scholarly journals Molecular epidemiology and antimicrobials resistance mechanism of Mycoplasma genitlaium

2021 ◽  
Vol 97 (3) ◽  
pp. 14-23
Author(s):  
Elizaveta Dmitrievna Shedko ◽  
Elena Nokolaevna Goloveshkina ◽  
Vasiliy Gennadievich Akimkin
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Wide Spectrum ◽  
Resistance Mechanism ◽  
Mycoplasma Genitalium ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Nucleic Acid Amplification ◽  
Laboratory Diagnostics ◽  
Culture Methods ◽  
Sexually Transmitted

Currently, infections caused by Mycoplasma genitalium are ones the most common sexually transmitted infections. Their prevalence is varied from 1.3% to 15.9%. Infections caused by M.genitalium may lead to urethritis in men and a wide spectrum of diseases in women. Antibiotic resistance now is one of the most emerging problems both in the scientific and in the healthcare fields. The usage of antimicrobials inhibiting cell wall synthesis for the treatment of M.genitalium is ineffective, and resistance to macrolides and fluoroquinolones is increasing rapidly. M.genitalium infections diagnostics is complicated due to specific conditions and duration of culture methods. The usage of nucleic acid amplification techniques is the most relevant for laboratory diagnostics, and is used in existing assays. This review compiles current data on the prevalence, molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis and antibiotic resistance, as well as diagnostics methods of M.genitalium.

scholarly journals Next Generation Sequencing for the Prediction of the Antibiotic Resistance in Helicobacter pylori: A Literature Review

Antibiotics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 437
Author(s):  
Ilaria Maria Saracino ◽  
Matteo Pavoni ◽  
Angelo Zullo ◽  
Giulia Fiorini ◽  
Tiziana Lazzarotto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Next Generation Sequencing ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
World Health ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Culture Methods ◽  
Phenotypic Resistance ◽  
H Pylori ◽  
Generation Sequencing

Background and aims: Only a few antimicrobials are effective against H. pylori, and antibiotic resistance is an increasing problem for eradication therapies. In 2017, the World Health Organization categorized clarithromycin resistant H. pylori as a “high-priority” bacterium. Standard antimicrobial susceptibility testing can be used to prescribe appropriate therapies but is currently recommended only after the second therapeutic failure. H. pylori is, in fact, a “fastidious” microorganism; culture methods are time-consuming and technically challenging. The advent of molecular biology techniques has enabled the identification of molecular mechanisms underlying the observed phenotypic resistance to antibiotics in H. pylori. The aim of this literature review is to summarize the results of original articles published in the last ten years, regarding the use of Next Generation Sequencing, in particular of the whole genome, to predict the antibiotic resistance in H. pylori.Methods: a literature research was made on PubMed. The research was focused on II and III generation sequencing of the whole H. pylori genome. Results: Next Generation Sequencing enabled the detection of novel, rare and complex resistance mechanisms. The prediction of resistance to clarithromycin, levofloxacin and amoxicillin is accurate; for other antimicrobials, such as metronidazole, rifabutin and tetracycline, potential genetic determinants of the resistant status need further investigation.

scholarly journals Levels ofMycoplasma genitaliumAntimicrobial Resistance Differ by Both Region and Gender in the State of Queensland, Australia: Implications for Treatment Guidelines

2019 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
E. L. Sweeney ◽  
E. Trembizki ◽  
C. Bletchly ◽  
C. S. Bradshaw ◽  
A. Menon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Treatment Guidelines ◽  
Mycoplasma Genitalium ◽  
Macrolide Resistance ◽  
Quinolone Resistance ◽  
Resistance Mutations ◽  
Transmitted Infection ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
And Gender

ABSTRACTMycoplasma genitaliumis frequently associated with urogenital and rectal infections, with the number of cases of macrolide-resistant and quinolone-resistantM. genitaliuminfection continuing to increase. In this study, we examined the levels of resistance to these two common antibiotic treatments in geographically distinct locations in Queensland, Australia. Samples were screened for macrolide resistance-associated mutations using a commercially available kit (ResistancePlus MG; SpeeDx), and quinolone resistance-associated mutations were identified by PCR and DNA sequencing. Comparisons between antibiotic resistance mutations and location/gender were performed. The levels ofM. genitaliummacrolide resistance were high across both locations (62%). Quinolone resistance mutations were found in ∼10% of all samples, with a number of samples harboring mutations conferring resistance to both macrolides and quinolones. Quinolone resistance was higher in southeast Queensland than in north Queensland, and this was consistent in both males and females (P = 0.007). TheM. genitaliumisolates in rectal swab samples from males harbored high levels of macrolide (75.9%) and quinolone (19%) resistance, with 15.5% harboring resistance to both classes of antibiotics. Overall, the lowest observed level of resistance was to quinolones in females from north Queensland (1.6%). These data highlight the high levels of antibiotic resistance inM. genitaliumisolates within Queensland and the challenges faced by sexually transmitted infection clinicians in managing these infections. The data do, however, show that the levels of antibiotic resistance may differ between populations within the same state, which has implications for clinical management and treatment guidelines. These findings also support the need for ongoing antibiotic resistance surveillance and tailored treatment.

scholarly journals Epidemiological and clinical trends of sexually transmitted infections. Literature review

2021 ◽  
pp. 55-62
Author(s):  
T.M. Tutchenko ◽  
O.A. Burka ◽  
I.F. Boyarchuk ◽  
A.V. Trampolska ◽  
V.V. Iavniuk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Sexually Transmitted Infections ◽  
Chlamydial Infection ◽  
Medical Laboratory ◽  
Laboratory Diagnostics ◽  
Good Opportunity ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Clinical Phenomenon ◽  
Mechanisms Of Persistence ◽  
Epidemiological Trends

This article presents modern data on epidemiological trends, pathogenesis, and mechanisms of persistence and acquisition of antibiotic resistance of the most common sexually transmitted infections (STIs): chlamydial infection, gonorrhea, trichomoniasis. Data on the frequency of chlamydial infection, gonorrhea, trichomoniasis detection in the DILA medical laboratory in the period from 2018–2020 are also presented.Analysis of epidemiological and microbiological studies indicates a significant increase in the STIs incidence in countries with high economic development and the need for constant revision of diagnostic and treatment approaches, based on new data on the pathogens physiology, mechanisms and levels of antibiotic resistance, possibilities of laboratory diagnostics. Analysis of the DILA data on the chlamydial infection, gonorrhea, trichomoniasis detection is coinciding with the world trends in the increase of their prevalence. At the same time, the analysis of the DILA data demonstrated an interesting clinical phenomenon as a presence of 2 STIs peaks in women: the first at 21–25 years and the second at 51–55 years old.Clinical manifestations of STIs are increasingly losing their typical features today. This indicates the need for a laboratory search for all common STIs in the region. Knowledge of the etiological factor of the inflammatory process allows choosing the correct antibiotic therapy and preventing the further development of antibiotic resistance. This article presents data on the various methods of STIs laboratory tests. Regular visits of women for cervical cancer screening are a good opportunity to screen for STIs. The ability to detect STIs in biomaterial in liquid cytology makes this option more accessible.Thus, since vaccines against common bacterial and protozoa STIs pathogens have not yet been developed, the promotion of hygiene of sexual behavior and timely detection of infected persons during examination or screening with subsequent etiopathogenetic treatment are the basis of the STIs control systems and their consequences prevention.

scholarly journals Mycoplasma genitalium in Singapore is Associated with Chlamydia trachomatis Infection and Displays High Macrolide and Fluoroquinolone Resistance Rates

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Hart ◽  
Wen Ying Tang ◽  
Siti Aminah Mansoor ◽  
Martin Tze-Wei Chio ◽  
Timothy Sebastian Barkham
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Sexual Health ◽  
Mycoplasma Genitalium ◽  
Routine Screening ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Fluoroquinolone Resistance ◽  
Health Clinic ◽  
Resistance Mutations ◽  
Transmitted Infection ◽  
Sexually Transmitted

Abstract Background: Mycoplasma genitalium is an emerging sexually transmitted infection, with increasing rates of resistance to fluroquinolones and macrolides, the recommended treatments. Despite this, M. genitalium is not part of routine screening for Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) in many countries and the prevalence of infection and patterns of disease remain to be determined in many populations. Such data is of particular importance in light of the reported rise in antibiotic resistance in M. genitalium isolates. Methods : Urine and urethral swab samples were collected from the primary public sexual health clinic in Singapore and tested for C. trachomatis (CT) or N. gonorrhoeae (NG) infection and for the presence of M. genitalium . Antibiotic resistance in M. genitalium strains detected was determined by screening for genomic mutations associated with macrolide and fluroquinolone resistance. Results : We report the results of a study into M. genitalium prevalence at the national sexual health clinic in Singapore. M. genitalium was heavily associated with CT infection (8.1% of cases), but present in only of 2.4% in CT negative cases and not independently linked to NG infection. Furthermore, we found high rates of resistance mutations to both macrolides (25%) and fluoroquinolones (37.5%) with a majority of resistant strains being dual-resistant. Resistance mutations were only found in strains from patients with CT co-infection. Conclusions : Our results support targeted screening of CT positive patients for M. genitalium as a cost-effective strategy to reduce the incidence of M. genitalium in the absence of comprehensive routine screening. The high rate of dual resistance also highlights the need to ensure the availability of alternative antibiotics for the treatment of multi-drug resistant M. genitalium isolates.

scholarly journals The Prevalence of HSV, HHV-6, HPV and Mycoplasma genitalium in Chlamydia trachomatis positive and Chlamydia trachomatis Negative Urogenital Samples among Young Women in Finland

Pathogens ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 276
Author(s):  
Suvi Korhonen ◽  
Kati Hokynar ◽  
Tiina Eriksson ◽  
Kari Natunen ◽  
Jorma Paavonen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chlamydia Trachomatis ◽  
Human Herpesvirus ◽  
Mycoplasma Genitalium ◽  
Nucleic Acid Amplification Test ◽  
Nucleic Acid Amplification ◽  
Human Herpesvirus 6 ◽  
Hpv Dna ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Simplex Virus

Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma genitalium, herpes simplex virus (HSV) and human papillomavirus (HPV) cause sexually transmitted infections. In addition, human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) may be a genital co-pathogen. The prevalence rates of HSV, HHV-6, HPV, M. genitalium, and the C. trachomatis ompA genotypes were investigated by PCR in urogenital samples of the C. trachomatis nucleic acid amplification test positive (n = 157) and age-, community- and time-matched negative (n = 157) women. The prevalence of HPV DNA was significantly higher among the C. trachomatis positives than the C. trachomatis negatives (66% vs. 25%, p < 0.001). The prevalence of HSV (1.9% vs. 0%), HHV-6 (11% vs. 14%), and M. genitalium DNA (4.5% vs. 1.9%) was not significantly different between the C. trachomatis-positive and -negative women. Thirteen per cent of test-of-cure specimens tested positive for C. trachomatis. The prevalence of HSV, HHV-6, HPV, M. genitalium, and the C. trachomatis ompA genotypes did not significantly differ between those who cleared the C. trachomatis infection (n = 105) and those who did not (n = 16). The higher prevalence of HPV DNA among the C. trachomatis positives suggests greater sexual activity and increased risk for sexually transmitted pathogens.

scholarly journals Mycoplasma genitalium Prevalence, Coinfection, and Macrolide Antibiotic Resistance Frequency in a Multicenter Clinical Study Cohort in the United States

2016 ◽  
Vol 54 (9) ◽  
pp. 2278-2283 ◽  
Author(s):  
Damon Getman ◽  
Alice Jiang ◽  
Meghan O'Donnell ◽  
Seth Cohen
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Clinical Study ◽  
Macrolide Antibiotic ◽  
Mycoplasma Genitalium ◽  
The United States ◽  
Prevalence Rates ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Multicenter Clinical Study

The prevalence rates ofMycoplasma genitaliuminfections and coinfections with other sexually transmitted organisms and the frequency of a macrolide antibiotic resistance phenotype were determined in urogenital specimens collected from female and male subjects enrolled in a multicenter clinical study in the United States. Specimens from 946 subjects seeking care from seven geographically diverse clinical sites were tested forM. genitaliumand forChlamydia trachomatis,Neisseria gonorrhoeae, andTrichomonas vaginalis. Sequencing was used to assess macrolide antibiotic resistance amongM. genitalium-positive subjects.M. genitaliumprevalence rates were 16.1% for females and 17.2% for males. Significant risk factors forM. genitaliuminfections were black race, younger age, non-Hispanic ethnicity, and female symptomatic status. FemaleM. genitaliuminfections were significantly more prevalent thanC. trachomatisandN. gonorrhoeaeinfections, while theM. genitaliuminfection rate in males was significantly higher than theN. gonorrhoeaeandT. vaginalisinfection rates. The macrolide-resistant phenotype was found in 50.8% of females and 42% of males. These results show a high prevalence ofM. genitaliumsingle infections, a lower prevalence of coinfections with other sexually transmitted organisms, and high rates of macrolide antibiotic resistance in a diverse sample of subjects seeking care across a wide geographic area of the United States.

A review of the epidemiology, diagnosis and evidence-based management of Mycoplasma genitalium

Sexual Health ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott A. Weinstein ◽  
Bradley G. Stiles
Keyword(s):  
Mycoplasma Genitalium ◽  
Nucleic Acid Amplification ◽  
Individual Factors ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Emerging Pathogen ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Health Clinics ◽  
Detection Assay ◽  
Public Health Clinics ◽  
Low Incidence

Mycoplasma genitalium is attracting increasing recognition as an important sexually transmitted pathogen. Presented is a review of the epidemiology, detection, presentation and management of M. genitalium infection. Accumulating evidence suggests that M. genitalium is an important cause of non-gonococcal, non-chlamydial urethritis and cervicitis, and is linked with pelvic inflammatory disease and, possibly, obstetric complications. Although there is no standard detection assay, several nucleic acid amplification tests have >95% sensitivity and specificity for M. genitalium. To date, there is a general lack of established protocols for screening in public health clinics. Patients with urethritis or cervicitis should be screened for M. genitalium and some asymptomatic sub-groups should be screened depending on individual factors and local prevalence. Investigations estimating M. genitalium geographic prevalence document generally low incidence, but some communities exhibit infection frequencies comparable to that of Chlamydia trachomatis. Accumulating evidence supports an extended regimen of azithromycin for treatment of M. genitalium infection, as data suggest that stat 1 g azithromycin may be less effective. Although data are limited, azithromycin-resistant cases documented to date respond to an appropriate fluoroquinolone (e.g. moxifloxacin). Inconsistent clinical recognition of M. genitalium may result in treatment failure and subsequent persistence due to ineffective antibiotics. The contrasting nature of existing literature regarding risks of M. genitalium infection emphasises the need for further carefully controlled studies of this emerging pathogen.

scholarly journals Mycoplasma genitalium: An Emerging Sexually Transmitted Infection

Scientifica ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessian L. Munoz ◽  
Oluwatosin Jaiyeoba Goje
Keyword(s):  
Mycoplasma Genitalium ◽  
Nucleic Acid Amplification Test ◽  
Nucleic Acid Amplification ◽  
Treatment Modalities ◽  
First Line ◽  
Transmitted Infection ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
The World ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Slow Growing

Mycoplasma genitaliumhas been recognized as a cause of male urethritis, and there is now evidence suggesting that it causes cervicitis and pelvic inflammatory disease in women.M. genitaliumis a slow growing organism, and, with the advent of nucleic acid amplification test (NAAT), more studies are being performed, and knowledge about the pathogenicity of this organism elucidated. With NAAT detection, treatment modalities have been studied, and the next challenge is to determine the most effective antimicrobial therapy. Doxycycline, the first-line antibiotic for urethritis, is largely ineffective in the treatment ofM. genitaliumand furthermore, resistance to macrolide has also emerged. The most effective drug is Moxifloxacin although there are emerging reports of resistance to it in various parts of the world. This paper not only highlights the current research and knowledge, but also reviews the diversity of health implications on the health of men and women infected withM. genitalium. Alternate antibiotics and the impact ofM. genitaliumon infertility are areas that require more studies as we continue to research into this microorganism.

Mycoplasma genitalia – a mysterious destroyer

2018 ◽  
pp. 10-14
Author(s):  
O.A. Burka ◽  
◽  
N.F. Ligirda ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Diseases ◽  
Mycoplasma Genitalium ◽  
Nucleic Acid Amplification ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Treatment Regimens ◽  
Pelvic Organs ◽  
Gonococcal Urethritis ◽  
Complicated Course ◽  
Dna Pcr

Mycoplasma genitalium is a common cause of cervicitis and non-gonococcal urethritis. Today, this causative agent is already associated with inflammatory diseases of the pelvic organs and sexually acquired reactive arthritis. The only diagnostic method is a nucleic acid amplification (NAAT) test that detects specific DNA (PCR) or M. genitalium RNA. Several treatment regimens are proposed, depending on the uncomplicated or complicated course of M. genitalium infection and the determination of macrolide resistance. Key words: Mycoplasma genitalium, sexually transmitted infections, inflammatory diseases of the pelvic organs, cervicitis, non-gonococcal urethritis.

Mycoplasma genitalium and antimicrobial resistance in Europe: a comprehensive review

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 190-197 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel Fernández-Huerta ◽  
María J Barberá ◽  
Judit Serra-Pladevall ◽  
Juliana Esperalba ◽  
Xavier Martínez-Gómez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Sexually Transmitted Infections ◽  
Mycoplasma Genitalium ◽  
Fluoroquinolone Resistance ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Limited Data ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Resistance Data

Antibiotic resistance in Mycoplasma genitalium has been emerging in Europe. Also, discrepancies on the management and treatment of sexually transmitted infections may have distinctly influenced the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among European countries. This comprehensive review of the literature published between 2012 and 2018 updates antimicrobial resistance data in M. genitalium in Europe. Overall, macrolide resistance is rapidly increasing in this region, where many countries are exceeding 50%. The limited data regarding fluoroquinolone resistance estimate a prevalence of 5% (interquartile range, 5–6%). The study supports the need to conduct representative and well-defined surveillance on antimicrobial resistance in M. genitalium at both local and European levels. Also, further investigations on new promising antibiotics are required to fight against M. genitalium that may soon become untreatable.

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