Carbon Dioxide Discovered in Atmosphere of Venus

Astronautics ◽  
1932 ◽  
Vol 2 (21) ◽  
pp. 6-7
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Atmosphere Of Venus

scholarly journals Composition and Chemistry of the Neutral Atmosphere of Venus

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ann Carine Vandaele
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Water Vapor ◽  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Noble Gases ◽  
Trace Gases ◽  
Sulfur Compounds ◽  
Neutral Atmosphere ◽  
Temperature And Pressure ◽  
Atmosphere Of Venus

The atmosphere of Venus is quite different from that of Earth: it is much hotter and denser. The temperature and pressure at the surface are 740 K and 92 atmospheres respectively. Its atmosphere is primarily composed of carbon dioxide (96.5%) and nitrogen (3.5%), the rest being trace gases such as carbon monoxide (CO), water vapor (H2O), halides (HF, HCl), sulfur-bearing species (SO2, SO, OCS, H2S), and noble gases. Sulfur compounds are extremely important in understanding the formation of the Venusian clouds which are believed to be composed of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) droplets. These clouds completely enshroud the planet in a series of layers, extending from 50 to 70 km altitude, and are composed of particles of different sizes and different H2SO4/H2O compositions. These act as a very effective separator between the atmospheres below and above the clouds, which show very distinctive characteristics.

scholarly journals The chemical composition of the atmosphere of Venus

1971 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 3-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. P. Vinogradov ◽  
Yu. A. Surkov ◽  
B. M. Andreichikov ◽  
O. M. Kalinkina ◽  
I. M. Grechischeva
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Water Vapor ◽  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Mixing Ratio ◽  
Temperature Level ◽  
Condensed Water ◽  
Atmosphere Of Venus

The chemical composition sensors on the Venera-4, -5, and -6 spacecraft are described. The mixing ratio by volume of carbon dioxide is determined to be 97 (+3, −4)%; nitrogen, less than 2%, oxygen, less than about 0.1%; and water vapor at the 25 °C temperature level, on the order of 10 mg/l, an amount large enough to imply that the clouds of Venus are composed of condensed water.

Electron Cytochemical Study of Carbon Dioxide Laser Effect on Rhesus Monkey Cornea

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 224-225
Author(s):  
K. C. Tsou ◽  
J. Morris ◽  
P. Shawaluk ◽  
B. Stuck ◽  
E. Beatrice
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Rhesus Monkey ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Laser ◽  
Cytochemical Study ◽  
Laser Effect

While much is known regarding the effect of lasers on the retina, little study has been done on the effect of lasers on cornea, because of the limitation of the size of the material. Using a combination of electron microscope and several newly developed cytochemical methods, the effect of laser can now be studied on eye for the purpose of correlating functional and morphological damage. The present paper illustrates such study with CO2 laser on Rhesus monkey.

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