scholarly journals Ethics in Psychiatric Research: Issues and Recommendations

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Altaf Ahmad Malla ◽  
Nasir Mohammad Bhat
Keyword(s):  
Conflict Of Interest ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
The Other ◽  
Psychiatric Research ◽  
Ethical Challenges ◽  
Ethical Guidelines ◽  
Research Issues ◽  
Search Terms ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Medical Disciplines

Psychiatric research has increased remarkably over recent decades to help in understanding the current trends and better therapeutic options for illness. On the other hand, there is also a trend toward higher rates of retraction of published papers in the recent years. Ethics is required to maintain and increase the overall quality and morality of research. Psychiatric research faces several unique ethical challenges. Ethical guidelines are very important tool of research which safeguards participants; however, there is a dearth of such guidelines in India. The present paper aims to review available ethical issues and guidelines pertaining to psychiatric research. A search was conducted on Pubmed using search terms (e.g., “ethics,” “psychiatry,” “research”). Relevant studies were selected for the review after manual screening of title/abstract. Additional sources were referred to using cross references and Google Scholar. Psychiatric research has several important ethical issues which are different from other medical disciplines. These issues are related to informed consent, confidentiality, conflict of interest, therapeutic misconception, placebo related, vulnerability, exploitation, operational challenges, among others. The current paper has made several recommendations to deal with ethical challenges commonly faced in psychiatric research. The ethical guidelines are utmost needed for Indian psychiatric research. Specific guidelines are lacking pertaining to psychiatric research. The issues and recommendations merit a further discussion and consideration.

Ethical Challenges for User-Generated Content Publishing

2012 ◽  
pp. 302-315
Author(s):  
Ceren Sözeri
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
The Other ◽  
User Generated Content ◽  
Online Media ◽  
Ethical Challenges ◽  
Global Media ◽  
Media Companies ◽  
The Media ◽  
Media Organizations

Mainstream online media is gradually encouraging user contributions to boost brand loyalty and to attract new users; however, former “passive” audience members who become users are not able to become true participants in the process of online content production. The adoption of user-generated content in media content results in new legal and ethical challenges within online media organizations. To deal with these challenges, media companies have restricted users through adhesion contracts and editorial strictures unlike anything encountered in the users’ past media consumption experiences. However, these contractual precautions are targeted to protect the media organizations’ editorial purposes or reputations rather than to engage ethical issues that can also ensure them credibility. It is expected that some public service media strive to play a vital role in deliberative culture; on the other hand, some commercial global media have noticed the importance of worthwhile user-generated content even though all of them are far from “read-write” media providers due to the lack of an established guiding ethos for publishing user-generated content.

Confidentiality in participatory research

2014 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 442-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elmira Petrova ◽  
Jan Dewing ◽  
Michelle Camilleri
Keyword(s):  
Research Ethics ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Field Work ◽  
Research Process ◽  
Ethics Committee ◽  
Ethical Challenges ◽  
Ethical Guidelines ◽  
Case Study Methodology ◽  
Research Ethics Committee ◽  
Practice Development

Aim: This article presents key ethical challenges that were encountered when conducting a participatory qualitative research project with a very specific, small group of nurses, in this case with practice development nurses in Malta. Background: With the small number of nurses employed in practice development roles in Malta, there are numerous difficulties of maintaining confidentiality. Poorly constructed interventions by the researcher could have resulted in detrimental effects to research participants and the overall trustworthiness of the research. Generally, ethical guidelines for research exist to reinforce validity of research; however, there is not an established consensus on how these strategies can be utilised in some types of qualitative field work. Research design: The researcher used an exploratory case study methodology. The sample consisted of 10 participants who were interviewed twice using face-to-face interviews, over a period of 2 months. Ethical considerations: The study was ethically reviewed by the University Research Ethics Committee and the Faculty Research Ethics Committee, University of Malta. The participants referred to in this article have been given adequate information about the study and their consent has been obtained. Discussion: Numerous strategies for ensuring confidentiality during recruitment of the participants, during data collection, during transcription and data analysis and during dissemination of research results assisted the researcher in responding to potential and actual ethical issues. Conclusion: This article emphasises the main strategies that can be used to respond to ethical challenges when researching with a small easily identifiable group. The learning discussed here may be relevant to or even transferable to other similar research studies or research contexts. These methods fostered a greater credibility throughout the research process and predisposed the participants to greater trust, and thus, they disclosed their experiences and speak more freely, thus enhancing the quality of the study.

From painful busyness to emotional immunization: Nurses’ experiences of ethical challenges

2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 556-568 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Storaker ◽  
Dagfinn Nåden ◽  
Berit Sæteren
Keyword(s):  
Data Storage ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Daily Practice ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Ethical Challenges ◽  
Ethical Guidelines ◽  
Science Data ◽  
Daily Work ◽  
Moral Blindness ◽  
Qualitative Interview Study

Background: The professional values presented in ethical guidelines of the Norwegian Nurses Organisation and International Council of Nurses describe nurses’ professional ethics and the obligations that pertain to good nursing practice. The foundation of all nursing shall be respect for life and the inherent dignity of the individual. Research proposes that nurses lack insight in ethical competence and that ethical issues are rarely discussed on the wards. Furthermore, research has for some time confirmed that nurses experience moral distress in their daily work and that this has become a major problem for the nursing profession. Objectives: The purpose of this article is to obtain a deeper understanding of the ethical challenges that nurses face in daily practice. The chosen research questions are “What ethical challenges do nurses experience in their daily practice?” Research design: We conducted a qualitative interview study using a hermeneutical approach to analyzing data describing nurses’ experiences. Ethical considerations: The Norwegian Social Science Data services approved the study. Furthermore, the head of the hospital gave permission to conduct the investigation. The requirement of anonymity and proper data storage in accordance with the World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki was met. Method and results: The context for the study comprised three different clinical wards at a university hospital in Norway. Nine qualified nurses were interviewed. The results were obtained through a systematic development beginning with the discovery of busyness as a painful phenomenon that can lead to conflicts in terms of ethical values. Furthermore, the consequences compromising professional principles in nursing care emerged and ended in moral blindness and emotional immunization of the healthcare providers. Emotional immunization occurred as a new dimension involving moral blindness and immunity in relation to being emotionally touched.

Ethical Challenges for User-Generated Content Publishing

2014 ◽  
pp. 1291-1304
Author(s):  
Ceren Sözeri
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
The Other ◽  
User Generated Content ◽  
Online Media ◽  
Ethical Challenges ◽  
Global Media ◽  
Media Companies ◽  
The Media ◽  
Media Organizations

Mainstream online media is gradually encouraging user contributions to boost brand loyalty and to attract new users; however, former “passive” audience members who become users are not able to become true participants in the process of online content production. The adoption of user-generated content in media content results in new legal and ethical challenges within online media organizations. To deal with these challenges, media companies have restricted users through adhesion contracts and editorial strictures unlike anything encountered in the users' past media consumption experiences. However, these contractual precautions are targeted to protect the media organizations' editorial purposes or reputations rather than to engage ethical issues that can also ensure them credibility. It is expected that some public service media strive to play a vital role in deliberative culture; on the other hand, some commercial global media have noticed the importance of worthwhile user-generated content even though all of them are far from “read-write” media providers due to the lack of an established guiding ethos for publishing user-generated content.

Ethical challenges in the relationship between the pharmacist and patient in Iran

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 317-323
Author(s):  
Kourosh Delpasand ◽  
Saeid Nazari Tavakkoli ◽  
Mehrzad Kiani ◽  
Mahmoud Abbasi ◽  
Leila Afshar
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Developmental Process ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Hospital Pharmacist ◽  
Codes Of Ethics ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Patient Relationship ◽  
Ethical Challenges ◽  
Ethical Guidelines ◽  
Content Type

Purpose Based on the developmental process of pharmacy in medical relationships, it is essential to pay attention to ethical issues in this field and develop a good pharmacist–patient relationship. The present study aimed to mention the frequency of ethical challenges of pharmacy in Iran as a fundamental step towards designing a practical ethical guideline for professionals. Design/methodology/approach In this observational study, data were collected using a two-part questionnaire with 64 items developed after examining relevant texts and conducting unstructured interviews with pharmacy specialists. The first part determined the frequency of ethical challenges that the pharmacist confronts, using 43 short scenarios, whereas the second part comprised 21 questions with short answers. For validation, the questionnaire was sent to 20 medical ethics specialists who were familiar with issues in pharmacy ethics. Findings Data were collected from 48 members of the Iranian Association of Pharmacists (Working Group of Hospital Pharmacists). and the frequency of ethical challenges was determined. The most frequent issues were patient's request for over-the-counter drugs, asking about their lab results, asking drug for another person and returning the drug. Research limitations/implications One of the limitation of our study is its population, there were hospital pharmacist, other pharmacist such as community pharmacist may face different challenges. Practical implications The finding of this study could lead the policymakers to develop ethical guidelines for pharmacy practices. Social implications The pharmacist–patient relationship is one of the important aspects of health system, and therefore regulating this relationship based on the professional ethics guidelines could have a positive impact on therapeutic relationships. Originality/value Results showed that designing codes of ethics and practical guidelines based on the frequency of the noted challenges enhances the quality of treatment, improves the pharmacist–patient relationship, increases the level of cooperation and decreases patient complaints.

scholarly journals Stakeholder Requirements for an Ethical Framework to Sustain Multiple Research Projects in an Emerging Living Lab Involving Older Adults

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 111-127
Author(s):  
Tiziana C. Callari ◽  
Louise Moody ◽  
Janet Saunders ◽  
Gill Ward ◽  
Julie Woodley
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Ethical Framework ◽  
User Engagement ◽  
Ethical Challenges ◽  
Design Development ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Ethical Guidelines ◽  
Living Lab ◽  
Research Initiatives

Living Lab (LL) research should follow clear ethical guidelines and principles. While these exist in specific disciplinary contexts, there is a lack of tailored and specific ethical guidelines for the design, development, and implementation of LL projects. As well as the complexity of these dynamic and multi-faceted contexts, the engagement of older adults, and adults with reducing cognitive and physical capacity in LL research, poses additional ethical challenges. Semi-structured interviews were undertaken with 26 participants to understand multistakeholder experiences related to user engagement and related ethical issues in emerging LL research. The participants’ experiences and concerns are reported and translated into an ethical framework to guide future LL research initiatives.

scholarly journals Ethical questions in children sexual victimization research

Temida ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-38
Author(s):  
Irma Kovco-Vukadin
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Victimization ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Social Research ◽  
Research Area ◽  
Vulnerable Population ◽  
Ethical Challenges ◽  
Ethical Guidelines ◽  
Epidemiologic Research ◽  
Research With Children ◽  
Victimization Research

Ethics in the research with children has become a very important topic due to an increasing number of research involving children resulting in an increasing number of academic papers on this topic. Conducting social research in the field of child sexual victimization presents double vulnerability: firstly, it involves research with a vulnerable population, and secondly, the topic itself is sensitive. This raises numerous ethical questions and can result in researcher?s unwillingness to explore this particular field. The aim of this paper is to answer the question of specific ethical challenges in researching sexual victimization of children. The specific questions addressed in the paper include the following: 1) Are there any specific ethical guidelines for researching child sexual victimization, and 2) What ethical questions are specifically addressed in child sexual victimization research? The answers provided on the basis of the analysis presented in the paper are: 1) There are no specific ethical guidelines for conducting epidemiology research of child sexual victimization, and 2) It is difficult to single out ethical questions specific for this research area from available literature (only few authors are addressing specific ethical issues in this type of victimization research). Therefore, it is concluded that more attention should be focused on ethical issues in epidemiologic research of child sexual victimization.

scholarly journals The COVID-19 pandemic and organ donation and transplantation: ethical issues

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ban Ibrahim ◽  
Rosanne Dawson ◽  
Jennifer A. Chandler ◽  
Aviva Goldberg ◽  
David Hartell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Tissue Donation ◽  
Ethical Challenges ◽  
Ethical Guidelines ◽  
Public Health Emergencies ◽  
Process Risk ◽  
Transplant Candidates ◽  
Second Category

Abstract Background The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the health system worldwide. The organ and tissue donation and transplantation (OTDT) system is no exception and has had to face ethical challenges related to the pandemic, such as risks of infection and resource allocation. In this setting, many Canadian transplant programs halted their activities during the first wave of the pandemic. Method To inform future ethical guidelines related to the COVID-19 pandemic or other public health emergencies of international concern, we conducted a literature review to summarize the ethical issues. Results This literature review identified three categories of ethical challenges. The first one describes the general ethical issues and challenges reported by OTDT organizations and transplantation programs, such as risks of COVID-19 transmission and infection to transplant recipients and healthcare professionals during the transplant process, risk of patient waitlist mortality or further resource strain where transplant procedures have been delayed or halted, and resource allocation. The second category describes ethical challenges related to informed consent in the context of uncertainty and virtual consent. Finally, the third category describes ethical issues related to organ allocation, such as social considerations in selecting transplant candidates. Conclusion This literature review highlights the salient ethical issues related to OTDT during the current COVID-19 pandemic. As medical and scientific knowledge about COVID-19 increases, the uncertainties related to this disease will decrease and the associated ethical issues will continue to evolve.

Balancing Risk and Benefit

2014 ◽  
pp. 366-401
Author(s):  
Rachel Glennerster ◽  
Shawn Powers
Keyword(s):  
Informed Consent ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Ethical Framework ◽  
Respect For Persons ◽  
Ethical Challenges ◽  
Research Subjects ◽  
Data Confidentiality ◽  
Ethical Guidelines ◽  
Antipoverty Programs ◽  
Risk And Benefit

The increasing use of randomized evaluations in economics has brought an increase in discussion about ethical issues. We argue that while there are ethical issues specific to randomization, most important ethical challenges are not unique to this methodology. The rise in direct researcher involvement with antipoverty programs that has accompanied the rise in randomized evaluations has made ethics issues more salient and raised complex regulatory questions. Though the principles of respect for persons, justice, and beneficence outlined by the 1978 Belmont Report continue to provide a useful ethical framework, we note a number of challenging tradeoffs in applying them including those around data confidentiality, informed consent, and misleading research subjects. We conclude by discussing how ethical guidelines are applied in practice, noting a number of gaps, ambiguities, and areas where we believe practice is diverging from the underlying principles. These issues apply with equal force to all empirical methodologies.

scholarly journals Language in the age of dataism

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 126-143
Author(s):  
Špela Vintar
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Digital Age ◽  
The Other ◽  
Data Driven ◽  
Field Of Study ◽  
Interdisciplinary Field ◽  
Current Trends ◽  
Language And Communication ◽  
Linguistic Behaviour ◽  
The Impact

The digital age brings dramatic changes to language and communication; its effects can be seen in the ways we use language, the channels we use to communicate and the manners in which ideas are spread. From the other end of the spectrum, our linguistic behaviour, communications and knowledge are transformed into data which can be used or bought to feed intelligent technologies. The article presents a bird's eye view of this dynamics of change, first by focusing on the impact of digitisation on language itself, further by analysing current trends in the language industry where traditional services are being replaced by technology- and data-driven solutions, and finally by exploring the impact of these technologies on man and society at large. We make a case for digital linguistics as an interdisciplinary field of study which adopts a human-centred approach to the sociolinguistic, technological, economic, infrastructural and ethical issues emerging with regard to language in the digital age.

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