models are discussed.

Development and Challenges of Warpage for Fan-Out Wafer-Level Package Technology

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 (1) ◽  
pp. 000524-000528
Author(s):  
Mu-Hsuan Chan ◽  
Yu-Po Wang ◽  
Ivan Chang ◽  
James Chiang ◽  
George Pan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Process Optimization ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Thermal Loading ◽  
Material Selection ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Structure Design ◽  
Wafer Level ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Geometry Design ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract Fan-out wafer-level-packaging (FO-WLP) technology has been widely investigated recently with its advantages of thin form factor structure, cost effectiveness and high performance for wide range applications. Reducing wafer warpage is one of the most challenging needs to be addressed for success on subsequent processes. Therefore, the majority of studies focus on the ratio of die and compound thickness, structure design. In order to optimize the warpage for success on subsequent processes, it is indispensable to consider whole wafer process including thermal loading and stress. In this study, reducdution of wafer warpage at each process was proposed in terms of material selection, and process optimization through finite element analysis (FEA) and experiment. Wafer process dependent modeling results were validated by experimental measurement data. The mutual relationship and effects of material property, compound thickness, and corresponding thermal influences were both investigated and addressed. Key parameters were identified based on FEA modeling results: thickness ratio of die/compound andmolding compound materials. Therefore, the geometry design with balanced die/compound ratio is optimal for warpage improvement. The effect of process will be discussed and should be considered for future package warpage characterization. Such findings have been successfully used in process optimization to reduce wafer warapge after grinding process.

Finite Element Analysis of Aluminum Alloy Pitting Stress Concentration

2012 ◽  
Vol 538-541 ◽  
pp. 1664-1669
Author(s):  
Li Hui ◽  
Ying Ying Zhang ◽  
Liang Xu ◽  
Song Zhou ◽  
Yan Wang
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Aluminum Alloy ◽  
Stress Concentration ◽  
Fatigue Crack Initiation ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Local Stress ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Corrosion Pit ◽  
Corrosion Pits ◽  
Corrosion Time

Based on measurement data and the specific morphology of corrosion pit, three-dimensional finite element model of the corrosion damage specimen is established. Then the local stress condition of corrosion pits is given making use of finite element method, the results of stress concentration due to corrosion pits are also obtained, we can compare the stress concentration arised from the corrosion pit on aluminum alloy specimens in different corrosion time. Results show that the corrosion pits produce stress concentration and become the source of fatigue crack initiation and propagation. With the increasing of corrosion time, the pits get deeper and deeper, and the stress concentration gets more serious near the pits.

Numerical study of ultimate bearing capacity of rectangular footing on layered sand

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (101) ◽  
pp. 15-26
Author(s):  
V. Panwar ◽  
R.K. Dutta
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element Analysis ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Bearing Capacity ◽  
Numerical Study ◽  
Friction Angle ◽  
Ultimate Bearing Capacity ◽  
Loose Sand ◽  
Sand Layer ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Dense Sand

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the ultimate bearing capacity of the rectangular footing resting over layered sand using finite element method. Design/methodology/approach: Finite element analysis was used to investigate the dimensionless ultimate bearing capacity of the rectangular footing resting on a limited thickness of upper dense sand layer overlying limitless thickness of lower loose sand layer. The friction angle of the upper dense sand layer was varied from 41° to 46° whereas for the lower loose sand layer it was varied from 31° to 36°. Findings: The results reveal that the dimensionless ultimate bearing capacity was found to increase up to an H/W ratio of about 1.75 beyond which the increase was marginal. The results further reveal that the dimensionless ultimate bearing capacity was the maximum for the upper dense and lower loose sand friction angles of 46° and 36°, while it was the lowest for the upper dense and lower loose sands corresponding to the friction angle of 41° and 31°. For H/W = 0.5 and 2, the dimensionless bearing capacity decreases with the increase in the L/W ratio from 0.5 to 6 beyond which the dimensionless ultimate bearing capacity remains constant for all combinations of parameters. The results were presented in nondimensional manner and compared with the previous studies available in literature. Research limitations/implications: The analysis is performed using a ABAQUS 2017 software. The limitation of this study is that only finite element analysis is performed without conducting any experiments in the laboratory. Further the study is conducted only for the vertical loading. Practical implications: This proposed numerical study can be used to predict the ultimate bearing capacity of the rectangular footing resting on layered sand. Originality/value: The present study gives idea about the ultimate bearing capacity of rectangular footing when placed on layered sand (dense sand over loose sand) as well as the effect of thickness of top dense sand layer on the ultimate bearing capacity. The findings could be used to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of the rectangular footing on layered sand.

Analysis Technology on the Thick Plate Free Drop Impact of the Cask for Radioactive Material Transport

2005 ◽  
Vol 297-300 ◽  
pp. 1350-1355
Author(s):  
Young Shin Lee ◽  
Hyun Soo Kim ◽  
Yong Jae Kim
Keyword(s):  
Thick Plate ◽  
Impact Analysis ◽  
Structural Integrity ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Radioactive Material ◽  
Material Transport ◽  
Plate Impact ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Accident Conditions ◽  
Free Drop

The package used to transport radioactive materials, which is called by cask, must maintain the structural integrity for the requirements of hypothetical accident conditions, 9m free drop of the thick plate impact. These requirements for the cask design should be verified through test or finite element analysis to confirm the regulatory guide. In this paper, three dimensional impact analysis using ABAQUS/Explicit code under 9m free drop of the thick plate impact condition for the KSC-4 cask is performed. As the results, maximum stress intensity on each part of the cask and deformation shape of the cask is calculated and the structural intensity of the cask is evaluated by NRC Regulatory Guides.

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