scholarly journals Violence regulation and dysregulation system

Family Forum ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 15-31
Author(s):  
Tanja Valenta ◽  
Christian Gostečnik ◽  
Tanja Pate ◽  
Tanja Repič Slavič
Keyword(s):  
Early Stage ◽  
Affect Dysregulation ◽  
Normal Response ◽  
Organic System ◽  
Intense Fear ◽  
Effective Manner ◽  
Relational Trauma ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Sympathetic Arousal

Very early in childhood, relational trauma can lead to affect dysregulation in two directions: while intense fear determines the dysregulation of the brain system responsible for flight, uncontrolled aggression means the dysregulation of the brain centre responsible for fight. Both systems send the message of dysregulation in the autonomic nervous system. In both cases, there is a dysregulation of sympathetic arousal that exceeds the individual’s ability to cope with stress in a functional and effective manner. In other words, the flight response is triggered by immense fear, and the fight response is caused by intense anger and rage, which is functional in a normal response to trauma, while in the case of a dysregulated psycho-organic system it indicates a disorder that can have long-term consequences. These disorders can occur at a very early stage, in children who are at the time exposed to severe stress situations; this can lead to changes in the child’s neurobiological system, which may later become a source of psychopathology.

scholarly journals Metabolic Profiling of Female Tg2576 Mouse Brains Provides Novel Evidence Supporting Intranasal Low-Dose Pioglitazone for Long-Term Treatment at an Early Stage of Alzheimer’s Disease

Biomedicines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 589
Author(s):  
Ling Rong Wong ◽  
Peiyan Wong ◽  
Paul Chi-Lui Ho
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Energy Metabolism ◽  
Transgenic Mice ◽  
Metabolic Profiling ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Systemic Exposure ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
The Brain

Accumulating evidence suggests that disruptions in brain energy metabolism may be a key player in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Pioglitazone (PIO) has been found to exert beneficial effects on metabolic dysfunction in many AD preclinical studies. However, limited success in clinical trials remains an obstacle to its development for the treatment of AD. PIO’s poor brain penetration was often cited as a contributing factor to the lack of clinical benefit. In this study, we prepared PIO-loaded poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles and administered them as suspended nanoparticles via nebulization. Preliminary investigation of drug distribution to the brain revealed comparatively reduced systemic exposure after administering PIO nanoparticles via the intranasal route. In vitro, extracellular flux analysis showed significantly raised spare respiratory capacity when cells were treated with low-dose PIO nanoparticles. Tg2576 transgenic mice treated with low-dose PIO nanoparticles over four months exhibited an overall trend of reduced hyperactivity in open field tests but did not show any visible effect on alternation rates in the Y-maze task. Subsequent 1H NMR-based metabolic profiling of their plasma and different brain regions revealed differences in metabolic profiles in the cerebellum, cortex, and hippocampus of Tg2576 mice after long-term PIO treatment, but not in their midbrain and plasma. In particular, the specificity of PIO’s treatment effects on perturbed amino acid metabolism was observed in the cortex of transgenic mice with increases in alanine and N-acetylaspartate levels, supporting the notion that PIO treatment exerts beneficial effects on impaired energy metabolism associated with AD. In conclusion, inhalation exposure to PIO nanoparticles presents an exciting opportunity that this drug could be administered intranasally at a much lower dose while achieving a sufficient level in the brain to elicit metabolic benefits at an early stage of AD but with reduced systemic exposure.

scholarly journals Why Severe COVID-19 Patients Are at Greater Risk of Developing Depression: A Molecular Perspective

2020 ◽  
pp. 107385842096789
Author(s):  
Ana P. Bouças ◽  
Jakeline Rheinheimer ◽  
Jim Lagopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Angiotensin Ii ◽  
Prolonged Exposure ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Cytokine Storm ◽  
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Local Levels

The prevailing evidence suggests that patients with severe COVID-19 seem to have an overreaction of the immune system demonstrating exacerbated levels of inflammation caused by a “cytokine storm.” At this early stage, the mechanisms underpinning COVID-19 are still subject to intense scrutiny and the long-term mental health consequences as a result of the disease are unknown. Here we discuss the hypothesis that patients who survive severe COVID-19 and who experience significant activation of the immune system, are at greater risk of developing depression. We posit that a phenomenon known as cytokine storm dramatically activates the enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO-1), resulting in the increase in kynurenine metabolites. Kynurenine is metabolized by IDO-1 in the brain, producing chemokines, in which a prolonged exposure may result long-term brain impairment. In this article, we also propose the possibility that a SARS-CoV-2 neuroinvasion increases the local levels of angiotensin II by angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 down-regulation. Thereby, angiotensin II could increase kynurenine metabolites producing pro-oxidative and pro-inflammatory effects, resulting in impairment of cognitive function, enhanced oxidative stress and decreased brain-derived neurotrophic factor. It is our premise that patients who experience such a cytokine storm may be at increased risk of long-term mental illness, such as depression.

The Acute Effect of Alcohol on Various Memory Processes

2010 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 249-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Márk Molnár ◽  
Roland Boha ◽  
Balázs Czigler ◽  
Zsófia Anna Gaál
Keyword(s):  
Low Dose ◽  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Acute Effect ◽  
Long Term Memory ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Memory Processes ◽  
Different Types ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Legal Consequences

This review surveys relevant and recent data of the pertinent literature regarding the acute effect of alcohol on various kinds of memory processes with special emphasis on working memory. The characteristics of different types of long-term memory (LTM) and short-term memory (STM) processes are summarized with an attempt to relate these to various structures in the brain. LTM is typically impaired by chronic alcohol intake but according to some data a single dose of ethanol may have long lasting effects if administered at a critically important age. The most commonly seen deleterious acute effect of alcohol to STM appears following large doses of ethanol in conditions of “binge drinking” causing the “blackout” phenomenon. However, with the application of various techniques and well-structured behavioral paradigms it is possible to detect, albeit occasionally, subtle changes of cognitive processes even as a result of a low dose of alcohol. These data may be important for the consideration of legal consequences of low-dose ethanol intake in conditions such as driving, etc.

Moving past the vaccine/autism controversy - to examine potential vaccine neurological harms

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Peter R. Breggin
Keyword(s):  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Developmental Disorder ◽  
Physical Symptoms ◽  
Psychosocial Disorders ◽  
The Us ◽  
Potential Vaccine ◽  
Research And Education ◽  
The Brain ◽  
New Vaccines

BACKGROUND: The vaccine/autism controversy has caused vast scientific and public confusion, and it has set back research and education into genuine vaccine-induced neurological disorders. The great strawman of autism has been so emphasized by the vaccine industry that it, and it alone, often appears in authoritative discussions of adverse effects of the MMR and other vaccines. By dismissing the chimerical vaccine/autism controversy, vaccine defenders often dismiss all genuinely neurological aftereffects of the MMR (measles, mumps, and rubella) and other vaccines, including well-documented events, such as relatively rare cases of encephalopathy and encephalitis. OBJECTIVE: This report explains that autism is not a physical or neurological disorder. It is not caused by injury or disease of the brain. It is a developmental disorder that has no physical origins and no physical symptoms. It is extremely unlikely that vaccines are causing autism; but it is extremely likely that they are causing more neurological damage than currently appreciated, some of it resulting in psychosocial disabilities that can be confused with autism and other psychosocial disorders. This confusion between a developmental, psychosocial disorder and a physical neurological disease has played into the hands of interest groups who want to deny that vaccines have any neurological and associated neuropsychiatric effects. METHODS: A review of the scientific literature, textbooks, and related media commentary is integrated with basic clinical knowledge. RESULTS: This report shows how scientific sources have used the vaccine/autism controversy to avoid dealing with genuine neurological risks associated with vaccines and summarizes evidence that vaccines, including the MMR, can cause serious neurological disorders. Manufacturers have been allowed by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to gain vaccine approval without placebo-controlled clinical trials. CONCLUSIONS: The misleading vaccine autism controversy must be set aside in favor of examining actual neurological harms associated with vaccines, including building on existing research that has been ignored. Manufacturers of vaccines must be required to conduct placebo-controlled clinical studies for existing vaccines and for government approval of new vaccines. Many probable or confirmed neurological adverse events occur within a few days or weeks after immunization and could be detected if the trials were sufficiently large. Contrary to current opinion, large, long-term placebo-controlled trials of existing and new vaccines would be relatively easy and safe to conduct.

Strategic planning in grassland farming: Principles andapplications

1997 ◽  
pp. 191-197
Author(s):  
W.J. Parker ◽  
N.M. Shadbolt ◽  
D.I. Gray
Keyword(s):  
Strategic Planning ◽  
Performance Indicators ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Key Performance Indicators ◽  
Strategic Plans ◽  
Effective Manner ◽  
Farm Business ◽  
Pastoral Farming ◽  
Financial Environment

Three levels of planning can be distinguished in grassland farming: strategic, tactical and operational. The purpose of strategic planning is to achieve a sustainable long-term fit of the farm business with its physical, social and financial environment. In pastoral farming, this essentially means developing plans that maximise and best match pasture growth with animal demand, while generating sufficient income to maintain or enhance farm resources and improvements, and attain personal and financial goals. Strategic plans relate to the whole farm business and are focused on the means to achieve future needs. They should be routinely (at least annually) reviewed and monitored for effectiveness through key performance indicators (e.g., Economic Farm Surplus) that enable progress toward goals to be measured in a timely and cost-effective manner. Failure to link strategy with control is likely to result in unfulfilled plans. Keywords: management, performance

Gene expression analysis in modeling Parkinson’s disease

2020 ◽  
pp. 103-104
Author(s):  
М.М. Руденок ◽  
А.Х. Алиева ◽  
А.А. Колачева ◽  
М.В. Угрюмов ◽  
П.А. Сломинский ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Systemic Disease ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Presymptomatic Stage ◽  
Whole Transcriptome Analysis ◽  
Whole Transcriptome ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Transcriptome Level

Несмотря на очевидный прогресс, достигнутый в изучении молекулярно-генетических факторов и механизмов патогенеза болезни Паркинсона (БП), в настоящее время стало ясно, что нарушения в структуре ДНК не описывают весь спектр патологических изменений, наблюдаемых при развитии заболевания. В настоящее время показано, что существенное влияние на патогенез БП могут оказывать изменения на уровне транскриптома. В работе были использованы мышиные модели досимптомной стадии БП, поздней досимптомной и ранней симптомной (РСС) стадиями БП. Для полнотранскриптомного анализа пулов РНК тканей черной субстанции и стриатума мозга мышей использовались микрочипы MouseRef-8 v2.0 Expression BeadChip Kit («Illumina», США). Полученные данные указывают на последовательное вовлечение транскриптома в патогенез БП, а также на то, что изменения на транскриптомном уровне процессов транспорта и митохондриального биогенеза могут играть важную роль в нейродегенерации при БП уже на самых ранних этапах. Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a complex systemic disease, mainly associated with the death of dopaminergic neurons. Despite the obvious progress made in the study of molecular genetic factors and mechanisms of PD pathogenesis, it has now become clear that violations in the DNA structure do not describe the entire spectrum of pathological changes observed during the development of the disease. It has now been shown that changes at the transcriptome level can have a significant effect on the pathogenesis of PD. The authors used models of the presymptomatic stage of PD with mice decapitation after 6 hours (6 h-PSS), presymptomatic stage with decapitation after 24 hours (24 h-PSS), advanced presymptomatic (Adv-PSS) and early symptomatic (ESS) stages of PD. For whole transcriptome analysis of RNA pools of the substantia nigra and mouse striatum, the MouseRef-8 v2.0 Expression BeadChip Kit microchips (Illumina, USA) were used. As a result of the analysis of whole transcriptome data, it was shown that, there are a greater number of statistically significant changes in the tissues of the brain and peripheral blood of mice with Adv-PSS and ESS models of PD compared to 6 h-PSS and 24 h-PSS models. In general, the obtained data indicate the sequential involvement of the transcriptome in the pathogenesis of PD, as well as the fact that changes at the transcriptome level of the processes of transport and mitochondrial biogenesis can play an important role in neurodegeneration in PD at an early stage.

ASSESSMENT OF KIDNEY FUNCTIONAL RESERVE ON THE BACKGROUND OF ANTI-AGGREGATE THERAPY IN CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE II-III STAGE

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-54
Author(s):  
Khabib Barnoev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Kidney Disease ◽  
Kidney Disease ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Functional Reserve ◽  
Functional Reserves ◽  
Term Administration ◽  
Antiaggregant Therapy

The article presents the results of a study to assess the functional reserve of the kidneys against the background of a comparative study of antiaggregant therapy dipyridamole and allthrombosepin in 50 patients with a relatively early stage of chronic kidney disease. Studies have shown that long-term administration of allthrombosepin to patients has resulted in better maintenance of kidney functional reserves. Therefore, our research has once again confirmed that diphtheridamol, which is widely used as an antiaggregant drug in chronic kidney disease, does not lag behind the domestic raw material allthrombosepin

Long-term management of patients with multiple brain metastases after shaped beam radiosurgery

2004 ◽  
pp. 406-412
Author(s):  
Paul Okunieff ◽  
Michael C. Schell ◽  
Russell Ruo ◽  
E. Ronald Hale ◽  
Walter G. O'Dell ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Metastases ◽  
Tumor Control ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Negative Results ◽  
Multiple Metastases ◽  
Extracranial Disease ◽  
Successful Control ◽  
The Brain

✓ The role of radiosurgery in the treatment of patients with advanced-stage metastatic disease is currently under debate. Previous randomized studies have not consistently supported the use of radiosurgery to treat patients with numbers of brain metastases. In negative-results studies, however, intracranial tumor control was high but extracranial disease progressed; thus, patient survival was not greatly affected, although neurocognitive function was generally maintained until death. Because the future promises improved systemic (extracranial) therapy, the successful control of brain disease is that much more crucial. Thus, for selected patients with multiple metastases to the brain who remain in good neurological condition, aggressive lesion-targeting radiosurgery should be very useful. Although a major limitation to success of this therapy is the lack of control of extracranial disease in most patients, it is clear that well-designed, aggressive treatment substantially decreases the progression of brain metastases and also improves neurocognitive survival. The authors present the management and a methodology for rational treatment of a patient with breast cancer who has harbored 24 brain metastases during a 3-year period.

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